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{{Short description|Italian Dominican theologian and philosopher (1225–1274)}}
{{redirect|Aquinas|the ship that sank in 2013|MV St. Thomas Aquinas|other uses}}
{{Medieval Italian name|Aquinas}}
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=== Doctor of the Church ===
[[Pope Pius V]] proclaimed St. Thomas Aquinas a [[Doctor of the Church]] on 15 April 1567,
In his [[encyclical]] of 4 August 1879, ''[[Aeterni Patris]]'', [[Pope Leo XIII]] stated that Thomas Aquinas's theology was a definitive exposition of Catholic doctrine. Thus, he directed the clergy to take the teachings of Thomas as the basis of their theological positions. Leo XIII also decreed that all Catholic seminaries and universities must teach Thomas's doctrines, and where Thomas did not speak on a topic, the teachers were "urged to teach conclusions that were reconcilable with his thinking." In 1880, Thomas Aquinas was declared the patron saint of all Catholic educational establishments.<ref name="britannica-250" />
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Though one may deduce the existence of God and his Attributes (Unity, Truth, Goodness, Power, Knowledge) through reason, certain specifics may be known only through the special revelation of God through [[Jesus Christ]]. The major theological components of Christianity, such as the [[Trinity]], the [[Incarnation]], and charity are revealed in the teachings of the church and the [[scripture]]s and may not otherwise be deduced.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hankey |first=Wayne |title=The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Religion |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-415-78295-1 |edition=Second |location=CSU East Bay |pages=134–135}}</ref> However, Thomas also makes a distinction between "demonstrations" of sacred doctrines and the "persuasiveness" of those doctrines.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |date= |title=Aquinas' Philosophical Theology | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=https://iep.utm.edu/thomas-aquinas-political-theology/#SH3c |accessdate=7 August 2022 |publisher=Iep.utm.edu}}</ref> The former is akin to something like "certainty", whereas the latter is more probabilistic in nature.<ref name="autogenerated1" />
In other words, Thomas thought Christian doctrines were "fitting" to reason (i.e. reasonable), even though they
====Reconciling faith and reason====
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: It is written in the Decretals (Dist. xiv), quoting the [[Council of Toledo]]: In regard to the Jews the holy synod commands that henceforth none of them be forced to believe; for such are not to be saved against their will, but willingly, that their righteousness may be without flaw. Children of non-believers either have the use of reason or they have not. If they have, then they already begin to control their own actions, in things that are of Divine or natural law. And therefore, of their own accord, and against the will of their parents, they can receive Baptism, just as they can contract in marriage. Consequently, such can be lawfully advised and persuaded to be baptized. If, however, they have not yet the use of free-will, according to the natural law they are under the care of their parents as long as they cannot look after themselves. For which reason we say that even the children of the ancients were saved through the faith of their parents.
The issue was discussed in a papal bull by [[Pope Benedict XIV]] (1747) where both schools were addressed. The pope noted that the position of Aquinas had been more widely held among theologians and [[canon lawyers]], than that of [[John Duns Scotus]].<ref>Denzinger, Henry, [[Enchiridion symbolorum, definitionum et declarationum de rebus fidei et morum|''The Sources of Catholic Dogma'']], B. Herder Book Co., St. Louis, 1955, p. 364</ref>
===Magic and its practitioners===
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Thomas also greatly influenced Catholic understandings of [[mortal sin|mortal]] and [[venial sin]]s.
Thomas Aquinas refers to animals as dumb and that the natural order has declared animals for man's use. Thomas denied that human beings have any duty of charity to animals because they are not persons. Otherwise, it would be unlawful to kill them for food. But humans should still be charitable to them, for "cruel habits might carry over into our treatment of human beings."<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Oxford Companion to Philosophy |year=1995 |editor-last=Honderich |editor-first=Ted |location=Oxford |pages=35–36 |chapter=Animals: Peter Singer |chapter-url=http://www.utilitarian.net/singer/by/1995----04.htm |
Thomas contributed to [[History of economic thought#Economic thought in the Middle Ages (500–1500 AD)|economic thought]] as an aspect of ethics and justice. He dealt with the concept of a [[just price]], normally its market price or a regulated price sufficient to cover seller [[costs of production]]. He argued it was immoral for sellers to raise their prices simply because buyers were in pressing need of a product.<ref>{{cite book| author= Thomas Aquinas| title= Summa Theologica | chapter-url= http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/ECON301-2.1.2-1st.pdf |chapter= Of Cheating, Which Is Committed in Buying and Selling| translator= The Fathers of the English Dominican Province| access-date= 19 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics |title-link=The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics |last=Gordon |first=Barry |year=2009 |volume=1 |chapter=Aquinas, St Thomas (1225–1274) |orig-year=1987 |page=100}}</ref>
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According to Thomas, monarchs are God's representatives in their territories, but the church, represented by the popes, is above the kings in matters of doctrine and ethics. As a consequence, worldly rulers are obliged to adapt their laws to the Catholic Church's doctrines and determinations.
Thomas said slavery was not the natural state of man.<ref>Weithman, Paul J. (1992). [https://www3.nd.edu/~pweithma/My%20Papers/Augustine%20and%20Aquinas%20on%20Political%20Authority.pdf "Augustine and Aquinas on Original Sin and the Function of Political Authority"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209001913/https://www3.nd.edu/~pweithma/My%20Papers/Augustine%20and%20Aquinas%20on%20Political%20Authority.pdf |date=9 December 2021 }}, p. 356.</ref> He also held that a slave is by nature equal to his master (''Summa Theologiae Supplement'', Q52, A2, ad 1). He distinguished between 'natural slavery', which is for the benefit of both master and slave, and 'servile slavery', which removes all autonomy from the slave and is, according to Thomas, worse than death.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ldysinger.stjohnsem.edu/@texts2/1271_aquinas/08_aq_slavery-ST3.htm |title=Aquinas on Slavery |website=
Aquinas' doctrines of the Fair Price,<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Nureev Rustem, M.|title=Doctrine of "Fair Price" by Thomas Aquinas: background, laws of development and specific interpretation|journal=Journal of Institutional Studies|issue=1|volume=7|date=1 March 2015|pages=6–24|doi=10.17835/2076-6297.2015.7.1.006-024|issn= 2076-6297|oclc= 8773558345|doi-access=free}}</ref> of the right of [[tyrannicide]] and of the equality of all the baptized sons of God in the [[Communion of saints]] established a limit to the political power to prevent it from degenerating into tyranny. This system had a concern in the Protestant opposition to the
==== Death penalty ====
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* [[List of institutions named after Thomas Aquinas]]
* [[Medieval university]]
* [[Neo-Thomism]]
* [[Omnipotence paradox]]
* [[Rose of Viterbo]]
* ''[[Sacris solemniis]]''
* [[Portal:Catholic Church/Patron Archive/January 28|Saint Thomas Aquinas, patron saint archive]]
* [[Thomism]]
* [[Transubstantiation]]
* ''[[Verbum supernum prodiens]]''
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* [[Brian Davies (philosopher)]]
* [[Charles De Koninck]]
* [[E.R. Fairweather]]
* [[Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange]]
* [[G. K. Chesterton]]
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* [[Jacques Maritain]]
* [[Ralph McInerny]]
* [[Anton Charles Pegis|Anton Pegis]]
* [[Josef Pieper]]
* [[Santiago María Ramírez Ruíz de Dulanto]]
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* Brown, Paterson. [https://web.archive.org/web/20101227180503/http://metalog.org/files/tpb/inf.r.html "Infinite Causal Regression"], ''Philosophical Review'', 1966.
* Brown, Paterson. [https://web.archive.org/web/20101227180029/http://metalog.org/files/tpb/nec.b.html "St. Thomas's Doctrine of Necessary Being"], ''Philosophical Review'', 1964.
*{{Citation
| last = Fairweather
| first = Eugene R.
| author-link = E.R. Fairweather
| title = The Christian Humanism of Thomas Aquinas
| journal = [[Canadian Journal of Theology]]
| volume = XII
| issue = 3
| pages = 194–210
| orig-date =
| year = 1966
| language = English
| url = https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/cjt/12-3_194.pdf
| jstor =
| archive-url =
| archive-date =
| doi =
| id =
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060901090647/http://www2.nd.edu/Departments//Maritain/etext/walsh-q.htm "Aquinas the Scholar"] from ''The Thirteenth, the Greatest of Centuries'', ch. XVII by [[James Joseph Walsh]]
* [http://faculty.vassar.edu/brvannor/summa.pdf "Introductory Guide to Reading the ''Summa Theologica'' of Thomas Aquinas"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020002520/http://faculty.vassar.edu/brvannor/summa.pdf |date=20 October 2017 }}
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* [https://www.apronus.com/theology/thomas-aquinas-emulator ''Thomas Aquinas Emulator Project''], research into the use of generative AI to emulate Thomas Aquinas
{{Dominican Order}}
{{Thomas Aquinas}}
{{Navboxes
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[[Category:Italian Dominicans]]
[[Category:Italian critics of Islam]]
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[[Category:Latin commentators on Aristotle]]
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