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<!-- Definition -->
'''Tooth decay''', also known as '''cavities''' or '''caries''',<ref name="caries" group="lower-alpha">The word 'caries' is a [[mass noun]], and is not a plural of 'carie'.''</ref> is the breakdown of [[teeth]] due to acids produced by [[bacteria]].<ref name="Silk2014">{{cite journal|last1=Silk|first1=H|title=Diseases of the mouth|journal=Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice|date=March 2014|volume=41|issue=1|pages=75–90|pmid=24439882|doi=10.1016/j.pop.2013.10.011|s2cid=9127595}}</ref> The cavities may be a number of different colors, from yellow to black.<ref name="Lau2014">{{cite journal|last1=Laudenbach|first1=JM|last2=Simon|first2=Z|title=Common Dental and Periodontal Diseases: Evaluation and Management|journal=The Medical Clinics of North America|date=November 2014|volume=98|issue=6|pages=1239–1260|pmid=25443675|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2014.08.002}}</ref> Symptoms may include pain and difficulty eating.<ref name=Lau2014/><ref name=WHO2012/> Complications may include [[periodontal disease|inflammation of the tissue around the tooth]], [[tooth loss]] and infection or [[dental abscess|abscess]] formation.<ref name=Lau2014/><ref name=Taber2013/> [[Tooth regeneration]] is an on-going stem cell based field of study that is trying to reverse the effects of decay, unlike most current methods which only try to make dealing with the effects easier.
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<!-- Epidemiology -->
Worldwide, approximately 3.6 billion people (48% of the population) have dental caries in their [[permanent teeth]] as of 2016.<ref name="WHO2016Epi">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/oral-health|title=Oral health|publisher=World Health Organization|language=en|access-date=2019-09-14|archive-date=2019-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017233214/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/oral-health|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[World Health Organization]] estimates that nearly all adults have dental caries at some point in time.<ref name="WHO2012">{{cite web|title=Oral health Fact sheet N°318|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs318/en/|publisher=World Health Organization|access-date=10 December 2014|date=April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208132427/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs318/en/|archive-date=8 December 2014}}</ref> In [[baby teeth]] it affects about 620 million people or 9% of the population.<ref name="Lancet2012Epi">{{cite journal|last=Vos|first=T|title=Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|journal=The Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2163–96|pmid=23245607|pmc=6350784|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2}}</ref> They have become more common in both children and adults in recent years.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bagramian|first1=RA|last2=Garcia-Godoy|first2=F|last3=Volpe|first3=AR|title=The global increase in dental caries. A pending public health crisis|journal=American Journal of Dentistry|date=February 2009|volume=22|issue=1|pages=3–8|pmid=19281105}}</ref> The disease is most common in the developed world due to greater simple sugar consumption, but less common in the developing world.<ref name=Silk2014/> Caries is [[Latin]] for "rottenness".<ref name="Taber2013">{{cite book|title=Taber's cyclopedic medical dictionary|date=2013|publisher=F.A. Davis Co.|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-8036-3909-6|page=401|edition=Ed. 22, illustrated in full color|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VdY-AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA401|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713035028/https://books.google.com/books?id=VdY-AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA401|archive-date=2015-07-13}}</ref>
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===Bacteria===
[[File:Streptococcus mutans 01.jpg|right|thumb|alt=Refer to caption|A [[Gram stain]] image of ''Streptococcus mutans''.]]{{See also|Oral ecology}}
The most common bacteria associated with dental cavities are the mutans streptococci, most prominently ''[[Streptococcus mutans]]'' and ''[[Streptococcus sobrinus]]'', and [[Lactobacillus|lactobacilli]]. However, cariogenic bacteria (the ones that can cause the disease) are present in dental plaque, but they are usually in too low concentrations to cause problems unless there is a shift in the balance.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marsh|first1=Philip D.|last2=Head|first2=David A.|last3=Devine|first3=Deirdre A.|year=2015|title=Dental plaque as a biofilm and a microbial community—Implications for treatment|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1349007915001073|journal=Journal of Oral Biosciences|volume=57|issue=4|pages=185–191|doi=10.1016/j.job.2015.08.002|s2cid=86407760
The mouth contains a wide variety of [[oral ecology|oral bacteria]], but only a few specific species of bacteria are believed to cause dental caries: ''Streptococcus mutans'' and ''Lactobacillus'' [[species]] among them. ''Streptococcus mutans'' are gram-positive bacteria which constitute biofilms on the surface of teeth. These organisms can produce high levels of lactic acid following [[fermentation]] of dietary sugars and are resistant to the adverse effects of low pH, properties essential for cariogenic bacteria.<ref name="Hardie1982"/> As the [[cementum]] of root surfaces is more easily demineralized than enamel surfaces, a wider variety of bacteria can cause root caries, including ''[[Lactobacillus acidophilus]]'', ''[[Actinomyces|Actinomyces spp.]]'', ''[[Nocardia spp.]]'', and ''Streptococcus mutans''. Bacteria collect around the teeth and gums in a sticky, creamy-coloured mass called [[dental plaque|plaque]], which serves as a [[biofilm]]. Some sites collect plaque more commonly than others, for example, sites with a low rate of salivary flow (molar fissures). Grooves on the [[Occlusion (dentistry)|occlusal]] surfaces of [[molar (tooth)|molar]] and [[premolar]] teeth provide microscopic retention sites for plaque bacteria, as do the interproximal sites. Plaque may also collect above or below the [[gingiva]], where it is referred to as supra- or sub-gingival plaque, respectively.
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A toothbrush can be used to remove plaque on accessible surfaces, but not between teeth or inside pits and fissures on chewing surfaces. When used correctly, dental floss removes plaque from areas that could otherwise develop proximal caries but only if the depth of [[Gingival sulcus|sulcus]] has not been compromised. Additional aids include [[interdental brush]]es, [[water pick]]s, and [[mouthwash]]es. The use of rotational electric toothbrushes might reduce the risk of plaque and gingivitis, though it is unclear whether they are of clinical importance.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1002/14651858.cd004971.pub2|pmid=21154357|title=Different powered toothbrushes for plaque control and gingival health|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|issue=12|pages=CD004971|year=2010|last1=Deacon|first1=Scott A.|last2=Glenny|first2=Anne-Marie|last3=Deery|first3=Chris|last4=Robinson|first4=Peter G.|last5=Heanue|first5=Mike|last6=Walmsley|first6=A Damien|last7=Shaw|first7=William C.|volume=2020|pmc=8406707}}</ref>
However, oral hygiene is effective at preventing gum disease (gingivitis / periodontal disease). Food is forced inside pits and fissures under chewing pressure, leading to carbohydrate-fuelled acid demineralisation where the brush, fluoride toothpaste, and saliva have no access to remove trapped food, neutralise acid, or remineralise tooth enamel. (Occlusal caries accounts for between 80 and 90% of caries in children (Weintraub, 2001).) Unlike brushing, fluoride leads to proven reduction in caries incidence by approximately 25%; higher concentrations of fluoride (>1,000 ppm) in toothpaste also helps prevents tooth decay, with the effect increasing with concentration up to a plateau.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Walsh|first1=Tanya|last2=Worthington|first2=Helen V.|last3=Glenny|first3=Anne-Marie|last4=Marinho|first4=Valeria Cc|last5=Jeroncic|first5=Ana|date=4 March 2019|title=Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=3|issue=3 |pages=CD007868|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007868.pub3|issn=1469-493X|pmc=6398117|pmid=30829399}}</ref> A randomized clinical trial demonstrated that toothpastes that contain [[arginine]] have greater protection against tooth cavitation than the regular fluoride toothpastes containing 1450 ppm alone.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kraivaphan|first1=Petcharat|last2=Amornchat|first2=Cholticha|last3=Triratana|first3=T|last4=Mateo|first4=L.R.|last5=Ellwood|first5=R|last6=Cummins|first6=Diane|last7=Devizio|first7=William|last8=Zhang|first8=Y-P|date=2013-08-28|title=Two-Year Caries Clinical Study of the Efficacy of Novel Dentifrices Containing 1.5% Arginine, an Insoluble Calcium Compound and 1,450 ppm Fluoride|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256289867|journal=Caries Research|volume=47|issue=6|pages=582–590|doi=10.1159/000353183|pmid=23988908|s2cid=17683424|doi-access=free|access-date=2018-05-26|archive-date=2020-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510055506/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256289867_Two-Year_Caries_Clinical_Study_of_the_Efficacy_of_Novel_Dentifrices_Containing_15_Arginine_an_Insoluble_Calcium_Compound_and_1450_ppm_Fluoride|url-status=live}}</ref> A Cochrane review has confirmed that the use of fluoride gels, normally applied by a dental professional from once to several times a year, assists in the prevention of tooth decay in children and adolescents, reiterating the importance of fluoride as the principal means of caries prevention.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marinho|first1=Valeria C. C.|last2=Worthington|first2=Helen V.|last3=Walsh|first3=Tanya|last4=Chong|first4=Lee Yee|date=2015-06-15|title=Fluoride gels for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2021|issue=6|pages=CD002280|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002280.pub2|issn=1469-493X|pmid=26075879|pmc=7138249}}</ref> Another review concluded that the supervised regular use of a fluoride mouthwash greatly reduced the onset of decay in the permanent teeth of children.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marinho|first1=Valeria C. C.|last2=Chong|first2=Lee Yee|last3=Worthington|first3=Helen V.|last4=Walsh|first4=Tanya|date=2016-07-29|title=Fluoride mouthrinses for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=7|issue=2|pages=CD002284|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002284.pub2|issn=1469-493X|pmid=27472005|pmc=6457869}}</ref>
Professional hygiene care consists of regular dental examinations and professional prophylaxis (cleaning). Sometimes, complete plaque removal is difficult, and a dentist or [[dental hygienist]] may be needed. Along with oral hygiene, radiographs may be taken at dental visits to detect possible dental caries development in high-risk areas of the mouth (e.g. "[[bitewing]]" X-rays which visualize the crowns of the back teeth).
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[[File:Amalgam.jpg|right|thumb|alt=An extracted tooth displaying an amalgam metal restoration on the occlusal surface|An amalgam used as a restorative material in a tooth.]]
Most importantly, whether the carious lesion is cavitated or non-cavitated dictates the management. Clinical assessment of whether the lesion is active or arrested is also important. Noncavitated lesions can be arrested and remineralization can occur under the right conditions. However, this may require extensive changes to the diet (reduction in frequency of refined sugars), improved oral hygiene (toothbrushing twice per day with fluoride toothpaste and daily flossing), and regular application of topical fluoride. More recently, [[Immunoglobulin Y]] specific to ''Streptococcus mutans'' has been used to suppress growth of ''S. mutans''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chiba|first1=Itsuo|last2=Isogai|first2=Hiroshi|last3=Kobayashi-Sakamoto|first3=Michiyo|last4=Mizugai|first4=Hiroyuki|last5=Hirose|first5=Kimiharu|last6=Isogai|first6=Emiko|last7=Nakano|first7=Taku|last8=Icatlo|first8=Faustino C.|last9=Nguyen|first9=Sa V.|date=2011-08-01|title=Anti–cell-associated glucosyltransferase immunoglobulin Y suppression of salivary mutans streptococci in healthy young adults|url=https://jada.ada.org/article/S0002-8177(14)62069-9/abstract|journal=The Journal of the American Dental Association|language=en|volume=142|issue=8|pages=943–949|doi=10.14219/jada.archive.2011.0301|issn=0002-8177|pmid=21804061|access-date=2019-01-11|archive-date=2020-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205061344/https://jada.ada.org/article/S0002-8177(14)62069-9/abstract|url-status=live}}</ref> Such management of a carious lesion is termed "non-operative" since no drilling is carried out on the tooth. Non-operative treatment requires excellent understanding and motivation from the individual, otherwise the decay will continue.
Once a lesion has cavitated, especially if dentin is involved, remineralization is much more difficult and a dental restoration is usually indicated ("operative treatment"). Before a restoration can be placed, all of the decay must be removed otherwise it will continue to progress underneath the filling. Sometimes a small amount of decay can be left if it is entombed and there is a seal which isolates the bacteria from their substrate. This can be likened to placing a glass container over a candle, which burns itself out once the oxygen is used up. Techniques such as [[pulp capping|stepwise caries removal]] are designed to avoid exposure of the dental pulp and overall reduction of the amount of tooth substance which requires removal before the final filling is placed. Often enamel which overlies decayed dentin must also be removed as it is unsupported and susceptible to fracture. The modern decision-making process with regards the activity of the lesion, and whether it is cavitated, is summarized in the table.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ole Fejerskov |author2=Edwina Kidd |title=Dental caries : the disease and its clinical management|year=2004|publisher=Blackwell Munksgaard|location=Copenhagen [u.a.]|isbn=978-1-4051-0718-1}}</ref>
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Worldwide, approximately 3.6 billion people have dental caries in their permanent teeth.<ref name=WHO2016Epi/> In baby teeth it affects about 620 million people or 9% of the population.<ref name=Lancet2012Epi/> The disease is most common in Latin American countries, countries in the Middle East, and South Asia, and least prevalent in China.<ref>[https://www.who.int/oral_health/media/en/orh_report03_en.pdf The World Oral Health Report 2003: Continuous improvement of oral health in the 21st century – the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927025557/http://www.who.int/oral_health/media/en/orh_report03_en.pdf |date=2006-09-27 }}, released by the [[World Health Organization]]. (File in pdf format.) Page accessed August 15, 2006.</ref> In the United States, dental caries is the most common [[chronic (medicine)|chronic]] childhood disease, being at least five times more common than [[asthma]].<ref>[http://www.healthypeople.gov/Document/HTML/Volume2/21Oral.htm Healthy People: 2010] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813100704/http://www.healthypeople.gov/Document/HTML/Volume2/21Oral.htm |date=2006-08-13 }}. Html version hosted on [http://www.healthypeople.gov Healthy People.gov] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310214546/https://www.healthypeople.gov/ |date=2017-03-10 }} website. Page accessed August 13, 2006.</ref> It is the primary pathological cause of tooth loss in children.<ref>[http://www.adha.org/faqs/index.html Frequently Asked Questions] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060816085021/http://www.adha.org/faqs/index.html |date=2006-08-16 }}, hosted on the American Dental Hygiene Association website. Page accessed August 15, 2006.</ref> Between 29% and 59% of adults over the age of 50 experience caries.<ref name="DCPP">"[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=dcp2.section.5380 Dental caries] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207004534/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=dcp2.section.5380 |date=2008-12-07 }}", from the Disease Control Priorities Project. Page accessed August 15, 2006.</ref>
Treating dental cavities costs 5–10% of health-care budgets in industrialized countries, and can easily exceed budgets in lower-income countries.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2024-07-14|title=Guideline: sugars intake for adults and children|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241549028|website=www.who.int|archive-date=2023-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621085659/https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241549028|url-status=live}}</ref>
The number of cases has decreased in some developed countries, and this decline is usually attributed to increasingly better oral hygiene practices and preventive measures such as fluoride treatment.<ref>[https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/oralhealth/en/index1.html World Health Organization] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060326010127/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/oralhealth/en/index1.html |date=2006-03-26 }} website, "World Water Day 2001: Oral health", p. 2. Page accessed August 14, 2006.</ref> Nonetheless, countries that have experienced an overall decrease in cases of tooth decay continue to have a disparity in the distribution of the disease.<ref name="DCPP"/> Among children in the United States and Europe, twenty percent of the population endures sixty to eighty percent of cases of dental caries.<ref name="Tougersugars"/> A similarly skewed distribution of the disease is found throughout the world with some children having none or very few caries and others having a high number.<ref name="DCPP"/> [[Australia]], [[Nepal]], and [[Sweden]] (where children receive dental care paid for by the government) have a low incidence of cases of dental caries among children, whereas cases are more numerous in [[Costa Rica]] and [[Slovakia]].<ref>"[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=dcp2.table.5381 Table 38.1. Mean DMFT and SiC Index of 12-Year-Olds for Some Countries, by Ascending Order of DMFT] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207004544/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=dcp2.table.5381 |date=2008-12-07 }}", from the Disease Control Priorities Project. Page accessed January 8, 2007.</ref>
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There is a long history of dental caries. Over a million years ago, [[hominin]]s such as ''[[Paranthropus]]'' had cavities.<ref name="pmid36285994">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang JS, Chu CH, Yu OY |title=Oral Microbiome and Dental Caries Development |journal=Dent J |volume=10 |issue=10 |date=September 2022 |page=184 |pmid=36285994 |pmc=9601200 |doi=10.3390/dj10100184|doi-access=free }}</ref> The largest increases in the prevalence of caries have been associated with dietary changes.<ref name="uicanthropology">[http://www.uic.edu/classes/osci/osci590/11_1Epidemiology.htm Epidemiology of Dental Disease] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061129235853/http://www.uic.edu/classes/osci/osci590/11_1Epidemiology.htm|date=2006-11-29}}, hosted on the University of Illinois at Chicago website. Page accessed January 9, 2007.</ref><ref name="suddickhistorical">{{cite journal |vauthors=Suddick RP, Harris NO |title=Historical perspectives of oral biology: a series |journal=Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine|volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=135–51 |year=1990 |pmid=2129621 |doi=10.1177/10454411900010020301|doi-access=free }}</ref>
Archaeological evidence shows that tooth decay is an ancient disease dating far into [[prehistory]]. [[Human skull|Skull]]s dating from a million years ago through the [[Neolithic]] period show signs of caries, including those from the [[Paleolithic]] and [[Mesolithic]] ages.<ref>Caries Through Time: An Anthropological Overview; Luis Pezo Lanfranco and Sabine Eggers; Laboratório de Antropologia Biológica, Depto. de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil</ref> The increase of caries during the Neolithic period may be attributed to the increased consumption of plant foods containing carbohydrates.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Richards MP |title=A brief review of the archaeological evidence for Palaeolithic and Neolithic subsistence |journal=European Journal of Clinical Nutrition|volume=56 |issue=12 |pages=1270–1278 |date=December 2002 |pmid=12494313 |doi=10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601646|s2cid=17082871 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The beginning of rice cultivation in [[South Asia]] is also believed to have caused an increase in caries especially for women,<ref>{{cite journal|first1=John R.|last1=Lukacs|title=Sex Differences in Dental Caries Rates With the Origin of Agriculture in South Asia|journal=Current Anthropology|date=1996-02-01|issn=0011-3204|pages=147–153|volume=37|issue=1|doi=10.1086/204481|s2cid=143956987|url=https://zenodo.org/record/995657|access-date=2017-09-24|archive-date=2020-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804205449/https://zenodo.org/record/995657|url-status=live}}</ref> although there is also some [[evidence]] from sites in Thailand, such as Khok Phanom Di, that shows a decrease in overall percentage of dental caries with the increase in dependence on rice agriculture.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Tayles N. |author2=Domett K. |author3=Nelsen K. | year = 2000 | title = Agriculture and dental caries? The case of rice in prehistoric Southeast Asia | journal = World Archaeology| volume = 32 | issue = 1| pages = 68–83 | doi=10.1080/004382400409899|pmid=16475298 |s2cid=43087099 }}</ref>
A [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]] text from 5000 BC describes a "[[tooth worm]]" as the cause of caries.<ref name="adahistory">[http://www.ada.org/public/resources/history/timeline_ancient.asp History of Dentistry: Ancient Origins] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705105101/http://www.ada.org/public/resources/history/timeline_ancient.asp |date=2007-07-05 }}, hosted on the [http://www.ada.org American Dental Association] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050103091212/http://www.ada.org/ |date=2005-01-03 }} website. Page accessed January 9, 2007.</ref> Evidence of this belief has also been found in [[History of India|India]], [[History of Egypt|Egypt]], [[History of Japan|Japan]], and [[History of China|China]].<ref name="suddickhistorical"/> Unearthed ancient skulls show evidence of primitive dental work. In [[Pakistan]], teeth dating from around 5500 BC to 7000 BC show nearly perfect holes from primitive [[dental drill]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Coppa A, Bondioli L, Cucina A, etal |title=Palaeontology: early Neolithic tradition of dentistry |journal=Nature|volume=440 |issue=7085 |pages=755–6 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16598247 |doi=10.1038/440755a |bibcode=2006Natur.440..755C |s2cid=6787162 }}</ref> The [[Ebers Papyrus]], an [[Egypt]]ian text from 1550 BC, mentions diseases of teeth.<ref name="adahistory"/> During the [[Assyria#Sargonid dynasty|Sargonid dynasty]] of [[Assyria]] during 668 to 626 BC, writings from the king's physician specify the need to extract a tooth due to spreading [[inflammation]].<ref name="suddickhistorical"/> In the [[Roman Empire]], wider consumption of cooked foods led to a small increase in caries prevalence<!-- article does not cite reference for roman diet -->.<ref name="Tougersugars">{{cite journal |vauthors=Touger-Decker R, van Loveren C |title=Sugars and dental caries |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition|volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=881S–892S |date=October 2003 |pmid=14522753 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/78.4.881S |doi-access=free }}</ref> The [[Greco-Roman civilization]]<!-- rewrite -->, in addition to the Egyptian civilization, had treatments for pain resulting from caries.<ref name="suddickhistorical"/>
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===Etymology and usage===
Naturalized from Latin into English (a [[loanword]]), ''caries'' in its English form originated as a [[mass noun]] that means 'rottenness',<ref name=Taber2013/><ref>{{Citation |author=Elsevier |title=Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary |url=http://www.dorlands.com/ |postscript=. |access-date=2015-01-01 |archive-date=2014-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111192614/http://dorlands.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> that is, 'decay'. The word is an [[uncountable noun]].
''Cariesology''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sdvint.com/o-zhurnale/?lang=en |title=Dentistry for All / International Dental Review – General Info |quote=...Head of Cariesology and Endodontics Department... |access-date=2019-09-26 |archive-date=2019-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026182441/http://sdvint.com/o-zhurnale/?lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://mu-varna.bg/EN/AboutUs/Dentistry |title=The Faculty of Dental Medicine |access-date=2019-09-26 |archive-date=2019-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926120256/http://mu-varna.bg/EN/AboutUs/Dentistry |url-status=live }}</ref> or ''cariology''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cariology |title="Cariology" entry |publisher=thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2019-09-26 |archive-date=2019-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926120253/https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cariology |url-status=live }}</ref> is the study of dental caries.
==Society and culture==
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==References==
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