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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{short description|City and administrative center of Ternopil Oblast, Ukraine}}
{{redirect|Tarnopol|the unincorporated community in Canada|Tarnopol, Saskatchewan}}
{{Lead too short|date=July 2022}}
{{Expand Ukrainian|topic=geo|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ternopil
| native_name = {{lang|uk|Тернопіль}}
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[List of cities in Ukraine|City]]
| total_type = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows -->
| motto = <!-- images and maps ----------->
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage|position=center
| photo1a = UA-TE Ternopil Buran 18-06-16.JPG
| photo2a =Teatralnyi-maidan4501.jpg
| photo2b = Faine misto-11.jpg
| photo3a = Valova-8-14103710.jpg
| photo3b = Kaplytsia-Mykul-tsvyntar-14071240.jpg
| photo4a = Церква над ставом.jpg
| size = 260
| spacing = 2
| color = #FFFFFF
| border = 0
}}
| image_caption = <small>{{hlist|Clockwise, top to bottom: [[Ternopil Castle]] as seen from the lake|[[Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Ternopil|Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception]]|Roman Catholic chapel on Mykulyntsi cemetery|Church of the Exhaltation of Holy Cross|Valova Street|Theatre Square}}</small>
| image_flag = File:Flag of Ternopil.svg
| flag_size =
| image_blank_emblem = Logo of Ternopil.svg
| blank_emblem_type = [[Brandmark]]
| image_shield = Coat of arms of Ternopil.svg
| shield_size =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Ukraine#Ukraine Ternopil Oblast
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within Ukraine
| pushpin_relief = 1
<!-- Location ------------------>| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{UKR}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Administrative divisions of Ukraine|Oblast]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Ternopil Oblast]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Raions of Ukraine|Raion]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ternopil Raion]]
| seat_type =
| seat =
| parts_type =
| parts_style = <!-- =list (for list), coll (for collapsed list), para (for paragraph format)
Default is list if up to 5 items, coll if more than 5-->
| parts = <!-- parts text, or header for parts list -->
| p1 =
| p2 = <!-- etc. up to p50: for separate parts to be listed-->
<!-- Politics ----------------->| established_title = Founded
| established_date = 1540 ({{years ago|1540}} years ago)
| government_footnotes =
| government_type =
| leader_title = [[List of mayors of Ternopil|Mayor]]
| leader_name = [[Serhiy Nadal]]<ref>{{cite news |url-status=live |archive-date=Apr 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421131639/https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2011/12/28/6872678/ |website=[[Ukrainska Pravda]] |date=28 December 2011 |language=uk |access-date=6 August 2023 |title=Мер Тернополя продає побачення з собою |url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2011/12/28/6872678/}}</ref>
| leader_party = [[Svoboda (political party)|Svoboda]]
| leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager -->
| leader_name1 = <!-- Area --------------------->
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 86 <!-- ALL fields with measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion-->
| area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on unit conversion-->
| area_water_km2 =
| area_total_sq_mi = 33.2
| area_water_percent =
| elevation_m = 320
| elevation_footnotes = <br />(mean)
<!-- Population ----------------------->| population_as_of = 2022
| population_footnotes = <ref name="ua2022estimate"/>
| population_note =
| population_total = 225004
| population_density_km2 = auto
<!-- General information --------------->| timezone = [[Eastern European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset = +2
| timezone_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST = +3
| coor_type = <!-- can be used to specify what the coordinates refer to -->
| coordinates = {{coord|49|34|N|25|36|E|region:UA|display=inline,title}}
| postal_code_type = <!-- Postal code -->
| postal_code =
| area_code = +380 352
| website = {{URL|rada.te.ua/en}}
| blank_name = <!-- [[License plate]] -->
| blank_info =
| footnotes =
| module = {{Infobox mapframe |wikidata=yes |zoom= 10|coord={{WikidataCoord|display=i}}}}
| subdivision_type3 = [[Hromada]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Ternopil urban hromada]]
}}
'''Ternopil''',{{efn|{{lang-uk|Тернопіль}}, {{IPA-uk|terˈnɔp⁽ʲ⁾ilʲ|IPA|Uk-Тернопіль2.oga}}; {{lang-pl|Tarnopol}}; {{lang-yi|טארנאפאל|Tarnapol}}; {{lang-he|טרנופול|Tarnopol}}; {{lang-de|Tannstadt}}.}} known until 1944 mostly as '''Tarnopol''', is a [[city]] in western [[Ukraine]], located on the banks of the [[Seret (river)|Seret]]. Administratively, it serves as the administrative centre of [[Ternopil Oblast]]. Ternopil is one of the major cities of [[Western Ukraine]] and the historical regions of [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]] and [[Podolia]]. It is served by [[Ternopil Airport]]. The population of Ternopil was estimated at {{Ua-pop-est2022|225,004|.}}
The city is the [[administrative center]] of [[Ternopil Oblast]] ([[Oblasts of Ukraine|region]]), as well as of surrounding [[Ternopil Raion]] ([[Raions of Ukraine|district]]) within the oblast. It hosts the administration of [[Ternopil urban hromada]], one of the [[hromada]]s of Ukraine.<ref name="admreform_2020_ternopil">{{cite web |title=Тернопольская городская громада |url=https://gromada.info/ru/obschina/ternopilska/ |publisher=Портал об'єднаних громад України |language=Russian}}</ref>
Until 18 July 2020, Ternopil was designated as a [[City of regional significance (Ukraine)|city of oblast significance]] and did not belong to Ternopil Raion even though it was the center of the raion. As part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Ternopil Oblast to three, the city was merged into Ternopil Raion.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ. |url=http://www.golos.com.ua/article/333466 |access-date=2020-10-03 |date=2020-07-18 |website=Голос України |language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Нові райони: карти + склад |date=17 July 2020 |url=https://www.minregion.gov.ua/press/news/novi-rajony-karty-sklad/ |publisher=Міністерство розвитку громад та територій України |language=uk}}</ref>
==History==
{{main|History of Ternopil}}
[[File:Jan Amor Tarnowski.PNG|thumb|left|200px|[[Jan Amor Tarnowski]].]]
The city was founded in 1540 by Polish commander and [[Hetman]] [[Jan Tarnowski|Jan Amor Tarnowski]].<ref name="500ofTern">{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013154205/http://www.ukrinform.ua/ukr/news/pyat_stolit_tarnopolya_misto_getmana_yana_i_mulyara_leontiya_2088900 |date=13 Oct 2015}}{{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Its Polish name ''Tarnopol'' means 'Tarnowski's city' and stems from a combination of the [[Tarnowski family|founder's family]] name and the [[Greek language|Greek]] term ''[[polis]]''.<ref name="OSW">{{cite web |last1=Olszański |first1=Tadeusz A. |title=Kresy Zachodnie. Miejsce Galicji Wschodniej i Wołynia w państwie ukraińskim. |date=2013 |issue=43 |pages=25–26 |url=https://www.osw.waw.pl/sites/default/files/prace_osw_43_net.pdf |series=Prace OSW |publisher=[[Centre for Eastern Studies]] |language=pl}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Karpluk |first1=Maria |title=Mowa naszych przodków: podstawowe wiadomości z historii języka polskiego do końca XVIII w |date=1993 |publisher=TMJP |page=46 |language=pl}}</ref> The city served as a military stronghold and castle <ref name=500ofTern/> On 15 April 1540,<ref name=500ofTern/> the [[King of Poland]], [[Sigismund I the Old]],<ref name=500ofTern/> in [[Kraków]] gave Tarnowski permission to establish Tarnopol,<ref name=500ofTern/> near Sopilcze (''Sopilche'').<ref name=500ofTern/> protecting the eastern borders of [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Polish Kingdom]] from [[Crimean Tatars|Tatar]] raids. In 1570, the city passed to the [[Ostrogski family]],<ref name=500ofTern/> and in 1623 to the [[Zamoyski family]].<ref name=500ofTern/> During the [[Khmelnytsky Uprising]], many residents of the city joined the ranks of the [[Cossacks#Ukrainian Cossacks|Cossack]] forces.<ref name=hvacukr>{{Cite news |url=http://ukrssr.com.ua/ternop/viniknennya-mista-ternopil |title=Виникнення і розвиток міста Тернопіль |website=ukrssr.com.ua |trans-title=Establishment and development of the Ternopil city |date=March 27, 2016 |language=uk |access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref> During the [[Polish–Ottoman War (1672–1676)|1672–1676 Polish–Ottoman War]], Tarnopol was almost completely destroyed by Turkish forces of Ibrahim Shishman Pasha in 1675, then rebuilt by [[Aleksander Koniecpolski (1620–1659)|Aleksander Koniecpolski]].<ref name=hvacukr/>
In 1772, after the [[First Partition of Poland]], the city came under [[Habsburg monarchy|Austrian]] rule. In 1809, after the [[War of the Fifth Coalition]], the city came under Russian rule, incorporated into the newly created ''Ternopol krai'', but in 1815 returned to Austrian rule in accordance with the [[Congress of Vienna]]. In 1870 Tarnopol was connected by railway with [[Lemberg]].
During [[World War I]] the city passed from [[Germany|German]] and [[Austria]]n forces to [[Russia]] several times. In 1917, the city and its castle were burned down by fleeing [[Imperial Russian Army|Russian forces]].<ref name=500ofTern/> After the dissolution of the [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian Empire]], the city was proclaimed as part of the [[West Ukrainian National Republic|West Ukrainian People's Republic]] on 11 November 1918. After Polish forces captured [[Lwów]] during the [[Polish–Ukrainian War|Polish-Ukrainian War]], Tarnopol became the country's temporary capital.<ref name=Zunr/> After the [[Act Zluky|act of union]] between the West Ukrainian Republic and the [[Ukrainian People's Republic]], Ternopil formally became part of the UPR. On 15 July 1919, the city was captured.<ref name=Zunr>
The Jewish and German population accepted the new Ukrainian state, but the Poles started the [[military campaign]] against the Ukrainian authority [...] On [[Armistice with Germany (Compiègne)|November 11, 1918]] following bloody fighting, the Polish forces captured Lwów. The government of the WUPR moved to Ternopol and from the end of December the Council and the Government of the WUPR were located in [[Ivano-Frankivsk]].<br />{{in lang|uk}} [http://www.ji-magazine.lviv.ua/inform/orlata/dovidka.htm West Ukrainian People's Republic] in the "Dovidnyk z istoriï Ukraïny" (A hand-book on the [[History of Ukraine]]), 3-Volumes, Kyiv, 1993–1999, {{ISBN|5-7707-5190-8}} (t. 1), {{ISBN|5-7707-8552-7}} (t. 2), {{ISBN|966-504-237-8}} (t. 3).
</ref> by Polish forces. In July and August 1920 the [[Red Army]] captured Ternopil in the course of the [[Polish–Soviet War|Polish-Soviet War]], and the city served as the capital of the short-lived [[Galician Soviet Socialist Republic]]. Under the terms of the [[Riga treaty]], the area remained under Polish control.
[[File:Kostel Ternopil.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Church of St. Mary of the Perpetual Assistance, Ternopil|Church of St. Mary of the Perpetual Assistance]] was demolished after World War II.]]
As a consequence of the Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939, Ternopil was incorporated into the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]] as part of [[Ternopil Oblast|Ternopol Oblast]]. On 2 July 1941, the city was occupied by the Nazis. Between then and July 1943, 10,000 Jews were killed by Nazi Germans, and another 6,000 were rounded up and sent to [[Belzec extermination camp]]. A few hundred others went to labor camps. During most of this time Jews lived in the [[Tarnopol Ghetto]].<ref name="sztetl.org">{{cite web | url=http://www.sztetl.org.pl/pl/article/tarnopol/5,historia/?action=view&page=2 | title=Tarnopol | publisher=[[Virtual Shtetl]] (Wirtualny Sztetl) | work=Historia – Społeczność żydowska przed 1989 | date=2015 | access-date=31 July 2015 | author1=Robert Kuwałek | author2=Eugeniusz Riadczenko | author3=Adam Dylewski | author4=Justyna Filochowska | author5=Michał Czajka | pages=3–4 of 5 | language=pl}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Megargee |first1=Geoffrey |title=Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos |date=2012 |publisher=University of Indiana Press |location=Bloomington, Indiana |isbn=978-0-253-35599-7 |page=Volume II, 838-389}}</ref> Many Ukrainians were sent as [[Unfree labour|forced labour]] to Germany. Following the [[Act of restoration of the Ukrainian state]] proclaimed in [[Lviv]] on 30 June 1941, [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army]] (UPA) was active in Ternopil region and battled for the independence of Ukraine, opposing Nazis, Polish Armia Krajowa and [[People's Army of Poland]] as well as the Soviets. During the Soviet offensive in March and April 1944, the city was almost completely destroyed by Soviet artillery. <ref>{{cite book | last1 = Frieser | first1 = Karl-Heinz | author-link1 = Karl-Heinz Frieser | first2 =Klaus | last2 = Schmider | first3 =Klaus | last3 = Schönherr | first4 = Gerhard | last4 = Schreiber | first5 = Kristián | last5 = Ungváry | author-link5 = Krisztián Ungváry | first6 =Bernd | last6=Wegner | volume = VIII | title = Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg: Die Ostfront 1943/44 – Der Krieg im Osten und an den Nebenfronten | trans-title = Germany and the Second World War: The Eastern Front 1943–1944 – The War in the East and on the Neighbouring Fronts | publisher = Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt | location = München | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-3-421-06235-2 | language = de }}</ref> Finally, Ternopol was occupied by the Red Army on 15 April 1944. After the second Soviet occupation, 85% of the city's living quarters were destroyed.<ref name=500ofTern/>
Following the [[Potsdam Conference]] in 1945, Poland's [[Territorial changes of Poland after World War II|borders were redrawn]] and Ternopil was incorporated into the [[Ukrainian SSR]] of the [[Soviet Union]]. The ethnic Polish population of the area was [[Polish population transfers (1944–46)|forcibly deported to postwar Poland]]<ref name="Ciesielski">{{cite book |author1=Włodzimierz Borodziej |author2=Ingo Eser |author3=Stanisław Jankowiak |author4=Jerzy Kochanowski |author5=Claudia Kraft |author6=Witold Stankowski |author7=Katrin Steffen |title=Przesiedlenie ludności polskiej z Kresów Wschodnich do Polski 1944–1947 |trans-title=Resettlement of Poles from Kresy 1944–1947 |year=1999 |editor=Stanisław Ciesielski |pages=29, 50, 468 |publisher=Neriton |location=[[Warsaw]] |isbn=83-86842-56-3 |language=pl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qsUqAAAAMAAJ&q=Ukrainy}}</ref> In the following decades, Ternopil was rebuilt in a typical Soviet style and only a few buildings were reconstructed.
Following the [[fall of the Soviet Union]], Ternopil became part of the independent [[Ukraine]] as a [[city of oblast significance (Ukraine)|city of regional significance]]. On 31 December 2013, the [[11th Artillery Brigade (Ukraine)|11th Artillery Brigade]], descendant of artillery units that had been based in the city since 1949, was disbanded.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.unian.ua/politics/908623-vlada-ternopolya-napolyagae-na-vidnovlenni-viyskovih-chastin-na-zahidniy-ukrajini.html|script-title=uk:Влада Тернополя наполягає на відновленні військових частин на Західній Україні|date = 16 April 2014|work = Ukrainian Independent Information Agency|access-date = 4 February 2016|language = uk|trans-title = Ternopil authorities insist on restoration of military units in western Ukraine|archive-date = 4 February 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160204093719/http://www.unian.ua/politics/908623-vlada-ternopolya-napolyagae-na-vidnovlenni-viyskovih-chastin-na-zahidniy-ukrajini.html}}</ref> In 2020, as part of the administrative reform in Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Ternopil Oblast to three, the city was merged into Ternopil Raion.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ.|url=http://www.golos.com.ua/article/333466|access-date=2020-10-03|date=2020-07-18|website=Голос України|language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Нові райони: карти + склад |date=17 July 2020 |url=https://www.minregion.gov.ua/press/news/novi-rajony-karty-sklad/ |publisher=Міністерство розвитку громад та територій України |language=uk}}</ref>
During the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]], Ternopil was struck by Russian missiles on 13 May 2023, minutes before Ternopil natives [[Tvorchi]] performed at the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2023]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-13 |title=Ukraine Eurovision act's city Ternopil attacked before performance |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-65586701 |access-date=2023-05-14}}</ref>
==Geography==
===Climate===
Ternopil has a moderate [[humid continental climate|continental climate]] with cold winters and warm summers.
{{Weather box
|location = Ternopil (1981–2010, extremes 1949–2011)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 12.2
| Feb record high C = 17.3
| Mar record high C = 25.0
| Apr record high C = 30.0
| May record high C = 30.2
| Jun record high C = 37.8
| Jul record high C = 38.4
| Aug record high C = 36.1
| Sep record high C = 32.1
| Oct record high C = 25.7
| Nov record high C = 19.9
| Dec record high C = 13.9
| year record high C = 38.4
| Jan high C = -1.3
| Feb high C = 0.0
| Mar high C = 5.0
| Apr high C = 13.2
| May high C = 19.4
| Jun high C = 21.7
| Jul high C = 23.8
| Aug high C = 23.5
| Sep high C = 18.1
| Oct high C = 12.3
| Nov high C = 4.7
| Dec high C = -0.3
| year high C = 11.7
| Jan mean C = -3.9
| Feb mean C = -3.0
| Mar mean C = 1.1
| Apr mean C = 8.0
| May mean C = 14.0
| Jun mean C = 16.6
| Jul mean C = 18.5
| Aug mean C = 17.8
| Sep mean C = 13.0
| Oct mean C = 7.7
| Nov mean C = 1.8
| Dec mean C = -2.7
| year mean C = 7.4
| Jan low C = -6.5
| Feb low C = -5.9
| Mar low C = -2.2
| Apr low C = 3.3
| May low C = 8.7
| Jun low C = 11.6
| Jul low C = 13.4
| Aug low C = 12.7
| Sep low C = 8.5
| Oct low C = 3.9
| Nov low C = -0.7
| Dec low C = -5.2
| year low C = 3.5
| Jan record low C = -31.6
| Feb record low C = -31.0
| Mar record low C = -23.9
| Apr record low C = -6.1
| May record low C = -2.2
| Jun record low C = -1.7
| Jul record low C = 4.0
| Aug record low C = 3.6
| Sep record low C = -4.0
| Oct record low C = -10.5
| Nov record low C = -18.0
| Dec record low C = -27.0
| year record low C = -31.6
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 25.6
| Feb precipitation mm = 29.7
| Mar precipitation mm = 33.4
| Apr precipitation mm = 37.9
| May precipitation mm = 61.1
| Jun precipitation mm = 77.5
| Jul precipitation mm = 92.3
| Aug precipitation mm = 70.9
| Sep precipitation mm = 56.3
| Oct precipitation mm = 36.8
| Nov precipitation mm = 33.4
| Dec precipitation mm = 35.3
| year precipitation mm = 590.2
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 7.5
| Feb precipitation days = 8.2
| Mar precipitation days = 7.6
| Apr precipitation days = 7.4
| May precipitation days = 9.5
| Jun precipitation days = 10.6
| Jul precipitation days = 11.0
| Aug precipitation days = 8.7
| Sep precipitation days = 7.9
| Oct precipitation days = 7.2
| Nov precipitation days = 7.5
| Dec precipitation days = 8.9
| year precipitation days = 102.0
| Jan humidity = 85.3
| Feb humidity = 83.6
| Mar humidity = 79.3
| Apr humidity = 70.6
| May humidity = 68.9
| Jun humidity = 73.5
| Jul humidity = 74.2
| Aug humidity = 74.2
| Sep humidity = 78.5
| Oct humidity = 81.2
| Nov humidity = 86.4
| Dec humidity = 87.3
| year humidity = 78.6
|source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organization]]<ref name=WMOCLINO>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210717143555/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Ukraine/12.6.%20WMO_Normals_Excel_Template%20%282%29.xls
| archive-date = 17 July 2021
| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Ukraine/12.6.%20WMO_Normals_Excel_Template%20(2).xls
| title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010
| publisher = World Meteorological Organization
| access-date = 17 July 2021}}</ref>
|source 2 = Climatebase.ru (extremes)<ref name = climatebase >{{cite web| url = http://climatebase.ru/station/33415/?lang=en| title = Ternopil, Ukraine Climate Data| publisher = Climatebase| access-date = January 21, 2013}}</ref>
|date= June 2012}}
==Demographics==
[[File:Ternopil', 2 Kaminna Str..jpg|thumb|250px|School No. 5 (former girls' school of [[Saint Jadwiga|St. Jadwiga]] in Ternopil]]
According to [[Ukrainian Census (2001)]], Ternopil city and Ternopil oblast are homogeneously populated by ethnic Ukrainians. Ternopil city and Ternopil oblast are also homogeneously Ukrainian-speaking.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111217151026/http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/| url-status = dead| archive-date = 2011-12-17| title =2001 {{!}} English version {{!}} Results {{!}} General results of the census {{!}} National composition of population}} </ref>
National structure of [[Ternopil Oblast]] - 1,138.5 (100%)
* Ukrainians - 1,113.5 (97.8%)
* Russians - 14.2 (1.2%)
* Poles - 3.8 (0.3%)
Native languages in Ternopil:
* [[Ukrainian language]] — 94.8 %,
* [[Russian language]] — 3.37 %,
* [[Belarusian language]] — 0.07 %,
* [[Polish language]] — 0.04 %.
According to a survey conducted by the [[International Republican Institute]] in April-May 2023, 98 % of the city's population spoke Ukrainian at home, and 1 % spoke Russian.<ref>{{cite web |title=Восьме всеукраїнське муніципальне опитування |url=https://ratinggroup.ua/files/ratinggroup/reg_files/municipal_survey_may_2023_ua_-_final.pdf |website=ratinggroup.ua |publisher=[[International Republican Institute]] |access-date=6 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719164824/https://ratinggroup.ua/files/ratinggroup/reg_files/municipal_survey_may_2023_ua_-_final.pdf |archive-date=Jul 19, 2023 |language=uk |date=April–May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Full citation needed |date=August 2023}}
==Economy==
[[File:Залізничний вокзал (м.Тернопіль).jpg|thumb|250px|Ternopil railway station]]
Ternopil is a centre for the [[light industry]], [[food industry]], [[Radio-electronic industry in Ukraine|radio-electronic]] and construction industries. In the Soviet and early post-Soviet period, a harvester plant and a porcelain factory operated in the city.
==Transport==
Ternopil is an important railway hub with connections to most major railway stations of Ukraine. The city lies on the [[Highway M12 (Ukraine)|M12]] international highway connecting western and central regions of Ukraine. Trolleybus lines and a bus station are active in the city. Water transport operates on [[Ternopil Pond|Ternopil artificial lake]] mostly for tourist purposes. [[Ternopil Airport|An airport]] was opened for civilian traffic in 1985, but ceased commercial operations in 2010.
==Higher education==
[[File:ТДМУ - Кафедра гістології та ембріології - Дослідження даних електронного мікроскопа - 16118427.jpg|thumb|Teachers of Ternopil State Medical University.]]
Universities include:
* [[West Ukrainian National University]]
* [[Ternopil Ivan Pul'uj National Technical University]]
* [[Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatyuk National Pedagogical University]]
* [[Ternopil State Medical University]]
==Main sights==
*[[Ternopil Regional Art Museum]]
*[[Church of the Exaltation of the Cross, Ternopil]]
*[[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Ukrainian Greek Catholic]] [[Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Ternopil|Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception of The Blessed Virgin Mary]]
* The sanctuary of Our Lady of [[Zarvanytsia]] with a miraculous icon of the 13th century called icon of the Mother of God of Zarvanytsia, sanctuary of Greek-Catholic rite. Located about 40 km from Ternopil, celebrated on 22 July.
== Notable people ==
[[File:Kleeberg.jpg|thumb|175px|Franciszek Kleeberg]]
{{See also|List of honorary citizens of Ternopil}}
* [[Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz]] (1890–1963), Polish philosopher and [[logician]], researched [[model theory]]
* [[Henryk Baranowski]] (1943–2013) a Polish theatre, opera and film director, actor, playwright and poet.
* [[Vasyl Barvinsky]] (1888–1963) a Ukrainian composer, pianist, conductor and musicologist
* [[Eugeniusz Baziak]] (1890–1962) Archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lviv|Lviv]] and apostolic administrator of [[Kraków]].
* [[Natalia Buchynska]] (born 1977), singer, brought up in Ternopil.
* [[Vitaly Derekh]] (1987–2022), Ukrainian journalist and soldier
* [[Mariia Dilai]] (born 1980), Ukrainian artist, designer, and social activist
* [[Daria Chubata]] (born 1940), Ukrainian physician, author and social activist.
* Mykola Chubatyi (1889-1975),<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine |url-status=live |archive-date=Jul 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726153323/https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CH%5CChubatyMykola.htm |url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CH%5CChubatyMykola.htm |last=Padokh |first=Yaroslav |author-link=Yaroslav Padokh |date=2001 |language=en |access-date=9 August 2023 |title=Chubaty, Mykola}}</ref> historian of Ukrainian Church.
* [[Cyryl Czarkowski-Golejewski]] (1885–1940) aristocratic Polish landowner, [[Katyn massacre]] victim.
* [[Charlotte Eisler]] (1894-1970) Austrian singer and pianist with the [[Second Viennese School]].
* [[Kornel Filipowicz]] (1913–1990) a Polish novelist, poet, screenwriter and short story writer
* [[Franciszek Kleeberg]] (1888–1941) a Polish general in the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]]
* [[Bohdan Levkiv]] (1950–2021) a Ukrainian politician, mayor of Ternopil from 2002 to 2006.
* [[Pepi Litman]] (1874–1930) a cross-dressing female Yiddish vaudeville singer
* [[Kazimierz Michałowski]],<ref name="500ofTern" /> (1901–1981), Polish archaeologist, [[Egyptologist]] and art historian
* [[Serhiy Nadal]] (born 1975) a Ukrainian politician; mayor of Ternopil since 2010
* [[Yuriy Oliynyk]] (1931–2021) a Ukrainian composer, concert pianist and professor of music in the US
[[File:Stecko.jpg|thumb|175px|Yaroslav Stetsko]]
* [[Jakub Karol Parnas]] (1884–1949), biochemist, born in Ternopil.
* [[Joseph Perl]],<ref name=500ofTern/> (1773–1839), an Ashkenazi Jewish educator and writer, a scion of the [[Haskalah]]
* [[Simhah Pinsker]] (1801–1864) a Polish-Jewish scholar and archeologist
* [[Antoni Reichenberg]] (1825–1903), Polish priest, Jesuit, and artist.
* [[Rudolf Pöch]] (1870–1921), doctor and anthropologist; pioneer photographer and cinematographer
* [[Roza Pomerantz-Meltzer]] (1880–1934) a Polish writer and novelist based in Lviv and politician.
* [[Solomon Judah Loeb Rapoport]] (1786–1867), a [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galician]] and Czech rabbi and [[Talmid Chakham|Jewish scholar]].
* [[Karol Rathaus]] (1895—1954), Polish-Austrian-American modernist composer
* [[Eduard Romanyuta]] (born 1992) a Ukrainian singer, songwriter, actor and TV presenter.
* [[Lajos Simonyi|Baron Lajos Simonyi de Barbács et Vitézvár]] (1824–1894) a Hungarian politician
* [[Ruslan Stefanchuk]] (born 1975) a Ukrainian politician, party chairman and lawyer
* [[Yaroslav Stetsko]] (1912–1986), a leader of [[Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists]] (OUN) from 1968.
* [[Oleh Syrotyuk]] (born 1978) a Ukrainian politician, [[Governor of Ternopil Oblast]] in 2014
* [[Jan Tarnowski]] (1488-1561), Polish general and nobleman, founder of Ternopil (as Tarnopol).<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Tarnowski, Jan | volume= 26 |last= Bain |first= Robert Nisbet |author-link= Robert Nisbet Bain| pages = 429–430 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Judd L. Teller]] (1912–1972) Jewish author, social historian and poet; emigrated to the US in 1921.
* [[Tvorchi]], [[electronic music]] duo that represented [[Ukraine in the Eurovision Song Contest 2023]].
* [[Adelma Vay|Baroness Adelma Vay]] (1840–1925), a [[Mediumship|medium]] and pioneer of [[Spiritualism (movement)|spiritualism]] in Slovenia and Hungary.
=== Sport ===
* [[Olga Babiy]] (born 1989), a Ukrainian chess player and Woman Grandmaster
* [[Petr Badlo]] (born 1976) a Ukrainian football manager and former footballer with 470 club caps.
* [[Olha Maslivets]] (born 1978) a Russian windsurfer who competed at four Summer Olympics
* [[Ihor Semenyna]] (born 1989) a Ukrainian football midfielder with 330 club caps
=== People from Ternopil Oblast ===
[[File:Solomiya Krushelnytska.jpg|thumb|200px|Solomiya Krushelnytska]]
* [[Aleksander Brückner]],<ref name=500ofTern/> (1856 in Berezhany – 1939), a Polish scholar of [[Slavic studies|Slavic languages and literature]]
* [[Volodymyr Hnatiuk]] (1871 in Velesniv, Buchach – 1926), Ukrainian writer, literary scholar, journalist and ethnographer.
* [[Bohdan Lepky]] (1872-1941), Ukrainian writer, poet and artist.
* [[Ivan Horbachevsky]] (1854-1942), Ukrainian chemist and politician active in [[Austria-Hungary]], Minister of Healthcare of [[Cisleithania]].
* [[Josyf Slipyj]] (1892-1984), [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Ukrainian Greek Catholic]] priest, Metropolitan of Lviv and Halych.
* [[Solomiya Krushelnytska]] (1872 in Biliavyntsi — 1952), an outstanding Ukrainian [[Soprano]]
* [[Bohdan Lepky]] (1872 in Krehulets – 1941), a Ukrainian writer, poet, scholar, public figure, and artist.
* [[Ivan Pului]] (1845 in Hrymailiv – 1918) physicist and inventor, developed use of X-rays for [[medical imaging]].
* [[Casimir Zeglen]] (1869 near Tarnopol - 1927), Polish-American engineer, inventor of commercial bulletproof vest
* [[Methodius (Kudriakov)]] (1949-2015), metropolitan of the [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church]].
* [[Serhiy Prytula]] (born 1981 in Zbarazh), Ukrainian TV show host, political activist, founder of [[Charity foundation of Serhiy Prytula|Charity Foundation of Serhiy Prytula]]{{CN|date=January 2023}}
* [[Volodymyr Chornobay]] (born 1954), Ukrainian artist
* [[Karolina Shiino]] (born 1997), Japanese model and winner of the 2024 [[Miss Nippon]] pageant.
===Lived in Ternopil===
* [[Sofia Yablonska]] (1907-1971), Ukrainian-French travel writer, photographer and architect.
* [[Les Kurbas]] (1887-1937), Ukrainian theatre director and actor, founder of the first Ukrainian theatre in Ternopil.
==International relations==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Ukraine}}
[[File:Den-mista-2014-prapor-EU-3430.jpg|thumb|250px|Mayor of Ternopil awarded with a Council of Europe flag by a [[Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe|PACE]] member during a ceremony in 2014]]
Ternopil is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[Erftstadt]], [[Germany]] since 2023 <ref name="sister">{{cite web |url-status=live |archive-date=May 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513065404/https://www.erftstadt.de/web/infos-zu-erftstadt/staedtepartnerschaften |website=www.erftstadt.de |language=de |access-date=6 August 2023 |title=Städtepartnerschaften |url=https://www.erftstadt.de/web/infos-zu-erftstadt/staedtepartnerschaften}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|BUL}} [[Sliven]], [[Bulgaria]]
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Yonkers, New York|Yonkers]], [[United States]] <small>''(since 1991)''</small><ref name="Sister">{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0DE2DD143FF932A3575AC0A9649C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all|title=Communities; Cities Find Sisters Abroad |date=October 26, 2008|work=The New York Times|access-date=2008-10-26|first=Susan|last=Hodara}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|POL}} [[Elbląg]] in [[Poland]] <small>''(since 1992)''</small><ref name="Elbląg twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.info.elblag.pl/index.php?id=niezbednik_&pid=31&strona=1|title=Elbląg – Podstrony / Miasta partnerskie|access-date=2013-08-01|work=Elbląski Dziennik Internetowy|language=pl|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315153700/http://info.elblag.pl/index.php?id=niezbednik_&pid=31&strona=1|archive-date=2011-03-15|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Elbląg twinnings 2">{{cite web|url=http://www.elblag.net/niezbednik/miasta-partnerskie,65|title=Elbląg – Miasta partnerskie|access-date=2013-08-01|work=Elbląg.net|language=pl}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|POL}} [[Chorzów]], [[Poland]]
* {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Prudentopolis]], [[Brazil]]
* {{flagicon|GEO}} [[Batumi]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]<ref name="Batumi twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.batumi.ge/en/?page=show&sec=5|title=Batumi – Twin Towns & Sister Cities|access-date=2013-08-10|work=Batumi City Hall|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504220350/http://www.batumi.ge/en/?page=show&sec=5|archive-date=2012-05-04|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Former twin towns include:
* {{flagicon|POL}} [[Tarnów]] in [[Poland]]
* {{flagicon|BLR}} [[Pinsk]] in [[Belarus]]
===Stadium naming controversy===
In 2021, Ternopil created international outrage, especially in the Jewish community, by deciding to name a city stadium in honor of Nazi collaborator [[Roman Shukhevych]].<ref name=":1Piotrowski">{{Cite book |last=Piotrowski |first=Tadeusz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NBbnrEMswbUC&q=Poland's+holocaust |title=Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918-1947 |date=2007-01-09 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-2913-4 |language=en |quote=...on the German side and Roman Shukhevych ('Tur', 'Taras Chuprynka') as head of the Ukrainian staff, wore the uniform of the Wehrmacht. |author-link=Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist)}}</ref> Shukhevych was the military leader of the [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army]] during World War II and was known for his collaboration with the Nazi regime<ref>{{Citation | title=Israeli Envoy in Ukraine Slams Naming of Soccer Stadium in Honor of Nazi Ally Roman Shukhevych |website=Algemeiner.com | url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2021/03/09/israeli-envoy-in-ukraine-slams-naming-of-soccer-stadium-in-honor-of-nazi-ally-roman-shukhevych/ | access-date=22 October 2023}}</ref><ref name=":02stad" /> as well as his responsibility for the [[massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia]]. As a result, the City Council of [[Tarnów]] decided to suspend its partnership with Ternopil.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://web1.radiokrakow.pl/aktualnosci/tarnow/tarnow-zawiesza-wspolprace-z-tarnopolem |language = pl |title=Tarnów zawiesza współpracę z Tarnopolem | access-date = 26 November 2023}}</ref>
[[Joel Lion]], the [[List of ambassadors of Israel to Ukraine|Israeli Ambassador to Ukraine]], expressed Israel’s strong objection to the city's choice to name the stadium in honor of Roman Shukhevych. Lion wrote, ''"We strongly condemn the decision of Ternopil city council to name the City Stadium after the infamous Hauptman (Captain) of the SS 201st Schutzmannschaft Roman Shukhevych and demand the immediate cancellation of this decision"''.<ref name=":02stad">{{Citation | title=Israel protests against western Ukrainian city naming stadium in honor of Shukhevych | website=Kyiv Post | url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/7673 | access-date=22 October 2023}}</ref><ref name=":03stad">{{Citation | website=UNIAN | title=Israel's Ambassador demands cancellation of decision on Ternopil stadium's name | url=https://www.unian.info/politics/ternopil-israel-s-ambassador-demands-cancellation-of-decision-on-stadium-s-name-11347225.html | access-date=22 October 2023}}</ref>
The Eastern Europe Director of the [[Simon Wiesenthal Center]], Efraim Zuroff wrote,
''"It is fully understandable that Ternopil seeks to honor those who fought against Soviet Communism, but not those behind the mass murder of innocent fellow citizens."'' in a statement attempting to convince Ternopil to reconsider the ''"renaming of its stadium in honor of Nazi collaborator, Hauptmann of the SS Schutzmannschaft 201, Roman Shukhevych, an active participant in the mass murder of Jews and Poles in World War II."''<ref name=":01stad">{{Citation | title=FIFA urged to take action after stadium renamed for Nazi collaborator |website=The Jerusalem Post |date=17 March 2021 | url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/fifa-urged-to-take-action-after-stadium-renamed-for-nazi-collaborator-662274 | access-date=22 October 2023}}</ref>
===Russo-Ukrainian War===
In June 2022, due to full-scale Russian invasion and missile strikes from the territory of [[Belarus]], Ternopil suspended its partnership with the city of [[Pinsk]].
== Festivals ==
An international open-air music festival called {{ill|Faine Misto|uk|Файне місто (фестиваль)}} has been held annually near Ternopil for 2–4 days in July since 2013.<ref>{{cite web |title=Faine Misto Festival |url=https://www.festivalfinder.eu/festivals/faine-misto-festival |website=www.festivalfinder.eu |publisher=[[European Festivals Association]] |access-date=7 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ФАЙНЕ МІСТО {{!}} ТЕРИТОРІЯ ВІЛЬНИХ ЛЮДЕЙ {{!}} Історія |url=https://fainemisto.com.ua/history/ |access-date=7 April 2021 |language=uk}}</ref>
== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Sources==
* A. [[Bresler]], [[Joseph Perl]], ''Warsaw'', 1879, passim;
* ''[[Allg. Zeit. des Jud.]]'' 1839, iii. 606;
* {{JewishEncyclopedia|wstitle=Tranopol|ref=none}}
* J. H. Gurland, ''Le-Ḳarot ha-Gezerot'', p. 22, [[Odesa]], 1892;
* {{Lang|de|[[Meyers Konversations-Lexikon]]}}
* Orgelbrandt, in ''Encyklopedia Powszechna'', xiv. 409;
==External links==
{{Portal|Ukraine}}
{{commons category|Ternopil}}
{{wikivoyage|Ternopil}}
{{Wiktionary}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Tarnopol |volume= 26 | page = 429 |short= 1}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine |url-status=live |archive-date=Aug 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805113803/https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CT%5CE%5CTernopil.htm |url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CT%5CE%5CTernopil.htm |last2=Mykolaievych |first2=Roman |last1=Kubijovyč |first1=Volodymyr |author1-link=Volodymyr Kubiyovych |date=2012 |language=en |access-date=10 August 2023 |title=Ternopil}}
*{{in lang|uk}} [http://www.rada.te.ua/ Ternopil City Council]
*{{in lang|uk|en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20070717041444/http://www.ternopil.net.te.ua/index.php?dir=%2Fternopil_%28Leonid_Tit%29%2F Ternopil photos]
*[http://ukrainetrek.com/ternopil-city Ternopil City Sights]
*[http://www.personal.ceu.hu/students/97/Roman_Zakharii/ternopil.htm Website about Ternopil]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215148/http://filmportal.de/en/video/zu-den-kaempfen-um-tarnopol Historical footage of war damages at Ternopil (1917)], [[Filmportal|filmportal.de]]
* {{JewishGen-LocalityPage|1056204|Ternopil, Ukraine}}
{{Ternopil Oblast}}
{{Administrative divisions of Ukraine}}
{{Capitals of Ukraine}}
{{Cities in Ukraine}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Ternopil| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Ternopil Oblast]]
[[Category:Ruthenian Voivodeship]]
[[Category:Populated places in the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria]]
[[Category:Tarnopol Voivodeship]]
[[Category:Holocaust locations in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1540]]
[[Category:Historic Jewish communities in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Cities of regional significance in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Oblast centers in Ukraine]]
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