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{{short description|Political party in South Africa}}
{{for|the meetings of African political leaders in the 20th century|Pan-African Congress}}
{{shortlead|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use South African English|date=August 2015}}
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| logo = Pan Africanist Congress of Azania logo.svg
| colorcode = {{party color|Pan Africanist Congress of Azania}}
| colours = {{color box|#000000}} Black <br /> {{color box|{{party color|Pan Africanist Congress of Azania}}}} Green <br /> {{color box|FFFF00}}
| president = [[Mzwanele Nyhontso]]
| founder = [[Robert Sobukwe|Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe]]
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| founded = {{Start date|1959|04|06|df=y}}
| split = [[African National Congress]]
| headquarters = Khotso House, 7th Floor, Office 725-731, 62 Marshal Street
| student_wing = [[Pan Africanist Student Movement of Azania]]
| youth_wing = [[Pan Africanist Youth Congress of Azania]]
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| wing1_title = Paramilitary wing
| wing1 = [[Azanian People's Liberation Army]] (POQO) (''formerly'') {{small|(integrated into [[South African National Defence Force|SANDF]])}}
| wing2_title = High school wing
| wing3_title = Pupil wing
| ideology = [[Black nationalism]]<br>[[Pan-Africanism]]<br>[[African socialism]]<ref name=":4" />
| position = [[Left wing politics|Left-wing]]
| international =
| seats1_title = [[National Assembly of South Africa|National Assembly]]
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| seats3_title = [[Pan-African Parliament]]
| seats3 = {{Composition bar|0|5|hex={{party color|Pan Africanist Congress of Azania}}}}
| seats4_title = [[City of Cape Town|Cape Town City Council]]
| seats4 = {{Composition bar|1|231|hex={{party colour|Pan Africanist Congress of Azania}}}}
| flag = [[File:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania flag.svg|200px]]
| website = {{url|www.pacofazania.org.za}}
| country = South Africa
| leader1_title = Deputy
▲| High school wing = Pan Africanist Student Organization (PASO)
▲| Pupil wing = Pan Africanist Student Organization (PASO)
▲| deputy_leader = Lunga Mantashe
| secretary_general = Apa Pooe
}}
The '''Pan Africanist Congress of Azania''',
==History==
{{Main|History of the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania}}
[[File:RSA 1994 PAC.png
The PAC was formally launched on 6 April 1959 at Orlando Communal Hall in [[Soweto]]. A number of [[African National Congress]] (ANC) members broke away because they objected to the substitution of the 1949 ''Programme of Action'' with the [[Freedom Charter]] adopted in 1955, which used [[multiracialism|multiracialist]] language as opposed to [[African nationalism|Africanist]] affirmations. The PAC at the time considered South Africa to be an African state by right an "inalienable right of the indigenous African people" and refused to support equal rights of the oppressed and oppressor, exploiter and exploited, the land dispossessor and landless Africans - "the dispossessed". They insisted that the Historic Mission of the PAC of The People of Azania is "The complete freedom, liberation and independence of Afrika." This entails political, social, economic and military independence. [[Robert Sobukwe]] was elected as the first president, and [[Potlako Leballo]] as the Secretary General.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Pan-Africanist Congress of Azania {{!}} South African organization|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pan-Africanist-Congress-of-Azania|access-date=2020-06-15|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Pan Africanist Congress Of Azania (PAC) – The O'Malley Archives|url=https://omalley.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv03445/04lv03446/05lv03488.htm|access-date=2020-06-15|website=omalley.nelsonmandela.org|quote="They feared that the liberation struggle would be taken over by white and Indian communists and rejected the aspects of the Freedom Charter* that protected minority interests rather than those of Africans throughout the continent."}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) {{!}} South African History Online|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/pan-africanist-congress-pac|access-date=2020-06-15|website=www.sahistory.org.za}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=South Africa – Political Parties|url=http://countrystudies.us/south-africa/78.htm|access-date=2020-06-15|website=countrystudies.us|quote="...1959 prompted a split by black nationalists from the ANC to form the militant Africanist, anticommunist PAC." ... "The PAC also opposed the ANC's alliance with the SACP because most PAC leaders rejected Marxist economic dogma."}}</ref>
On 21 March 1960, the PAC organised a campaign against [[pass laws]]. People gathered in the townships of [[Sharpeville]] and [[Langa, Cape Town|Langa]] where Sobukwe and other top leaders were arrested and later convicted for incitement. Sobukwe was sentenced to three years and Potlako Leballo to two years in prison. Sobukwe died in Kimberley, Cape Province, 1978 of lung cancer. Immediately after the [[Sharpeville massacre]] the National Party Government banned both the ANC and PAC on 8 April 1960. The PAC responded by founding its armed wing, the [[Azanian People's Liberation Army]].
▲[[File:RSA 1994 PAC.png|left|thumb|350x350px|Share of PAC votes per district in 1994 election]]
==Ideology==
The PAC followed the idea that the South African Government should be constituted by the African people owing their allegiance only to Africa, as stated by Sobukwe in the inaugural speech of the PAC:
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The PAC initially advocated for a form of "Africanist Socialist Democracy", based on African and Black Identity, with the aim of creating a South Africa (which they would rename Azania) for Black South Africans, to the exclusion of other nationalities or ethnicities.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /> Unlike the [[African National Congress]]' view on socialism, the PAC was stated to have rejected the concept of [[class oppression]], instead focusing exclusively on national liberation.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Fatton|first=Robert|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%2520uploads%2520/robert_fatton_black_consciousness_in_south_africbook4you.org_.pdf|title=Black Consciousness in South Africa: The Dialectics of Ideological Resistance to White Supremacy SUNY Series in African Politics and Society|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=1986|isbn=9780887061295}}</ref> Nevertheless, their initial manifesto lists the "black working class" as the "driving force in the struggle" against white capitalists and "reactionary" middle-class groups. These socialist elements were strongly toned down by the 1990s, instead adopting a more "conservative" stance that sought not to restrict market forces and a commitment not to implement socialism "for the sake of it". The [[Pan Africanist Youth Congress of Azania]] described the new program as the "work of an element which is on the [[CIA]] payroll".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) – The O'Malley Archives|url=https://omalley.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv02424/04lv02730/05lv03188/06lv03214.htm|access-date=2020-06-29|website=omalley.nelsonmandela.org}}</ref> However, by April 1992, the PAC's party leadership in the Annual Congress no longer showed opposition to taking part in the [[multiracial]] [[Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa|negotiations to end the apartheid]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/pan-africanist-congress-timeline-1959-2011|title=Pan Africanist Congress timeline 1959–2011|publisher=South African History Online|accessdate=30 April 2021}}</ref>
The PAC historically rejected [[Marxism]], opposed [[communism]] (though it itself had borrowed from some [[Maoism|Maoist]]
==Leadership struggles==
The PAC has been beset by infighting and has had numerous changes of leadership since its transition to a political party. In 1996, [[Clarence Makwetu]], who led the party in the [[South African general election, 1994|1994 elections]], was removed on the basis of "bringing the party into disrepute".<ref name="mg_backwards">{{cite web | url=http://mg.co.za/article/2014-04-24-sa-has-moved-backwards-says-pac-stalwart-makwetu | title=SA has moved backwards, says PAC stalwart Makwetu | date=24 April 2014 | publisher=Mail and Guardian | access-date=3 April 2016}}</ref>
In August 2013, the PAC elected Alton Mphethi as president, after previous leader Letlapa Mphahlele was expelled in May amidst allegations of attempting to cause division in the party, financial impropriety and poor quality leadership.<ref>{{Cite web
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| date = 2013-06-09
| url = http://citizen.co.za/39025/pac-to-plot-a-new-path/
| archive-date = 21 February 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140221083915/http://citizen.co.za/39025/pac-to-plot-a-new-path/
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
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In August 2019, in Limpopo, one faction elected Moloto as leader, while a week later in Bloemfontein, another faction elected Mzwanele Nyhontso as leader. In October 2019, the [[Electoral Commission of South Africa|Independent Electoral Commission]] recognised Nyhontso as the legitimate party leader.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/pac-re-elects-mzwanele-nyhontso-as-president/ |title=PAC re-elects Mzwanele Nyhontso as president |date=2019-09-01 |website=SABC News |language=en-US |access-date=2019-10-30}}</ref>
In November 2020, speaker of the National Assembly [[Thandi Modise]] received notice that the PAC had expelled Nyhontso, and notified him that he had therefore lost his seat in parliament as the PAC's sole representative.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Toit |first=Christelle du |title=PAC's sole MP loses his seat in Parliament |url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/politics/2402563/pacs-sole-mp-loses-his-seat-in-parliament/ |access-date=2020-12-05 |website=The Citizen |date=28 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref> The opposing faction got a court order in December 2020 to reinstate Nyhontso, pending a court order challenging his removal from the party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Western Cape High Court Orders Reinstatement of PAC MP – Parliament of South Africa |url=https://www.parliament.gov.za/index.php/press-releases/western-cape-high-court-orders-reinstatement-pac-mp |access-date=2020-12-05 |website=www.parliament.gov.za}}</ref>
In August 2021, the court confirmed that Moloto's election was invalid, confirming Nyhontso as president, and in September 2021 Nyhontso was again sworn in as the party's sole MP.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-23 |title=Mzwanele Nyhontso declared PAC's lawful leader |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/politics/2596748/mzwanele-nyhontso-declared-pacs-lawful-leader/ |access-date=2021-09-09 |website=The Citizen |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-04 |title=Return of
In 2024, Nyhontso was again the sole PAC elected MP. He joined the [[2024 South African government formation|Government of National Unity]] as [[Minister of Land Reform and Rural Development]] after the ANC lost its majority in parliament.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-30 |title=South Africa's post-election Cabinet enters new political territory after 30 years of democracy |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2024-06-30-south-africas-post-election-cabinet-charters-new-political-territory-after-30-years-of-democracy/ |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref>
==Election results==
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| 1.25%
| {{Composition bar|5|400|hex={{party color|Pan Africanist Congress of Azania}}}}
|
| {{no2|
|-
! [[South African general election, 1999|1999]]
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| {{Composition bar|3|400|hex={{party color|Pan Africanist Congress of Azania}}}}
| {{decrease}} 2
| {{no2|
|-
! [[South African general election, 2004|2004]]
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| 0.73%
| {{Composition bar|3|400|hex={{party color|Pan Africanist Congress of Azania}}}}
| {{steady}}
| {{no2|
|-
! [[South African general election, 2009|2009]]
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| {{Composition bar|1|400|hex={{party color|Pan Africanist Congress of Azania}}}}
| {{decrease}} 2
| {{no2|
|-
! [[South African general election, 2014|2014]]
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| 0.21%
| {{Composition bar|1|400|hex={{party color|Pan Africanist Congress of Azania}}}}
| {{steady}}
| {{no2|
|-
! [[South African general election, 2019|2019]]
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| 0.19%
| {{Composition bar|1|400|hex={{party color|Pan Africanist Congress of Azania}}}}
| {{steady}}
| {{no2|
|-
![[2024 South African general election|2024]]
| 36,716
| 0.23%{{efn|From 2024, seats in the National Assembly are determined by a combination of the national ballot, and the nine regional ballots. Only the national ballot figures are shown here.}}
| {{Composition bar|1|400}}
| {{steady}} 0
|{{yes2|[[Third Cabinet of Cyril Ramaphosa]]}}
|}
{{Notelist}}
===Provincial elections===
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| 0.11% || 0/30
| 0.19% || 0/42
|-
! [[South African general election, 2024|2024]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=NPE Results Dashboard 2024 |url=https://results.elections.org.za/dashboards/npe/ |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=results.elections.org.za}}</ref>
| 0.51% || 0/73
| 0.24% || 0/30
| 0.29% || 0/80
| 0.11% || 0/80
| 0.24% || 0/64
| 0.16% || 0/51
| 0.15% || 0/38
| 0.16% || 0/30
| 0.31% || 0/42
|}
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[[Category:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania| ]]
[[Category:African and Black nationalist organizations in Africa]]
[[Category:Anti-Apartheid organisations]]
[[Category:Political parties in South Africa]]
[[Category:Political parties based in Johannesburg]]
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