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{{Short description|12th-century Jain scholar, poet, writer, mathematician and polymath}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{For|other people named Hemachandra|Hemachandra (name)}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific-prefix = Acharya
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| sect = [[Śvētāmbara]]
| official_name = Acharya Hemchandra Suri
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Dhandhuka]]
| death_date =
| death_place = [[Anhilwad Patan]]
| parents = Chachinga, Pahini
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| initiation_place = [[Khambhat]]
| honorific-suffix = Suri
| notable_works = Siddha-Hema-Śabdanuśāśana, Yogasastra
| post = [[Acharya (Jainism)]]
| background =
}}
{{Jainism}}
Born as Changadeva, he was ordained in the [[Śvētāmbara]] school of Jainism in 1110 and took the name Somachandra. In 1125 he became an adviser to King Kumarapala and wrote ''Arhanniti'', a work on politics from a Jain perspective. He also produced ''Trishashti-shalaka-purusha-charita'' (“Deeds of the 63 Illustrious Men”), a Sanskrit epic poem on the history of important figures of Jainism. Later in his life, he changed his name to Hemachandra.
==Early life==▼
▲==Early life==
Hemachandra was born in [[Dhandhuka]], in present-day [[Gujarat]], on Kartika Sud Purnima (the full moon day of Kartika month). His date of birth differs according to sources but 1088 is generally accepted.<ref group=note>The dates of birth and death differs according to sources. He was initiated
Some years later, Hemachandra was initiated a Jain monk on Magha Sud Chauth (4th day of the bright half of Magha month) and was given a new name, Somchandra. Udayana helped Devchandra Suri in the ceremony.<ref name="Dundas2002"/><ref name="Dattavarious2006"/> He was trained in religious discourse, philosophy, logic and grammar and became well versed in Jain and non–Jain scriptures. At the age of 21, he was ordained an [[acharya]] of the [[Śvētāmbara]] school of Jainism at [[Nagaur]] in present-day [[Rajasthan]]. At this time, he was named Hemachandra Suri.<ref name="Dundas2002"/><ref name="Dattavarious2006"/><ref name="Hema" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283442|title=The Kumarapalacarita (Prakrta Dvyasraya Kavya) of Hemachandra with commentary of Purnakalashagani|publisher=The Bhandarkar Oriental Institute|others=P. L. Vaidya (revision)|year=1936|editor-last=Pandit|editor-first=Shankar Pandurang|edition=2|series=Bombay Sanskrit and Prakrit Series Book LX|location=Poona|pages=xxiii-xxv}}</ref>
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At the time, Gujarat was ruled by the [[Chaulukya dynasty]] from [[Patan, Gujarat|Anhilavada]] (Patan). It is not certain when Hemachandra visited Patan for the first time. As Jain monks are [[mendicant]]s for eight months and stay at one place during [[Chaturmas]], the four monsoon months, he started living at Patan during these periods and produced the majority of his works there.<ref name="Dundas2002"/><ref name="Dattavarious2006"/>
Probably around 1125, he was introduced to
In 1135, when
==Hemachandra and Kumarapala==
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Hemachandra became the advisor to Kumarapala.<ref name="Dundas2002"/><ref name="Dattavarious2006"/> During Kumarapala's reign, Gujarat became a center of culture. Using the Jain approach of ''[[Anekantavada]]'', Hemchandra is said to have displayed a broad-minded attitude, which pleased Kumarapala.<ref name=Hema>{{cite web | title =Hemacandra | publisher =Jain World | url =http://www.jainworld.com/literature/story28.htm | access-date =6 May 2008 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080429205050/http://www.jainworld.com/literature/story28.htm | archive-date =29 April 2008 | url-status =dead }}</ref> Kumarapala was a [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] and ordered the rebuilding of [[Somnath]] at [[Prabhas Patan]]. Some Hindu saints who were jealous of Hemachandra's rising popularity with the Kumarapala complained that Hemachandra was a very arrogant person, that he did not respect the [[Deva (Hinduism)|vedic deities]] and that he refused to bow down to Hindu God [[Shiva]]. When called upon to visit the temple on the inauguration with Kumarapala, Hemachandra readily bowed before the [[lingam]] but said:{{blockquote|''Bhava Bijankaura-janana Ragadyam Kshayamupagata Yasya, Brahma va Vishnu va Haro Jino va Namastasmai.'' <br><br>I bow down to him who has destroyed the passions like attachment and malice which are the cause of the cycle of birth and death; whether he is [[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva]] or [[Tirthankara|Jina]].<ref name="Hema" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Oriental Philosophy|year = 2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgNHE-48jNcC&pg=PA278|publisher=Global Vision Pub House|isbn=978-81-8220-113-2|page=278}}</ref>}} Ultimately, the king became a devoted follower of Hemachandra and a champion of Jainism.<ref name="Dundas2002"/><ref name="Hema" />
[[File:Hemchandra Acharya.jpg|thumb|Representative Image of Acharya [[Hemachandra]] and Maharaja [[Kumarpala]]]]
Starting in 1121, Hemachandra was involved in the construction of the [[Jain temple]] at [[Taranga Jain temple|Taranga]]. His influence on Kumarapala resulted in Jainism becoming the official religion of Gujarat and animal slaughter was banned in the state. The tradition of [[animal sacrifice]] in the name of religion was completely uprooted in Gujarat. As a result, even almost 900 years after Hemchandra, Gujarat still continues to be a predominantly [[lacto vegetarianism|lacto-vegetarian]] state, despite having an extensive coastline.<ref name="Dundas2002"/><ref name="Dattavarious2006"/>
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==Works==
A prodigious writer, Hemachandra wrote [[grammar]]s of [[Sanskrit]] and [[Prakrit]], [[poetry]], [[Prosody (linguistics)|prosody]], [[lexicons]], texts on [[science]] and [[logic]] and many branches of [[Indian philosophy]].
===Jain philosophy===
[[File:12th-century Yogasastra, Hemachandra Jainism, Sanskrit, 1 mm Devanagari script.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.25|A 12th-century manuscript of Hemachandra's ''Yogasastra'' in Sanskrit. The text is notable for using 1 mm miniaturized Devanagari script.]]
His systematic exposition of the Jain path in the [[Yogaśāstra]] and its auto-commentary is a very influential text in Jain thought. According to Olle Quarnström it is "the most comprehensive treatise on [[
===Grammar===
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===Politics===
In 1125, he became an adviser to Kumarapala and wrote the ''Arhanniti'', a work on politics from a Jain perspective.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hemachandra {{!}} Jaina author {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hemachandra|access-date=2021-11-14|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref><ref
===Poetry===
[[File:Worship of Parshvanatha, Folio from a Jain text of Sanskrit Grammar, the Siddhahemashabdanushasana by Hemachandra (1089-1172) LACMA M.88.62.1.jpg|thumb|Worship of Parshvanatha, Folio from the Siddhahemashabdanushasana]]
To illustrate the grammar, he produced the epic poetry ''Dvyashraya Kavya'' on the history of [[Chaulukya dynasty]]. It is an important source of history of region of the time.<ref name="Dattavarious2006"/> The [[epic poetry|epic poem]] ''Trīṣaṣṭiśalākāpuruṣacharitra'' or "Lives of Sixty-Three Great Men" is a [[hagiography|hagiographical treatment]] of the twenty four [[tirthankara]]s and other important persons instrumental in defining the Jain philosophical position, collectively called the "[[Salakapurusa|śalākāpuruṣa]]", their asceticism and eventual liberation from the cycle of death and rebirth, as well as the legendary spread of the Jain influence. It still serves as the standard synthesis of source material for the early history of Jainism.<ref name="Dattavarious2006"/> The appendix to this work, the ''[[Parishishtaparvan|Pariśiṣṭaparvan]]'' or ''Sthavirāvalīcarita'',{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=26}} contains his own commentary and is in itself a treatise of considerable depth<ref name="Dattavarious2006"/> It has been translated into English as ''The Lives of the Jain Elders''.<ref name="HemacandraFynes1998">{{cite book|author1=Hemacandra|author2=R. C. C. Fynes|title=The Lives of the Jain Elders|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=quNpKVqABGMC|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-283227-6}}</ref> In the test, Hemchandra accepts the polyandry of [[Draupadi]] and further suggests that Draupadi was Nagasri in one of
=== Lexicography ===
''Abhidhan-Chintamani'' (IAST abhidhāna-cintāmaṇi-kośa)
===Prosody===
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Hemachandra, following the earlier Gopala, described the [[Fibonacci number#History|Fibonacci sequence]] in around 1150, about fifty years before [[Fibonacci]] (1202). He was considering the number of cadences of length ''n'', and showed that these could be formed by adding a short syllable to a cadence of length ''n'' − 1, or a long syllable to one of ''n'' − 2. This recursion relation ''F''(''n'') = ''F''(''n'' − 1) + ''F''(''n'' − 2) is what defines the Fibonacci sequence.<ref name="kosh" /><ref name="tetlow" />
He ({{Circa|1150 CE}}) studied the rhythms of Sanskrit poetry. Syllables in Sanskrit are either long or short. Long syllables have twice the length of short syllables. The question he asked is How many rhythm patterns with a given total length can be formed from short and long syllables?
For example, how many patterns have the length of five short syllables (i.e. five "beats")? There are eight: SSSSS, SSSL, SSLS, SLSS, LSSS, SLL, LSL, LLS. As rhythm patterns, these are xxxxx, xxxx., xxx.x, xx.xx, x.xxx, xx.x., x.xx., x.x.x <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://people.sju.edu/~rhall/Multi/rhythm2.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=24 September 2019 |archive-date=3 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303192415/http://people.sju.edu/~rhall/Multi/rhythm2.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>▼
▲xxxxx, xxxx., xxx.x, xx.xx, x.xxx, xx.x., x.xx., x.x.x <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://people.sju.edu/~rhall/Multi/rhythm2.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=24 September 2019 |archive-date=3 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303192415/http://people.sju.edu/~rhall/Multi/rhythm2.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
===Other works===
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==See also==
* [[List of Indian mathematicians]]
==Notes==
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* {{citation |last=Singh |first=Upinder |author-link=Upinder Singh |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Pearson Education]] |date=2016 |isbn=978-93-325-6996-6 |ref={{sfnref|Upinder Singh|2016}} }}
* Cinnaiya, S., Nayara, H. K., & [[Mathura]], R. (2017). ''Cakita kare Fibonācī''. [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]]: Pratham Books.
==Further reading==
*Hemacandra. ''Sthavirāvalīcarita'' or ''Pariśiṣṭaparvan'', ed. H. Jacobi, Calcutta, 1883; trans. Fynes (1998).
*Hemacandra. ''Yogaśāstra'', ed. Muni Jambūvijaya, 3 vols, Bombay, 1977–86.
==External links==
* [https://www.wisdomlib.org/jainism/book/trishashti-shalaka-purusha-caritra/d/doc213981.html Trishashti Shalaka Purusha Caritra of Hemchandra] English translation of books 1-10
* [http://faculty.washington.edu/kpotter/ckeyt/txt3.htm Bibliography of Hemachandra's works, Item 687] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113104432/http://faculty.washington.edu/kpotter/ckeyt/txt3.htm |date=13 November 2021 }}, Karl Potter, University of Washington
* [https://drive.google.com/file/d/16OhgBxSRynSYEKB0fD71wUUXcoel4L1u/view Acharya Hemchandra by Madhya Pradesh Hindi Granth Academy]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120716224803/http://www.sju.edu/~rhall/Multi/rhythm2.pdf The Rhythm of Poetry]
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[[Category:12th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Scholars from Gujarat]]
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