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| term_end8 = 9 April 2003
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1937|4|28|df=y}}{{efn|Under his government, this date was his official date of birth. His real date of birth was never recorded, but it is believed to be between 1935 and 1939.<ref>Con Coughlin, ''[[Saddam: The Secret Life]]'' Pan Books, 2003 ({{ISBN|978-0-330-39310-2}}).</ref>|name=Birth_date_unclear}}
| birth_place = [[Al-Awja]],
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2006|12|30|1937|4|28|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Camp Justice (Iraq)|Camp Justice]],
| death_cause = [[Execution of Saddam Hussein|Execution by hanging]]
| party = {{plainlist|
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| rank = [[Mushir|Marshal]]
| battles = {{ubl|[[Second Iraqi–Kurdish War]]|[[Iran–Iraq War]]|[[Gulf War]]|[[1991 Iraqi uprisings]]|[[Iraq War]]{{Executed|Execution of Saddam Hussein}}}}
| resting_place =
| native_name_lang = ar
}}
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Saddam was born in the village of [[Al-Awja]], near [[Tikrit]] in northern [[Iraq]], to a [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[Arabs|Arab]] family.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saddam Hussein |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095951798 |access-date=17 December 2023 |website=Oxford Reference |language=en }}</ref> He joined the [[Ba'ath Party]] in 1957, and later in 1966 the Iraqi and Baghdad-based Ba'ath parties. He played a key role in the [[17 July Revolution]] and was appointed [[vice president of Iraq]] by [[Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr]]. During his time as vice president, Saddam nationalized the [[Iraq Petroleum Company]], diversifying the [[Economy of Iraq|Iraqi economy]]. He presided over the [[Second Iraqi–Kurdish War]] (1974–1975). Following al-Bakr's resignation in 1979, Saddam formally took power, although he had already been the ''de facto'' head of Iraq for several years. Positions of power in the country were mostly filled with Sunni Arabs, a minority that made up about a [[Sunni Islam in Iraq|fifth of the population]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Karsh |first1=Efraim |title=Saddam Hussein: A Political Biography |last2=Rautsi |first2=Inari |publisher=[[Grove Press]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8021-3978-8 |page=38 |author-link1=Efraim Karsh}}</ref>
Upon taking office, Saddam instituted the [[1979 Ba'ath Party Purge]]. Saddam ordered the [[Iraqi invasion of Iran|invasion of Iran]] in 1980 in a purported effort to capture [[Iran]]'s Arab-majority [[Khuzestan province]] and thwart Iranian attempts to [[The policy of exporting the Islamic Revolution|export their own 1979 revolution]] to the [[Arab world]], as well as to put an end to Iranian calls for the overthrow of the Sunni-dominated [[Ba'athist Iraq|Ba'athist regime]]. The [[Iran–Iraq War]] ended after nearly eight years in [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 598|a ceasefire]] after a grueling stalemate that cost somewhere around a million lives and economic losses of $561 billion in Iraq. At the end of the war, Saddam ordered the [[Anfal campaign]] against [[Kurds|Kurdish]] rebels
In 2003, the United States and [[Multi-National Force – Iraq|its coalition]] of allies [[2003 invasion of Iraq|invaded Iraq]], falsely accusing Saddam of developing [[Iraq and weapons of mass destruction|weapons of mass destruction]] and of [[Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda link allegations|having ties with al-Qaeda]]. The [[De-Ba'athification|Ba'ath Party was banned]] and Saddam went into hiding. After [[Capture of Saddam Hussein|his capture]] on 13 December 2003, [[trial of Saddam Hussein|his trial]] took place under the [[Iraqi Interim Government]]. On 5 November 2006, Saddam was convicted by the [[Supreme Iraqi Criminal Tribunal|Iraqi High Tribunal]] of [[crimes against humanity]] related to the [[Dujail Massacre|1982 Dujail massacre]] and sentenced to death by [[hanging]]. He [[execution of Saddam Hussein|was executed]] on 30 December 2006.
A highly polarizing and controversial figure, Saddam dominated Iraqi politics for three decades and was the subject of a [[cult of personality]]. Many [[Arabs]] regard Saddam as a resolute leader who challenged [[Western world|Western]] [[imperialism]], opposed the [[Israeli-occupied territories|Israeli occupation of Palestine]], and resisted foreign intervention in the region. Conversely, many Iraqis, particularly Shias and Kurds, perceive him negatively as a [[dictator]] responsible for severe [[authoritarianism]], repression, and numerous injustices. [[Human Rights Watch]] estimated that Saddam's regime was responsible for the [[Human rights in Ba'athist Iraq#Number of victims|murder or disappearance of 250,000 to 290,000 Iraqis]]. Saddam's government has been described by several analysts as authoritarian and [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian]], although the applicability of that label has been contested.<!--Do NOT add citations to the lead, except for material likely to be challenged, per [[MOS:LEADCITE]] ([[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section#Citations)]]. Move unneeded citations to the body.-->
== Early life and education ==
[[File:Saddam in childhood.jpg|thumb|Saddam as a baby, {{circa|1940}}]]
Saddam Hussein was born in [[al-Awja]], a small village near [[Tikrit
Later in his life, relatives from his native city became some of his closest advisors and supporters. Under the guidance of his uncle, he attended a nationalistic high school in Baghdad. After secondary school, Saddam studied at an [[Iraqi law school]] for three years, dropping out in 1957 at the age of 20 to join the revolutionary pan-Arab [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region|Ba'ath Party]], of which his uncle was a supporter. During this time, Saddam apparently supported himself as a secondary school teacher.<ref>{{cite book|last=Batatu |first=Hanna |author-link=Hanna Batatu |title=The Old Social Classes & The Revolutionary Movement in Iraq |year=1979 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-0-691-05241-0}}</ref> Ba'athist ideology originated in [[Syria]] and the Ba'ath Party had a large following in Syria at the time, but in 1955 there were fewer than 300 Ba'ath Party members in Iraq, and it is believed that Saddam's primary reason for joining the party as opposed to the more established Iraqi nationalist parties was his familial connection to [[Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr]] and other leading Ba'athists through his uncle.<ref name="Karsh 13–15" />
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{{Ba'athism sidebar}}
The Ba'ath Party was originally represented in Qasim's cabinet; however, Qasim—reluctant to join Nasser's newly formed [[United Arab Republic|union between Egypt and Syria]]—sided with various groups within Iraq (notably the [[National Democratic Party (Iraq, 1946)|social democrats]] and the [[Iraqi Communist Party]]) that told him such an action would be dangerous. Instead, Qasim adopted a ''wataniyah'' policy of "Iraq First".<ref>{{cite book |last=Polk |first=William Roe |year=2005 |title=Understanding Iraq |publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]] |isbn=978-0857717641 |page=111}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Simons |first=Geoff |year=1996 |title=Iraq: From Sumer to Saddam |publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]] |isbn=978-0312160524 |page=221}}</ref> To strengthen his own position within the government, Qasim also had an alliance with the Iraqi Communist Party, which was opposed to the notion of pan-Arabism.{{sfn|Coughlin|2005|pp=25–26}} His policies angered several pan-Arab organisations, including the Ba'ath Party, which later began plotting to assassinate Qasim at Al-Rashid Street on 7 October 1959 and take power. Saddam was recruited to the assassination conspiracy by its ring-leader, Abdul Karim al-Shaikhly, after one of the would-be assassins left.{{sfn|Coughlin|2005|p=29}} During the ambush, Saddam (who was only supposed to provide cover) began shooting prematurely, which disorganised the whole operation. Qasim's chauffeur was killed and Qasim was hit in the arm and shoulder. The assassins thought they had killed Qasim and quickly retreated to their headquarters, but Qasim survived.{{sfn|Coughlin|2005|p=29}} Saddam himself is not believed to have received any training outside of Iraq, as he was a late addition to the assassination team.<ref>{{cite book|last=Osgood|first=Kenneth|title=America and Iraq: Policy-making, Intervention and Regional Politics|chapter=Eisenhower and regime change in Iraq: the United States and the Iraqi Revolution of 1958|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2009|isbn=978-1-134-03672-1|page=22}}</ref>
[[Richard Sale (journalist)|Richard Sale]] of ''[[United Press International]]'' (UPI), citing former U.S. diplomat and intelligence officials, [[Adel Darwish]], and other experts, reported that the unsuccessful assassination attempt on Qasim was a collaboration between the United States [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) and [[General Intelligence Directorate (Egypt)|Egyptian intelligence]].<ref>{{cite web |authorlink=Richard Sale (journalist) |last=Sale |first=Richard |url=https://www.upi.com/Exclusive-Saddam-key-in-early-CIA-plot/65571050017416/ |title=Exclusive: Saddam Key in Early CIA Plot |work=[[United Press International]] |date=10 April 2003 |access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> Pertinent contemporary records relating to CIA operations in Iraq have remained classified or heavily redacted, thus "allow[ing] for plausible deniability."<ref name="Osgood p. 16">{{cite book|last=Osgood|first=Kenneth|title=America and Iraq: Policy-making, Intervention and Regional Politics|chapter=Eisenhower and regime change in Iraq: the United States and the Iraqi Revolution of 1958|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2009|isbn=9781134036721|pages=16|quote=The documentary record is filled with holes. A remarkable volume of material remains classified, and those records that are available are obscured by redactions – large blacked-out sections that allow for plausible deniability. While it is difficult to know exactly what actions were taken to destabilize or overthrow Qasim's regime, we can discern fairly clearly what was on the planning table. We also can see clues as to what was authorized.}}</ref> It is generally accepted that Egypt, in some capacity, was involved in the assassination attempt, and that "[t]he United States was working with Nasser on some level."<ref name="Osgood pp. 21–23">{{cite book|last=Osgood|first=Kenneth|title=America and Iraq: Policy-making, Intervention and Regional Politics|chapter=Eisenhower and regime change in Iraq: the United States and the Iraqi Revolution of 1958|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2009|isbn=9781134036721|pages=21–23}}</ref> Sale and Darwish's account has been disputed by historian Bryan R. Gibson who concludes that available U.S. declassified documents show that "while the United States was aware of several plots against Qasim, it had still adhered to [a] nonintervention policy."<ref>{{cite book |last=Gibson |first=Bryan R. |title=Sold Out? US Foreign Policy, Iraq, the Kurds, and the Cold War |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-137-48711-7 |pages=25–26}}</ref> On the other hand, historian Kenneth Osgood writes that "the circumstantial evidence is such that the possibility of US–UAR collaboration with Ba'ath Party activists cannot be ruled out," concluding that "[w]hatever the validity of [Sale's] charges, at the very least currently declassified documents reveal that US officials were actively considering various plots against Qasim and that the CIA was building up assets for covert operations in Iraq."<ref name="Osgood pp. 21–23" />
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==== Kurdish autonomy ====
Although
==== Education and literacy reforms ====
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==== Economic reforms ====
Nationalization of oil was implemented, which aimed to achieve economic independence.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2003 |title=Iraq's economy: Past, present, future – Iraq {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/iraq/iraqs-economy-past-present-future |access-date=16 February 2024 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref> By the late 1970s, Iraq experienced significant economic growth, with a [[
Following the invasion of Kuwait which initiated the Gulf War, Iraq was [[International sanctions against Iraq|sanctioned]] by the [[UN]], which caused economic decline. In 1995, then U.S. president [[Bill Clinton]] introduced [[Oil-for-Food Programme]], in which Iraq sold oil on the world market in exchange for humanitarian needs. The program was accepted by the Ba'athist government in 1996.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iraq – Oil, Agriculture, Trade {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Iraq/Economy |access-date=16 February 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> By 1995, GDP of Iraq dropped to US$9 billion from US$44.36 billion in 1990. Iraq had lost around US$170 billion of oil revenues. The economy of Iraq improved in 2000, as its GDP increased to U$23.73 billion by 2000.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mehdi |first=Abbas S. |date=22 June 2003 |title=The Iraqi Economy under Saddam Hussein: Development or Decline. |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=10611924&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA103799916&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs |journal=Middle East Policy |language=English |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=139–142}}</ref>
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Saddam visited only two Western countries. The first visit took place in December 1974, when the [[Caudillo]] of [[Spain]], [[Francisco Franco]], invited him to [[Madrid]] and he visited [[Granada]], [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]] and [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 March 2003 |title=Reportaje | El obsequio de Sadam a Franco |url=https://elpais.com/diario/2003/03/02/domingo/1046580756_850215.html |newspaper=El País}}</ref> In September 1975 he met with Prime Minister [[Jacques Chirac]] in [[Paris]], [[France]].<ref name="The Chirac Doctrine">{{cite journal |last1=Guitta |first1=Olivier |date=Fall 2005 |title=The Chirac Doctrine |url=http://www.meforum.org/772/the-chirac-doctrine |journal=The Middle East Quarterly}}</ref>
Several Iraqi leaders, Lebanese arms merchant [[Sarkis Soghanalian]] and others have claimed that Saddam financed Chirac's party. In 1991 Saddam threatened to expose those who had taken largesse from him: "From Mr. Chirac to Mr. Chevènement, politicians and economic leaders were in open competition to spend time with us and flatter us. We have now grasped the reality of the situation. If the trickery continues, we will be forced to unmask them, all of them, before the French public."<ref name="The Chirac Doctrine" /> France armed Saddam and it was Iraq's largest trade partner throughout Saddam's
Because Saddam Hussein rarely left Iraq, [[Tariq Aziz]], one of Saddam's aides, traveled abroad extensively and represented Iraq at many diplomatic meetings.<ref>Healy, Jack. "[https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/27/world/middleeast/27iraq.html?ref=world Iraq Court Sentences Tariq Aziz to Death]." ''[[The New York Times]]''. 26 October 2010. Retrieved 26 October 2010.</ref> In foreign affairs, Saddam sought to have Iraq play a leading role in the Middle East. Iraq signed an aid pact with the Soviet Union in 1972, and arms were sent along with several thousand advisers. The 1978 crackdown on [[Iraqi Communist Party|Iraqi Communists]] and a shift of trade toward the West strained Iraqi relations with the Soviet Union; Iraq then took on a more Western orientation until the [[Gulf War]] in 1991.<ref>Helen Chapin Metz (ed) ''[http://memory.loc.gov/frd/cs/iqtoc.html Iraq: A Country Study:]'' "[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+iq0083) The West"], [[Library of Congress Country Studies]], 1988</ref>
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}}</ref> Shortly before he invaded Kuwait, he shipped 100 new [[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]] 200 Series cars to top editors in Egypt and Jordan. Two days before the first attacks, Saddam reportedly offered Egypt's [[Hosni Mubarak]] 50 million dollars in cash, "ostensibly for grain."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/002/605fgcob.asp |title=Saddam's Cash |date=5 May 2003 |work=The Weekly Standard |author=Stephen F. Hayes}}</ref>
[[George H. W. Bush|US President George H. W. Bush]] responded cautiously for the first several days. On one hand, Kuwait, prior to this point, had been a virulent enemy of Israel and was the Persian Gulf monarchy that had the most friendly relations with the Soviets.<ref>Walter LaFeber, ''Russia, America, and the Cold War'', McGraw-Hill, 2002, p. 358.</ref> On the other hand, Washington foreign policymakers, along with Middle East experts, military critics, and firms heavily invested in the region, were extremely concerned with stability in this region.<ref>For a statement asserting the overriding importance of oil to U.S. national security and the U.S. economy, see, e.g., the declassified document, "Responding to Iraqi Aggression in the Gulf," The White House, National Security Directive (NSD 54), top secret, 15 January 1991. This document can be read on line in [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB21/ George Washington University's National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 21] at [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB21/06-01.htm].</ref> The invasion immediately triggered fears that the world's [[Crude oil#Pricing|price of oil]], and therefore control of the world economy, was at stake. Britain profited heavily from billions of dollars of Kuwaiti investments and bank deposits. Bush was perhaps swayed while meeting with British prime minister [[Margaret Thatcher]], who happened to be in the US at the time.<ref>See Margaret Thatcher, ''The Downing Street Years'' (1979–1990), 817.</ref>
Cooperation between the US and the Soviet Union made possible the passage of resolutions in the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) giving Iraq a deadline to leave Kuwait and approving the use of force if Saddam did not comply with the timetable. US officials feared Iraqi retaliation against oil-rich Saudi Arabia, since the 1940s a close ally of Washington, for the Saudis' opposition to the invasion of Kuwait. Accordingly, the US and a group of allies, including countries as diverse as Egypt, Syria and [[Czechoslovakia]], deployed a massive number of troops along the Saudi border with Kuwait and Iraq in order to encircle the Iraqi army, the largest in the Middle East. Saddam's officers looted Kuwait, stripping even the marble from its palaces to move it to Saddam's own palace.<ref name="economist2004" />
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Saddam routinely cited his survival as "proof" that Iraq had in fact won the war against the US. This message earned Saddam a great deal of popularity in many sectors of the Arab world. John Esposito wrote, "Arabs and Muslims were pulled in two directions. That they rallied not so much to Saddam Hussein as to the bipolar nature of the confrontation (the West versus the Arab Muslim world) and the issues that Saddam proclaimed: Arab unity, self-sufficiency, and social justice." As a result, Saddam Hussein appealed to many people for the same reasons that attracted more and more followers to Islamic revivalism and also for the same reasons that fueled [[Anti-Western sentiment|anti-Western]] feelings.<ref name="PIRRR" />
One US Muslim observer{{who|date=February 2022}} noted: "People forgot about Saddam's record and concentrated on America ... Saddam Hussein might be wrong, but it is not America who should correct him." A shift was, therefore, clearly visible among many Islamic movements in the post war period "from an initial Islamic ideological rejection of
Some elements of [[Sharia]] law were re-introduced, and the phrase "[[Allahu Akbar]]" ("
The [[United Nations]]-placed [[sanctions against Iraq]] for invading Kuwait were not lifted, blocking Iraqi oil exports. During the late 1990s, the UN considered relaxing the sanctions imposed because of the hardships suffered by ordinary Iraqis. Studies dispute the number of people who died in south and central Iraq during the years of the sanctions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/newsline/99pr29.htm|title=Iraq surveys show 'humanitarian emergency'|date=12 August 1999|access-date=29 November 2009|archive-date=6 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806193122/http://www.unicef.org/newsline/99pr29.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Spagat>{{cite journal |title=Truth and death in Iraq under sanctions |first=Michael |last=Spagat |date=September 2010 |journal=[[Significance (journal)|Significance]] |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=116–120 |doi=10.1111/j.1740-9713.2010.00437.x |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Rubin |first=Michael |title=Sanctions on Iraq: A Valid Anti-American Grievance? |journal=[[Middle East Review of International Affairs]] |volume=5 |issue=4 |url=http://www.iraqwatch.org/perspectives/meria-rubin-sanctions-1201.htm |pages=100–115 |date=December 2001 |author-link=Michael Rubin (historian) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028003924/http://www.iraqwatch.org/perspectives/meria-rubin-sanctions-1201.htm |archive-date=28 October 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dyson|first1=Tim|last2=Cetorelli|first2=Valeria|title=Changing views on child mortality and economic sanctions in Iraq: a history of lies, damned lies and statistics|journal=[[The BMJ|BMJ Global Health]]|language=en|volume=2|issue=2|date=24 July 2017|pages=e000311|doi=10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000311|pmid=29225933|issn=2059-7908|pmc=5717930}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Sly|first=Liz|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/08/04/saddam-hussein-said-sanctions-killed-500000-children-that-was-a-spectacular-lie/|title=Saddam Hussein said sanctions killed 500,000 children. That was 'a spectacular lie.'|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=4 August 2017|accessdate=27 January 2022}}</ref> On 9 December 1996, Saddam's government accepted the [[Oil-for-Food Programme]] that the UN had first offered in 1992.
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}}{{Main|Saddamism}}
[[File:Al-Qadissiya 6.jpg|thumb|upright|Propaganda art to glorify Saddam after [[Iran–Iraq War]], 1988]]
The political ideas and politics pursued by Saddam Hussein became known as [[Saddamism]]. This doctrine was officially endorsed by his government and promoted by the Iraqi daily newspaper [[Babel (newspaper)|Babil]] owned by his son [[Uday Hussein]].<ref name="ofrabengio">{{cite book |author=Bengio |first=Ofra |url=https://
During his leadership, Saddam promoted the idea of dual nationalism which combines [[Iraqi nationalism]] and [[Arab nationalism]], a much broader form of [[ethnic nationalism]] which supports Iraqi nationalism and links it to matters that impact [[Arabs]] as a whole.<ref name="Orit Bashkin 2009. Pp. 174">Orit Bashkin. ''The other Iraq: pluralism and culture in Hashemite Iraq''. Stanford, California, USA: Stanford University Press, 2009. Pp. 174.</ref> Saddam Hussein believed that the recognition of the ancient [[Mesopotamia]]n origins and heritage of Iraqi Arabs was complementary to supporting Arab nationalism.<ref name="Orit Bashkin 2009. Pp. 174" />
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In 1991, the [[Iraqi government]] awarded Saddam the ''Rafidain'' medal, also known as [[Order of the Two Rivers]], the country's highest honor, as a recognition of his "historic role" and "noble services to Iraq".<ref name="latimes.com">{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=L. A. Times |date=30 April 1991 |title=Iraq Rewards Hussein With Medal for 'Historic Role, Noble Services' |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-04-30-mn-986-story.html |access-date=16 March 2024 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Zee News-2003">{{Cite web |date=1 April 2003 |title=Saddam showers southern fighters with medals |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/world/saddam-showers-southern-fighters-with-medals_89487.html |access-date=16 March 2024 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> This announcement was made following a Cabinet meeting, and Information Minister [[Hamid Yusif Hummadi|Hamid Youssef Hummadi]] stated that the decision was unanimous.<ref name="latimes.com" /><ref name="Zee News-2003" /> The award was bestowed on Saddam Hussein, during his 54th birthday, in appreciation of his exceptional contributions and significant impact on Iraq.<ref name="latimes.com" />
He was honored by titles such as "Field Marshal" and "Comrade". Saddam Hussein is one of the recipients of the [[Key to the City]].<ref name=detroitkey/><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2021 |title=Saddam Hussein Given Keys to Detroit, 1980 |url=https://historyandthings.com/2021/10/09/saddam-hussein-given-keys-to-detroit-1980/ |access-date=16 March 2024 |website=History and Things |language=en-GB}}</ref> In 1980, Saddam Hussein was awarded a key to the city of [[Detroit]] after he donated almost half a million dollars to a church in the city
Saddam received a number of medals, which were displayed at a museum in [[Johannesburg]], [[South Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2007 |title=Saddam Hussein's medals displayed in South Africa |url=https://www.jpost.com/international/saddam-husseins-medals-displayed-in-south-africa |access-date=16 March 2024 |website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com |language=en}}</ref> He received
== Reception and legacy ==
{{See also|De-Ba'athification|Leadership analysis#Saddam Hussein}}
[[File:Saddam_Hussein_1980.jpg|left|thumb|Saddam Hussein in 1980]]
Many Arabs praise Saddam as a true leader who stood up to [[Western world|Western]] [[imperialism]], [[Israeli-occupied territories|Israeli occupation of Palestine]], and foreign intervention in the region, while many Iraqis, especially Shias and Kurds, view him negatively as a dictator responsible for brutal authoritarianism, repression and injustices.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ibrahim |first=Arwa |title=The US-led war in Iraq and
Saddam is sometimes accused of a repressive totalitarian government.<ref name="Sassoon 2017" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Blaydes |first=Lisa |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1104855351 |title=State of Repression: Iraq under Saddam Hussein |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-4008-9032-3 |oclc=1104855351}}</ref><ref>*{{cite book |last=Makiya |first=Kanan |author-link=Kanan Makiya |title=Cruelty and Silence: War, Tyranny, Uprising, and the Arab World |date=1993 |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |isbn=978-0-393-31141-9 |page=19}}
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[[Category:21st-century Iraqi novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Iraqi politicians]]
[[Category:Anti-Americanism]]
[[Category:Anti-Iranian sentiments]]
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