Content deleted Content added
No edit summary |
Gibranalnn (talk | contribs) No edit summary Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit |
||
(77 intermediate revisions by 61 users not shown) | |||
Line 1:
{{
{{
{{
{{EngvarB|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Republic of Rwanda
| common_name = Rwanda
| native_name = {{nowrap|{{native name|rw|Repubulika y'u Rwanda}}<br />{{native name|fr|République du Rwanda}}<br />{{native name|sw|Jamhuri ya Rwanda}}}}
| image_flag = Flag of Rwanda.svg
| alt_flag = The flag of Rwanda: blue, yellow and green stripes with a yellow sun in top right corner
| image_coat = Coat of arms of Rwanda.svg
| alt_coat = The seal of Rwanda: central tribal devices, surmounted on a cog wheel and encircled by a square knot
|
| national_motto = "Ubumwe, Umurimo, Gukunda Igihugu" <br />(English: "Unity, Work, Patriotism")<br />(French: "Unité, Travail, Patriotisme")<br />(Swahili: "Umoja, Kazi, Uzalendo")
| national_anthem = "{{lang|rw|[[Rwanda Nziza]]|italic=no}}"<br />({{
| image_map = Location Rwanda AU Africa.svg
| alt_map =
| map_caption = {{map caption |countryprefix= |location_color=dark blue |region=[[Africa]] |region_color=light blue}}
| image_map2 =
| capital = [[Kigali]]
| coordinates = {{
| largest_city = Kigali
| official_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Kinyarwanda]] |[[English language|English]] | <!--PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE FRENCH WITHOUT DISCUSSION ON THE TALK PAGE--> |[[Belgian French|French
| ethnic_groups
*100% [[Banyarwanda]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Rwanda: A Brief History of the Country|url=https://www.un.org/en/preventgenocide/rwanda/historical-background.shtml#:~:text=By%201994%2C%20Rwanda%27s%20population%20stood%20at%20more%20than%207%20million%20people%20comprising%203%20ethnic%20groups%3A%0Athe%20Hutu%20(who%20made%20up%20roughly%2085%25%20of%20the%20population)%2C%20the%20Tutsi%20(14%25)%2C%20and%20the%20Twa%20(1%25).|access-date=4 April 2018|website=United Nations|quote=By 1994, Rwanda's population stood at more than 7 million people comprising 3 ethnic groups: the Hutu (who made up roughly 85% of the population), the Tutsi (14%), and the Twa (1%).|archive-date=15 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715050927/https://www.un.org/en/preventgenocide/rwanda/historical-background.shtml#:~:text=By%201994%2C%20Rwanda%27s%20population%20stood%20at%20more%20than%207%20million%20people%20comprising%203%20ethnic%20groups%3A%0Athe%20Hutu%20(who%20made%20up%20roughly%2085%25%20of%20the%20population)%2C%20the%20Tutsi%20(14%25)%2C%20and%20the%20Twa%20(1%25).|url-status=live}}</ref>
**85% [[Hutu]]
**14% [[Tutsi]]
**1% [[Great Lakes Twa|Twa]]
{{Tree list/end}}
| ethnic_groups_year = 1994
| demonym = {{hlist|Rwandan|Rwandese}}
| government_type = Unitary [[presidential republic]] under an [[authoritarian]] [[dictatorship]]<ref name="Yale University Press">{{cite book |last=Thomson |first=Susan |author-link=Susan Thomson |title=Rwanda: From Genocide to Precarious Peace |date=2018 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-23591-3 |page=185 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RbxODwAAQBAJ&q=one-party+state |access-date=11 November 2023 |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022072324/https://books.google.com/books?id=RbxODwAAQBAJ&q=one-party+state |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="The Conversation">{{cite news |last1=Sebarenzi |first1=Joseph |last2=Twagiramungu |first2=Noel |title=Rwanda's economic growth could be derailed by its autocratic regime |url=https://theconversation.com/rwandas-economic-growth-could-be-derailed-by-its-autocratic-regime-114649 |access-date=5 September 2023 |work=The Conversation |date=8 April 2019 |archive-date=5 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905203956/https://theconversation.com/rwandas-economic-growth-could-be-derailed-by-its-autocratic-regime-114649 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Handbook of Restorative Justice">{{cite book |last=Waldorf |first=Lars |title=Handbook of Restorative Justice |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-203-34682-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jGV_AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT619 ?] |chapter=Rwanda's failing experiment in restorative justice}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite journal |last=Beswick |first=Danielle |title=Aiding State Building and Sacrificing Peace Building? The Rwanda–UK relationship 1994–2011 |journal=Third World Quarterly |date=2011 |volume=32 |issue=10 |pages=1911–1930 |doi=10.1080/01436597.2011.610593 |s2cid=153404360}}</ref><ref name="University of Chicago Press">{{cite book |last=Bowman |first=Warigia |title=Four. Imagining a Modern Rwanda: Sociotechnological Imaginaries, Information Technology, and the Postgenocide State |date=2015 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-27666-3 |page=87 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7208/9780226276663-004/html?lang=en |doi=10.7208/9780226276663-004 |doi-broken-date=31 January 2024 |access-date=5 September 2023 |archive-date=5 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905203958/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7208/9780226276663-004/html?lang=en |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="jstor.org">{{cite journal |last=Reyntjens |first=Filip |title=Behind the Façade of Rwanda's Elections |journal=Georgetown Journal of International Affairs |date=2011 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=64–69 |jstor=43133887 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43133887 |issn=1526-0054 |access-date=5 September 2023 |archive-date=5 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905203956/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43133887 |url-status=live}}</ref><br>
| leader_title1 = [[List of Presidents of Rwanda|President]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| established_date1 = 15th century
| established_event2 = Part of [[German East Africa]]
| established_date2 = 1897–1916
| established_event3 = Part of [[Ruanda-Urundi]]
| established_date3 = 1916–1962
| established_event4 = [[Rwandan Revolution]]
| established_date4 = 1959–1961
| established_event5 = [[Republic of Rwanda|Republic declared]]
| established_date5 = 1 July 1961
| established_event6 = Independence from [[Belgium]]
| established_date6 = 1 July 1962
| established_event7 = Admitted to the [[United Nations|UN]]
| established_date7 = 18 September 1962
| established_event8 = [[Constitution of Rwanda|Current constitution]]
| established_date8 = 26 May 2003
|
| area_rank = 144th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] -->
|
|
| population_estimate = 13,623,302<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook |country=Rwanda |access-date=6 May 2024|year=2024}}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2024
| population_estimate_rank = 76th
| population_density_km2 = 517
| population_density_sq_mi = 1,340
| population_density_rank = 22nd
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $42.346 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.RW">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=714,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Rwanda) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=17 October 2023 |archive-date=19 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019221331/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=714,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2023
|
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $3,136<ref name="IMFWEO.RW" />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 165th
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $13.927 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.RW" />
| GDP_nominal_year = 2023
|
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,031<ref name="IMFWEO.RW" />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 167th
| Gini = 43.7 <!--number only-->
| Gini_year = 2016
| Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| Gini_ref = {{sfn|World Bank (XII)}}
| Gini_rank =
| HDI = 0.
| HDI_year =
| HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady-->|
| HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web
| HDI_rank =
| currency = [[Rwandan franc]]
| currency_code = RWF
| time_zone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]]
| utc_offset = +2
| date_format = dd/mm/yyyy
| drives_on = right
| calling_code = [[+250]]
| cctld = [[.rw]]
| religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;
|93.8% [[Christianity]]
|3.0% [[Irreligion|no religion]]
|2.2% [[Islam in Rwanda|Islam]]
|1.0% other<ref>{{
}}
'''Rwanda''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|UK|r|u|ˈ|æ|n|d|ə|audio=RwandaUK.wav}} {{respell|roo|AN|də}}, {{IPAc-en|US|audio=Rwanda pronunciation.ogg|r|u|ˈ|ɑː|n|d|ə}} {{respell|roo|AHN|də}};<ref>{{cite web |title=Rwanda |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/rwanda |publisher=Cambridge Dictionary |access-date=6 December 2023 |archive-date=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427003840/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/rwanda |url-status=live}}</ref> {{lang-rw|u Rwanda}} {{IPA|rw|u.ɾɡwaː.nda||Rwanda (rw) pronunciation.ogg}})<ref>{{cite web |title=Government of Rwanda: Welcome to Rwanda |url=https://www.gov.rw/ |access-date=22 February 2021 |archive-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223181954/https://www.gov.rw/ |url-status=live}}</ref>}} officially the '''Republic of Rwanda''', is a [[landlocked country]] in the [[Great Rift Valley]] of [[Central Africa]], where the [[African Great Lakes]] region and [[Southeast Africa]] converge. Located a few degrees south of the [[Equator]], Rwanda is bordered by [[Uganda]], [[Tanzania]], [[Burundi]], and the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. It is highly elevated, giving it the [[soubriquet]] "land of a thousand hills" ({{lang-fr|pays des mille collines}}), with its geography dominated by mountains in the west and [[savanna]] to the southeast, with numerous lakes throughout the country. The climate is temperate to subtropical, with two rainy seasons and two dry seasons each year. It is the most densely populated mainland African country; among countries larger than 10,000 km<sup>2</sup>, it is the fifth-most densely populated country in the world. Its [[Capital city|capital]] and largest city is [[Kigali]].
[[Hunter-gatherer]]s settled the territory in the [[Stone Age|Stone]] and [[Iron Age]]s, followed later by [[Bantu peoples]]. The population coalesced first into [[Clans of Rwanda|clans]], and then into kingdoms. In the 15th century, one kingdom, under King Gihanga, managed to incorporate several of its close neighbor territories establishing the [[Kingdom of Rwanda]]. The Kingdom of Rwanda dominated from the mid-eighteenth century, with the Tutsi kings conquering others militarily, centralising power, and enacting unifying policies. In 1897, [[German colonial empire|Germany]] colonized Rwanda as part of [[German East Africa]], followed by [[Belgium]], which took control in 1916 during [[World War I]]. Both European nations ruled through the Rwandan king and perpetuated a pro-Tutsi policy. The Hutu population [[Rwandan Revolution|revolted]] in 1959. They massacred numerous Tutsi and ultimately established an independent, Hutu-dominated republic in 1962 led by President [[Grégoire Kayibanda]]. A [[1973 Rwandan coup d'état|1973 military coup]] overthrew Kayibanda and brought [[Juvénal Habyarimana]] to power, who retained the pro-Hutu policy. The Tutsi-led [[Rwandan Patriotic Front]] (RPF) launched a [[Rwandan Civil War|civil war]] in 1990. Habyarimana was [[Assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira|assassinated]] in April 1994. Social tensions erupted in the [[Rwandan genocide]] that spanned one hundred days. The RPF ended the genocide with a military victory in July 1994.
Line 108 ⟶ 107:
Rwanda has been governed by the RPF as a ''de facto'' [[one-party state]] since 1994 with former commander [[Paul Kagame]] as President since 2000. The country has been governed by a series of centralized [[authoritarianism|authoritarian governments]] since precolonial times. Although Rwanda has low levels of corruption compared with neighbouring countries, it ranks among the lowest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties and quality of life. The population is [[Youth in Rwanda|young]] and predominantly rural; Rwanda has one of the youngest populations in the world. Rwandans are drawn from just one cultural and linguistic group, the [[Banyarwanda]]. However, within this group there are three subgroups: the [[Hutu]], [[Tutsi]] and [[Great Lakes Twa|Twa]]. The Twa are a forest-dwelling [[pygmy people]] and are often considered descendants of Rwanda's earliest inhabitants. Christianity is the largest religion in the country; the principal and national language is [[Kinyarwanda]], spoken by native Rwandans, with English, French and Swahili serving as additional official foreign languages.
Rwanda's economy is based mostly on [[subsistence agriculture]]. [[Coffee]] and [[tea]] are the major [[cash crop]]s
== History ==
{{
Modern human settlement of what is now Rwanda dates from, at the latest, the [[last glacial period]], either in the [[Neolithic]] period around 8000 BC, or in the [[Neolithic Subpluvial|long humid period]] which followed, up to around 3000 BC.{{sfn|Chrétien|2003|p=44}} Archaeological excavations have revealed evidence of sparse settlement by [[hunter-gatherer]]s in the late [[Stone Age]], followed by a larger population of early [[Iron Age]] settlers, who produced dimpled [[pottery]] and iron tools.{{sfn|Dorsey|1994|p=36}}{{sfn|Chrétien|2003|p=45}} These early inhabitants were the ancestors of the [[Great Lakes Twa|Twa]], aboriginal [[Pygmy peoples|pygmy]] hunter-gatherers who remain in Rwanda today.{{sfn|Mamdani|2002|p=61}} Between 700 BC and 1500 AD, a number of [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]] groups migrated into Rwanda, clearing forest land for agriculture.{{sfn|Mamdani|2002|p=61}}{{sfn|Chrétien|2003|p=58}} The forest-dwelling Twa lost much of their habitat and moved to the mountain slopes.{{sfn|King|2007|p=75}} Historians have several theories regarding the nature of the Bantu migrations; one theory is that the first settlers were [[Hutu]], while the [[Tutsi]] migrated later to form a distinct racial group, possibly of Nilo-hamitic origin.{{sfn|Prunier|1995|p=16}} An alternative theory is that the migration was slow and steady, with incoming groups integrating into rather than conquering the existing society.{{sfn|Mamdani|2002|p=61}}{{sfn|Mamdani|2002|p=58}} Under this theory, the Hutu and Tutsi distinction arose later and was a class distinction rather than a racial one.{{sfn|Chrétien|2003|p=69}}{{sfn|Shyaka|pp=10–11}}
Line 122 ⟶ 121:
[[File:Juvénal Habyarimana (1980).jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[Juvénal Habyarimana]], president from 1973 to 1994|alt=Photograph of President Juvénal Habyarimana arriving with entourage at Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland, USA on 25 September 1980.]]
Belgium continued to rule [[Ruanda-Urundi]] (of which Rwanda formed the northern part) as a [[United Nations trust territories|UN trust territory]] after the [[Second World War]], with a mandate to oversee eventual [[Decolonisation of Africa|independence]].{{sfn|United Nations (II)}}{{sfn|United Nations (III)}} Tensions escalated between the Tutsi, who favoured early independence, and the Hutu emancipation movement, culminating in the 1959 [[Rwandan Revolution]]: Hutu activists began killing Tutsi and destroying their houses,{{sfn|Linden|Linden|1977|p=267}} forcing more than 100,000 people to seek refuge in neighbouring countries.{{sfn|Gourevitch|2000|pp=58–59}}{{sfn|Prunier|1995|p=51}} In 1961, the suddenly pro-Hutu Belgians held [[1961 Rwandan monarchy referendum|a referendum]] in which the country voted to abolish the monarchy. Rwanda was separated from Burundi and gained independence on 1 July 1962,{{sfn|Prunier|1995|p=53}} which is commemorated as Independence Day, a national holiday.<ref>{{
[[File:Nyamata Memorial Site 13.jpg|thumb|left|Human skulls at the [[Nyamata]] Genocide Memorial]]
Line 130 ⟶ 129:
The Tutsi RPF restarted their offensive, and took control of the country methodically, gaining control of the whole country by mid-July.{{sfn|Dallaire|2005|p=299}} The international response to the genocide was limited, with major powers reluctant to strengthen the already overstretched [[United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda|UN peacekeeping force]].{{sfn|Dallaire|2005|p=364}} When the RPF took over, approximately two million Hutu [[Great Lakes refugee crisis|fled to neighbouring countries]], in particular [[Zaïre]], fearing reprisals;{{sfn|Prunier|1995|p=312}} additionally, the RPF-led army was a key belligerent in the [[First Congo War|First]] and [[Second Congo War]]s.{{sfn|BBC News (V)|2010}} Within Rwanda, a period of reconciliation and justice began, with the establishment of the [[International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda]] (ICTR) and the reintroduction of {{lang|rw|[[Gacaca]]}}, a traditional village court system.{{sfn|Bowcott|2014}} Since 2000 Rwanda's economy,{{sfn|World Bank (X)}} tourist numbers,{{sfn|World Bank (XI)}} and [[Human Development Index]] have grown rapidly;{{sfn|UNDP (I)|2010}} between 2006 and 2011 the poverty rate reduced from 57% to 45%,{{sfn|National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda|2012}} while [[life expectancy]] rose from 46.6 years in 2000{{sfn|UNDP (V)|2013|p=2}} to 65.4 years in 2021.{{sfn|CIA (I)}}
In 2009, Rwanda joined the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] although the country
== Politics and government ==
{{
[[File:Paul Kagame 2014.jpg|thumb|upright|Rwandan President [[Paul Kagame]]|alt=Photograph of Paul Kagame, taken in Busan, South Korea, in 2014]]
Rwanda is a ''[[de facto]]'' [[one-party state]]<ref name="Yale University Press"/><ref name="The Conversation"/><ref name="Handbook of Restorative Justice"/><ref name="auto"/><ref name="University of Chicago Press"/><ref name="jstor.org"/> ruled by the [[Rwandan Patriotic Front]] (RPF) and its leader [[Paul Kagame]] continuously since the end of the civil war in 1994.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stroh |first1=Alexander |title=Electoral rules of the authoritarian game: undemocratic effects of proportional representation in Rwanda |journal=Journal of Eastern African Studies |date=2010 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1080/17531050903550066|s2cid=154910536
The constitution was adopted following a national referendum in 2003, replacing the transitional constitution which had been in place since 1994.{{sfn|Panapress|2003}} The constitution mandates a multi-party system of government, with politics based on democracy and elections.{{sfn|CJCR|2003|loc=article 52}} However, the constitution places conditions on how political parties may operate. Article 54 states that "political organizations are prohibited from basing themselves on race, ethnic group, tribe, clan, region, sex, religion or any other division which may give rise to discrimination".{{sfn|CJCR|2003|loc=article 54}} The [[president of Rwanda]] is the [[head of state]],{{sfn|CJCR|2003|loc=article 98}} and has broad powers including creating policy in conjunction with the [[Cabinet of Rwanda]],{{sfn|CJCR|2003|loc=article 117}} commanding the [[Rwandan Defence Forces|armed forces]],{{sfn|CJCR|2003|loc=article 110}} negotiating and ratifying treaties,{{sfn|CJCR|2003|loc=article 189}} signing presidential orders,{{sfn|CJCR|2003|loc=article 112}} and declaring war or a state of emergency.{{sfn|CJCR|2003|loc=article 110}} The president is elected [[Elections in Rwanda|every seven years]],{{sfn|CJCR|2003|loc=articles 100–101}} and appoints the [[Prime Minister of Rwanda|prime minister]] and all other members of the Cabinet.{{sfn|CJCR|2003|loc=article 116}} The [[Parliament of Rwanda|Parliament]] consists of two [[Legislative chamber|chambers]]. It makes legislation and is empowered by the constitution to oversee the activities of the president and the Cabinet.{{sfn|CJCR|2003|loc=article 62}} The lower chamber is the [[Chamber of Deputies (Rwanda)|Chamber of Deputies]], which has 80 members serving five-year terms. Twenty-four of these seats are reserved for women, elected through a joint assembly of local government officials; another three seats are reserved for youth and disabled members; the remaining 53 are elected by [[universal suffrage]] under a [[proportional representation]] system.{{sfn|CJCR|2003|loc=article 76}}
[[File:RwandaParliament.jpg|thumb|left|[[Chamber of Deputies of Rwanda|Chamber of Deputies building]]|alt=Photograph of the Chamber of Deputies with highway in the foreground]]
Rwanda's legal system is largely based on [[Law of Germany|German]] and [[Law of Belgium|Belgian]] [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] systems and [[customary law]].{{sfn|CIA (I)}} The judiciary is independent of the executive branch,{{sfn|CJCR|2003|loc=article 140}} although the president and the Senate are involved in the appointment of Supreme Court judges.{{sfn|CJCR|2003|loc=article 148}} Human Rights Watch has praised the Rwandan government for progress made in the delivery of justice including the abolition of the death penalty,{{sfn|Human Rights Watch|Wells|2008|loc=I. Summary}} but also alleges interference in the judicial system by members of the government, such as the politically motivated appointment of judges, misuse of prosecutorial power, and pressure on judges to make particular decisions.{{sfn|Human Rights Watch|Wells|2008|loc=VIII. Independence of the Judiciary}} The constitution provides for two types of courts: ordinary and specialised.{{sfn|CJCR|2003|loc=article 143}} Ordinary courts are the [[Supreme Court of Rwanda|Supreme Court]], the [[High Court of Rwanda|High Court]], and regional courts, while specialised courts are military courts{{sfn|CJCR|2003|loc=article 143}} and a system of commercial courts created in 2011 to expedite commercial litigations.{{sfn|Kamere|2011}} Between 2004 and 2012, a system of [[Gacaca court|''Gacaca'' courts]] was in operation.{{sfn|BBC News (VIII)|2015}} {{lang|rw|Gacaca}}, a Rwandan traditional court operated by villages and communities, was revived to expedite the trials of genocide suspects.{{sfn|Walker|March 2004}} The court succeeded in clearing the backlog of genocide cases, but was criticised by human rights groups as not meeting legal fair standard.{{sfn|BBC News (IX)|2012}}
Rwanda has low corruption levels relative to most other African countries; in 2014, [[Transparency International]] ranked Rwanda as the fifth-cleanest out of 47 countries in [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] and 55th-cleanest out of 175 in the world.{{sfn|Transparency International|2014}}{{sfn|Agutamba|2014}} The constitution provides for an [[ombudsman]], whose duties include prevention and fighting of corruption.{{sfn|CJCR|2003|loc=article 182}}{{sfn|Office of the Ombudsman}} Public officials (including the president) are required by the constitution to declare their wealth to the ombudsman and to the public; those who do not comply are suspended from office.{{sfn|Asiimwe|2011}} Despite this, Human Rights Watch notes extensive political repression throughout the country, including illegal and arbitrary detention, threats or other forms of intimidation, disappearances, politically motivated trials, and the massacre of peacefully protesting civilians.<ref name=Roth>{{cite book |last1=Roth |first1=Kenneth |title=Rwanda Events of 2019 |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2020/country-chapters/rwanda |publisher=Human Rights Watch |date=10 December 2019 |access-date=4 April 2022 |archive-date=14 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414062456/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2020/country-chapters/rwanda |url-status=live }}</ref>
Rwanda is a member of the [[United Nations]],{{sfn|United Nations (I)}} [[African Union]], [[La Francophonie|Francophonie]],{{sfn|Francophonie}} [[East African Community]],{{sfn|Grainger|2007}} and the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].{{sfn|Fletcher|2009}} For many years during the Habyarimana regime, the country maintained close ties with France, as well as Belgium, the former colonial power.{{sfn|Prunier|1995|p=89}} Under the RPF government, however, Rwanda has sought closer ties with neighbouring countries in the East African Community and with the English-speaking world. Diplomatic relations with France were suspended in 2006 following the indictment of Rwandan officials by a French judge,{{sfn|Porter|2008}} and despite their restoration in 2010, {{As of|2015|lc=y}} relations between the countries remain strained.{{sfn|Xinhua News Agency|2015}} Relations with the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] were tense following Rwanda's involvement in the [[First Congo War|First]] and [[Second Congo War]]s;{{sfn|BBC News (V)|2010}} the Congolese army alleged Rwandan attacks on their troops, while Rwanda blamed the Congolese government for failing to suppress Hutu rebels in [[North Kivu|North]] and [[South Kivu]] provinces.{{sfn|USA Today|2008}}{{sfn|Al Jazeera|2007}} In 2010, the United Nations released a report accusing the Rwandan army of committing wide scale human rights violations and crimes against humanity in the Democratic Republic of the Congo during the [[First Congo War|First]] and [[Second Congo War]]s, charges denied by the Rwandan government.{{sfn|McGreal|2010}} Relations soured further in 2012, as Kinshasa accused Rwanda of supporting the [[M23 rebellion]], an insurgency in the eastern Congo.{{sfn|BBC News (X)|2012}} {{As of|2015}}, peace has been restored and relations are improving.{{sfn|Agence Africaine de Presse|2015}} Rwanda's relationship with [[Uganda]] was also tense for much of the 2000s following a 1999 clash between the two countries' armies as they backed opposing rebel groups in the Second Congo War,{{sfn|Heuler|2011}} but improved significantly in the early 2010s.{{sfn|BBC News (VI)|2011}}{{sfn|Maboja|2015}} In 2019, relations between the two countries deteriorated, with Rwanda closing its borders with Uganda.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-03-08/why-a-closed-border-has-uganda-rwanda-at-loggerheads-quicktake |title=Why a Closed Border Has Uganda, Rwanda at Loggerheads |first=David |last=Malingha |publisher=Bloomberg |date=8 March 2019 |access-date=9 March 2020 |archive-date=20 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420234647/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-03-08/why-a-closed-border-has-uganda-rwanda-at-loggerheads-quicktake |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-21/uganda-rwanda-hold-talks-on-security-concerns-reopening-border |title=Uganda, Rwanda Hold Talks On Security Concerns, Reopening Border |first1=Saul |last1=Butera |first2=Fred |last2=Ojambo |publisher=Bloomberg |date=21 February 2020 |access-date=9 March 2020 |archive-date=6 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306072656/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-21/uganda-rwanda-hold-talks-on-security-concerns-reopening-border |url-status=live}}</ref> == Administrative divisions ==
{{Further|Decentralization in Rwanda|}}
{{main|Provinces of Rwanda}}
[[File:RwandaGeoProvinces.png|thumb|Provinces of Rwanda|alt=Map of Rwanda showing the five provinces in various colours, as well as major cities, lakes, rivers, and areas of neighbouring countries]]
Before western colonization, the Rwandan government system had a quasi-system of political pluralism and power sharing.
As of 2003, the constitution [[subdivisions of Rwanda|divided]] Rwanda into [[Provinces of Rwanda|provinces]] ({{lang|rw|intara}}), [[Districts of Rwanda|districts]] ({{lang|rw|uturere}}), cities, municipalities, towns, [[Sectors of Rwanda|sectors]] ({{lang|rw|imirenge}}), cells ({{lang|rw|utugari}}), and villages ({{lang|rw|imidugudu}}); the larger divisions, and their borders, are established by Parliament.{{sfn|CJCR|2003|loc=article 3}} In January 2006, Rwanda was reorganized such that twelve provinces were merged to create five, and 106 districts were merged into thirty.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gwillim Law |date=2010-04-27 |title=Rwanda Districts |url=http://www.statoids.com/yrw.html |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=www.statoids.com |archive-date=21 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821085718/http://www.statoids.com/yrw.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The present borders drawn in 2006 aimed at decentralising power and removing associations with the old system and the genocide. The previous structure of twelve provinces associated with the largest cities was replaced with five provinces based primarily on geography.{{sfn|BBC News (I)|2006}} These are [[Northern Province, Rwanda|Northern Province]], [[Southern Province, Rwanda|Southern Province]], [[Eastern Province, Rwanda|Eastern Province]], [[Western Province, Rwanda|Western Province]], and the Municipality of Kigali in the centre.
Line 180 ⟶ 183:
Eighteen endangered black rhinos were brought to Rwanda in 2017 from South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/03/black-rhinos-return-to-rwanda-10-years-after-disappearance |title=Black rhinos return to Rwanda 10 years after disappearance |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=3 May 2017 |website=The Guardian |access-date=17 December 2022 |archive-date=29 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129042039/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/03/black-rhinos-return-to-rwanda-10-years-after-disappearance |url-status=live }}</ref> After positive results, five more black rhinos were delivered to Akagera National Park from zoos all over Europe in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cntraveler.com/story/rwanda-just-pulled-off-the-largest-transport-of-rhinos-from-europe-to-africa |title=Rwanda Just Pulled Off the Largest Transport of Rhinos From Europe to Africa |date=26 June 2019 |website=Condé Nast Traveler |access-date=17 December 2022 |archive-date=17 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217212041/https://www.cntraveler.com/story/rwanda-just-pulled-off-the-largest-transport-of-rhinos-from-europe-to-africa |url-status=live }}</ref>
Similarly, the white rhino population is growing in Rwanda. In 2021, Rwanda received 30 white rhinos from South Africa with the goal of Akagera being a safe breeding ground for the near-threatened species.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/29/white-rhinos-flown-from-south-africa-to-rwanda-in-largest-single-translocation |title=White rhinos flown from South Africa to Rwanda in largest single translocation |date=29 November 2021 |website=The Guardian |access-date=17 December 2022 |archive-date=17 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217212033/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/29/white-rhinos-flown-from-south-africa-to-rwanda-in-largest-single-translocation |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/11/30/1060057463/rhinos-translocation-move-white-rwanda-south-africa |title=Conservationists flew 30 white rhinos to Rwanda in a huge operation to protect them |first=Joe |last=Hernandez |date=30 November 2021 |via=NPR |access-date=17 December 2022 |archive-date=17 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217212031/https://www.npr.org/2021/11/30/1060057463/rhinos-translocation-move-white-rwanda-south-africa |url-status=live
There are 670 [[List of birds of Rwanda|bird species in Rwanda]], with variation between the east and the west.{{sfn|King|2007|p=15}} Nyungwe Forest, in the west, has 280 recorded species, of which 26 are endemic to the Albertine Rift;{{sfn|King|2007|p=15}} endemic species include the [[Rwenzori turaco]] and [[handsome spurfowl]].{{sfn|WCS}} Eastern Rwanda, by contrast, features savanna birds such as the [[black-headed gonolek]] and those associated with swamps and lakes, including [[stork]]s and [[
Recent entomological work in the country has revealed a rich diversity of [[praying mantises]],{{sfn|Tedrow|2015}} including a new species ''Dystacta tigrifrutex'', dubbed the "bush tiger mantis".{{sfn|Maynard|2014}}
Rwanda contains three terrestrial ecoregions: [[Albertine Rift montane forests]], [[Victoria Basin forest-savanna mosaic]], and [[Ruwenzori-Virunga montane moorlands]].<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal |last1=Dinerstein |first1=Eric |last2=Olson |first2=David |last3=Joshi |first3=Anup |last4=Vynne |first4=Carly |last5=Burgess |first5=Neil D. |last6=Wikramanayake |first6=Eric |last7=Hahn |first7=Nathan |last8=Palminteri |first8=Suzanne |last9=Hedao |first9=Prashant |last10=Noss |first10=Reed |last11=Hansen |first11=Matt |last12=Locke |first12=Harvey |last13=Ellis |first13=Erle C |last14=Jones |first14=Benjamin |last15=Barber |first15=Charles Victor |last16=Hayes |first16=Randy |last17=Kormos |first17=Cyril |last18=Martin |first18=Vance |last19=Crist |first19=Eileen |last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes |last21=Price |first21=Lori |last22=Baillie |first22=Jonathan E.
== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Rwanda}}
Rwanda's economy suffered heavily during the 1994 genocide, with widespread loss of life, failure to maintain infrastructure, looting, and neglect of important cash crops. This caused a large drop in GDP and destroyed the country's ability to attract private and external investment.{{sfn|CIA (I)}} The economy has since strengthened, with per-capita [[nominal GDP]] estimated at [[Geary–Khamis dollar|$]]909.9 in 2022,<ref name=imf_data>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April/weo-report?c=618,636,664,714,733,738,746,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,LP,&sy=2022&ey=2022&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook database: April 2022 |website=International Monetary Fund |access-date=2 May 2022 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531124232/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April/weo-report?c=618,636,664,714,733,738,746,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,LP,&sy=2022&ey=2022&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> compared with $127 in 1994.{{sfn|IMF (I)}} Major export markets include China, Germany, and the United States.{{sfn|CIA (I)}} The economy is managed by the central [[National Bank of Rwanda]] and the currency is the [[Rwandan franc]]; in December
Rwanda is a country of few natural resources,{{sfn|U.S. Department of State|2004}} and the economy is based mostly on [[subsistence agriculture]] by local farmers using simple tools.{{sfn|FAO / WFP|1997}} An estimated 90% of the working population farms, and agriculture constituted an estimated 32.5% of GDP in 2014.{{sfn|CIA (I)}} Farming techniques are basic, with small plots of land and steep slopes.{{sfn|Our Africa}} Since the mid-1980s, farm sizes and food production have been decreasing, due in part to the resettlement of displaced people.{{sfn|WRI|2006}}{{sfn|U.S. Department of State|2004}} Despite Rwanda's fertile ecosystem, food production often does not keep pace with population growth, and food imports are required.{{sfn|CIA (I)}} However, in recent years with the growth of agriculture, the situation has improved.<ref>{{cite web |title=From genocide to growth: Rwanda's remarkable economic turnaround – GE63 |date=24 March 2023 |url=https://ge63.com/rwanda-economic-growth |access-date=2023-03-31 |language=en-US |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331101318/https://ge63.com/rwanda-economic-growth |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Transporting bananas.jpg|thumb|Rwanda produced 2.6 million tonnes of banana in 2019, its largest cash crop.<ref name="Rwanda production in 2019, by FAO">{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/ |title=Rwanda production in 2019, by FAO |publisher=The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=17 July 2022 |archive-date=11 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511194947/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/ |url-status=live}}</ref>]]
Subsistence crops grown in the country include [[matoke]] (green bananas), which occupy more than a third of the country's farmland,{{sfn|Our Africa}} [[potato]]es, [[bean]]s, [[sweet potato]]es, [[cassava]], [[wheat]] and [[maize]].{{sfn|Our Africa}} Coffee and tea are the major cash crops for export, with the high altitudes, steep slopes and volcanic soils providing favourable conditions.{{sfn|Our Africa}} Reports have established that more than 400,000 Rwandans make their living from coffee plantation.{{sfn|Tumwebaze|2016}} Reliance on agricultural exports makes Rwanda vulnerable to shifts in their prices.{{sfn|WTO|2004}} Animals raised in Rwanda include cows, goats, sheep, pigs, chicken, and rabbits, with geographical variation in the numbers of each.{{sfn|MINAGRI|2006}} Production systems are mostly traditional, although there are a few intensive dairy farms around Kigali.{{sfn|MINAGRI|2006}} Shortages of land and water, insufficient and poor-quality feed, and regular disease epidemics with insufficient veterinary services are major constraints that restrict output. Fishing takes place on the country's lakes, but stocks are very depleted, and live fish are being imported in an attempt to revive the industry.{{sfn|Namata|2008}}
Line 201 ⟶ 206:
Rwanda's [[service sector]] suffered during the [[late-2000s recession]] as bank lending, foreign aid projects and investment were reduced.{{sfn|Nantaba|2010}} The sector rebounded in 2010, becoming the country's largest sector by economic output and contributing 43.6% of the country's GDP.{{sfn|CIA (I)}} Key tertiary contributors include banking and finance, wholesale and retail trade, hotels and restaurants, transport, storage, communication, insurance, real estate, business services and public administration including education and health.{{sfn|Nantaba|2010}} [[Tourism in Rwanda|Tourism]] is one of the fastest-growing economic resources and became the country's leading foreign exchange earner in 2007.{{sfn|Mukaaya|2008}} In spite of the genocide's legacy, the country is increasingly perceived internationally as a safe destination.{{sfn|Nielsen|Spenceley|2010|p=6}} The number of tourist arrivals in 2013 was 864,000 people, up from 504,000 in 2010.{{sfn|World Bank (XI)}} Revenue from tourism was US$303 million in 2014, up from just US$62 million in 2000.{{sfn|KT Press|2015}} The largest contributor to this revenue was [[mountain gorilla]] tracking, in the Volcanoes National Park;{{sfn|KT Press|2015}} Rwanda is one of only three countries in which [[mountain gorilla]]s can be visited safely; the gorillas attract thousands of visitors per year, who are prepared to pay high prices for permits.{{sfn|Nielsen|Spenceley|2010|p=2}} Other attractions include Nyungwe Forest, home to chimpanzees, Ruwenzori colobus and other primates, the resorts of Lake Kivu, and Akagera, a small [[savanna reserve]] in the east of the country.{{sfn|RDB (II)}}
Rwanda was ranked 103rd in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2023.<ref>{{
=== Media and communications ===
{{
The largest radio and television stations are state-run, and the majority of newspapers are owned by the government.{{sfn|BBC News (VII)|2015}} Most Rwandans have access to radio; during the 1994 genocide, the radio station [[Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines]] broadcast across the country, and helped to fuel the killings through anti-Tutsi propaganda.{{sfn|BBC News (VII)|2015}} {{As of|2015}}, the state-run [[Radio Rwanda]] was the largest station and the main source of news throughout the country.{{sfn|BBC News (VII)|2015}} Television access is limited, with most homes not having their own set.{{sfn|Gasore|2014}} The government rolled out [[digital television]] in 2014, and a year later there were seven national stations operating, up from just one in the pre-2014 analogue era.{{sfn|Opobo|2015}} The press is tightly restricted, and newspapers routinely self-censor to avoid government reprisals.{{sfn|BBC News (VII)|2015}} Nonetheless, publications in Kinyarwanda, English, and French critical of the government are widely available in Kigali. Restrictions were increased in the run-up to the Rwandan presidential election of 2010, with two independent newspapers, ''Umuseso'' and ''Umuvugizi'', being suspended for six months by the [[High Media Council (Rwanda)|High Media Council]].{{sfn|Reporters Without Borders|2010}}
The country's oldest telecommunications group, [[Rwandatel]], went into liquidation in 2011, having been 80% owned by Libyan company [[LAP Green]].{{sfn|Mugisha|2013}} The company was acquired in 2013 by [[Liquid Telecom]],{{sfn|Southwood|2013}} a company providing telecommunications and [[fibre optic]] networks across eastern and southern Africa.{{sfn|Mugwe|2013}} {{As of|2015}}, Liquid Telecom provides [[landline]] service to 30,968 subscribers, with mobile operator [[MTN Rwanda]] serving an additional 15,497 fixed line subscribers.{{sfn|RURA|2015|p=6}} Landlines are mostly used by government institutions, banks, [[Non Government Organisation|NGO]]s and embassies, with private subscription levels low.{{sfn|Majyambere|2010}} {{As of|2015}}, [[mobile phone]] penetration in the country is 72.6%,{{sfn|RURA|2015|p=5}} up from 41.6% in 2011.{{sfn|RURA|2011|p=3}} MTN Rwanda is the leading provider, with 3,957,986 subscribers, followed by [[Tigo]] with 2,887,328, and [[Bharti Airtel]] with 1,336,679.{{sfn|RURA|2015|p=6}} Rwandatel has also previously operated a mobile phone network, but the industry regulator revoked its licence in April 2011, following the company's failure to meet agreed investment commitments.{{sfn|Butera|2011}} Internet penetration is low but rising rapidly; in 2015 there were 12.8 internet users per 100 people,{{sfn|RURA|2015|p=5}} up from 2.1 in 2007.{{sfn|World Bank (II)}} In 2011, a {{convert|2300|km|mi|adj=on}} fibre-optic telecommunications network was completed, intended to provide broadband services and facilitate electronic commerce.{{sfn|Reuters|2011}} This network is connected to [[SEACOM (African cable system)|SEACOM]], a [[Submarine communications cable|submarine]] fibre-optic cable connecting communication carriers in southern and eastern Africa. Within Rwanda the cables run along major roads, linking towns around the country.{{sfn|Reuters|2011}} Mobile provider MTN also runs a [[wireless internet]] service accessible in most areas of Kigali via pre-paid subscription.{{sfn|Butera|2010}}
In October 2019, [[Mara Corporation]] launched the first African
=== Infrastructure ===
{{
The Rwandan government prioritised funding of water supply development during the 2000s, significantly increasing its share of the national budget.{{sfn|IDA|2009}} This funding, along with donor support, caused a rapid increase in access to safe water; in 2015, 74% of the population had access to safe water,{{sfn|Umutesi|2015}} up from about 55% in 2005;{{sfn|IDA|2009}} the government has committed to increasing this to 100% by 2017.{{sfn|Umutesi|2015}} The country's water infrastructure consists of urban and rural systems that deliver water to the public, mainly through standpipes in rural areas and private connections in urban areas. In areas not served by these systems, hand pumps and managed springs are used.{{sfn|MINECOFIN|2002|pp=25–26}} Despite rainfall exceeding {{convert|750|mm|in}} annually in most of the country,{{sfn|Berry|Lewis|Williams|1990|p=533}} little use is made of [[rainwater harvesting]], and residents are forced to use water very sparingly, relative to usage in other African countries.{{sfn|Umutesi|2015}} Access to [[Water supply and sanitation in Rwanda|sanitation]] remains low; the United Nations estimates that in 2006, 34% of urban and 20% of rural dwellers had access to [[improved sanitation]]
Rwanda's electricity supply was, until the early 2000s, generated almost entirely from [[hydroelectric]] sources; power stations on Lakes [[Lake Burera|Burera]] and [[Lake Ruhondo|Ruhondo]] provided 90% of the country's electricity.{{sfn|World Resources Report|2011|p=3}} A combination of below average rainfall and human activity, including the draining of the [[Rugezi wetlands]] for cultivation and grazing, caused the two lakes' water levels to fall from 1990 onwards; by 2004 levels were reduced by 50%, leading to a sharp drop in output from the power stations.{{sfn|World Resources Report|2011|p=5}} This, coupled with increased demand as the economy grew, precipitated a shortfall in 2004 and widespread [[loadshedding]].{{sfn|World Resources Report|2011|p=5}} As an emergency measure, the government installed [[diesel generator]]s north of Kigali; by 2006 these were providing 56% of the country's electricity, but were very costly.{{sfn|World Resources Report|2011|p=5}} The government enacted a number of measures to alleviate this problem, including rehabilitating the Rugezi wetlands, which supply water to Burera and Ruhondo and investing in a scheme to extract methane gas from Lake Kivu, expected in its first phase to increase the country's power generation by 40%.{{sfn|AfDB|2011}} Only 18% of the population had access to electricity in 2012, though this had risen from 10.8% in 2009.{{sfn|World Bank (XIII)}} The government's Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy for 2013–18 aims to increase access to electricity to 70% of households by 2017.{{sfn|Baringanire|Malik|Banerjee|2014|p=1}}
[[File:Rwanda electricity production.svg|thumb|Rwanda electricity production by source|upright=1.3]]
The government has increased investment in the [[Transport in Rwanda|transport infrastructure of Rwanda]] since the 1994 genocide, with aid from the United States, [[European Union]], Japan, and others. The transport system consists primarily of the road network, with paved roads between Kigali and most other major cities and towns in the country.{{sfn|AfDB|OECD Development Centre|2006|p=439}} Rwanda is linked by road to other countries in the East African Community, namely Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi and [[Kenya]], as well as to the eastern Congolese cities of [[Goma]] and [[Bukavu]]; the country's most important trade route is the road to the port of [[Mombasa]] via [[Kampala]] and [[Nairobi]], which is known as the [[Northern Corridor]].{{sfn|Tancott|2014}} The principal form of public transport in the country is the [[minibus]], accounting for more than half of all passenger carrying capacity.{{sfn|MININFRA|2013|p=34}} Some minibuses, particularly in Kigali,{{sfn|MININFRA|2013|p=67}} operate an unscheduled service, under a [[shared taxi]] system,{{sfn|MININFRA|2013|p=32}} while others run to a schedule, offering express routes between the major cities. There are a smaller number of large buses,{{sfn|MININFRA|2013|p=34}} which operate a scheduled service around the country. The principal private hire vehicle is the [[motorcycle taxi]]; in 2013 there were 9,609 registered motorcycle taxis in Rwanda, compared with just 579 [[taxicab]]s.{{sfn|MININFRA|2013|p=34}} [[Coach (vehicle)|Coach]] services are available to various destinations in neighbouring countries. The country has an [[Kigali International Airport|international airport]] at Kigali that serves several international destinations, the busiest routes being those to [[JKIA|Nairobi]] and [[Entebbe International Airport|Entebbe]];{{sfn|Centre For Aviation|2014}} there is one domestic route, between Kigali and [[Kamembe Airport]] near [[Cyangugu]].{{sfn|Tumwebaze|2015}} In 2017, construction began on the [[Bugesera International Airport]], to the south of Kigali, which will become the country's largest when it opens, complementing the existing Kigali airport.{{sfn|MININFRA|2017}} The national carrier is [[RwandAir]], and the country is served by seven foreign airlines.{{sfn|Centre For Aviation|2014}} {{As of|2015}} the country had no railways, but there is a project underway, in conjunction with Burundi and Tanzania, to extend the Tanzanian [[Central Line (Tanzania)|Central Line]] into Rwanda; the three countries have invited expressions of interest from private firms to form a [[public private partnership]] for the scheme.{{sfn|Senelwa|2015}} There is no public water transport between the port cities on Lake Kivu, although a limited private service exists and the government has initiated a programme to develop a full service. In 2023 Rwanda was seen as an unsafe country. {{sfn|MININFRA|2013|p=43}} The [[Ministry of Infrastructure (Rwanda)|Ministry of Infrastructure]] is also investigating the feasibility of linking Rwanda to [[Lake Victoria]] via shipping on the [[Akagera River]].{{sfn|MININFRA|2013|p=43}}
== Demographics ==
{{
{{Largest cities
| country = Rwanda
Line 231 ⟶ 237:
| city_2 = Gisenyi | div_2 = Western Province, Rwanda{{!}}Western | pop_2 = 136,830| img_2 = The_streets_of_Rubavu-Gisenyi.jpg
| city_3 = Butare| div_3 = Southern Province, Rwanda{{!}}Southern| pop_3 = 89,600| img_3 =Université_nationale_du_Rwanda_à_Butare.JPG
| city_4 = Gitarama | div_4 = Southern Province, Rwanda{{!}}Southern| pop_4 = 87,163
| city_5 = Ruhengeri | div_5 = Northern Province, Rwanda{{!}}Northern| pop_5 = 86,685
| city_6 = Byumba| div_6 = Northern Province, Rwanda{{!}}Northern| pop_6 = 70,593
Line 272 ⟶ 278:
===Languages===
{{main|Languages of Rwanda}}
The country's principal and national language is [[Kinyarwanda]], which is virtually spoken by the entire country (98%).<ref name=BC/> The major European languages during the colonial era were [[German language|German]], though it was never taught or widely used, and then [[French language|French]], which was introduced by Belgium from 1916 and remained an official and widely spoken language after independence in 1962.{{sfn|Université Laval|2010}} [[Dutch language|Dutch]] was spoken as well. The return of English-speaking Rwandan refugees in the 1990s{{sfn|Université Laval|2010}} added a new dimension to the country's language policy,{{sfn|Samuelson|Freedman|2010}} and the repositioning of Rwanda as a member of the [[East African Community]] has since increased the importance of English; the medium of education was switched from French to English in 2008.<ref name=BC/> Kinyarwanda, English, French, and Swahili are all official languages.<ref>{{
French was spoken by slightly under 6% of the population according to the 2012 census and the ''[[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]]''.<ref>[https://observatoire.francophonie.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Rapport-La-langue-francaise-dans-le-monde_VF-2022.pdf La langue française dans le monde] {{
English was reported to be spoken by 15% of the population in 2009, though the same report found the proportion of French-speakers to be 68%.<ref name=BC>{{Cite web |url=https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/sites/teacheng/files/Euromonitor%20Report%20A4.pdf |title=The Benefits of the English Language for Individuals and Societies: Quantitative Indicators from Cameroon, Nigeria, Rwanda, Bangladesh and Pakistan |access-date=7 January 2023 |archive-date=9 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309070332/https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/sites/teacheng/files/Euromonitor%20Report%20A4.pdf |url-status=live
Swahili is spoken by fewer than 1%.<ref>{{
===Human rights===
{{
Homosexuality is generally considered a [[taboo]] topic, and there is no significant public discussion of this issue in any region of the country. Some lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) Rwandans have reported being harassed and blackmailed.{{sfn|Gmünder|2007|page=1216}}<ref name="Spartacus International Gay Guide 2007">Spartacus International Gay Guide, p. 1216. Bruno Gmunder Verlag, 2007.</ref><ref name="globalgayz">{{cite web |url=http://www.globalgayz.com/country/Rwanda/view/RWA/gay-rwanda-2008 |title=Gay Rwanda 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717064516/http://www.globalgayz.com/africa/rwanda/gay-rwanda-2008 |archive-date=2012-07-17 |date=2009-01-01}}</ref> Same-sex sexual activity is not specifically illegal in Rwanda. Some cabinet-level government officials have expressed support for the rights of LGBT people;{{sfn|U.S. Department of State|2016}} however, no special legislative protections are afforded to LGBT people,<ref name="Spartacus International Gay Guide 2007"/> who may be arrested by the police under various laws dealing with public order and morality.<ref name="globalgayz"/> [[Same-sex marriage]]s are not recognized by the state, as the [[Constitution of Rwanda|constitution]] provides that "[o]nly civil monogamous marriage between a man and a woman is recognized".{{sfn|CJCR|2003|loc=article 26}}
Since 2006, Human Rights Watch has documented that Rwandan authorities round up and detain [[street children]], street vendors, sex workers, homeless people, and beggars
== Culture ==
{{
[[File:Rwanda IntoreDancers.jpg|thumb|left|Traditional Rwandan ''[[intore]]'' dancers|alt=Photograph depicting two male dancers with straw wigs, neck garments, spears and sticks]]
[[Music of Rwanda|Music]] and dance are an integral part of Rwandan ceremonies, festivals, social gatherings and storytelling. The most famous traditional dance is a highly choreographed routine consisting of three components: the ''[[umushagiriro]]'', or cow dance, performed by women;{{sfn|Rwanda Development Gateway}} the ''[[intore]]'', or dance of heroes, performed by men;{{sfn|Rwanda Development Gateway}} and the drumming, also traditionally performed by men, on drums known as ''ingoma''.{{sfn|RMCA}} The best
[[File:Igiseke.jpg|thumb|upright|Rwandan woven [[agaseke]] basket|alt=Photograph depicting a bowl shaped off-white woven basket with tall conical lid and black zigzag pattern]]
Line 305 ⟶ 310:
=== Sport ===
{{
[[File:MTB cycling 2012 Olympics M cross-country RWA Adrien Niyonshuti.jpg|thumb|left|[[Adrien Niyonshuti]], "one of the most famous people in Rwanda",{{sfn|CyclingNews.com|2012}} competing in the [[cross-country mountain biking]] event at the 2012 Summer Olympics]]
The Rwandan government, through its Sports Development Policy, promotes sport as a strong avenue for "development and peace building",{{sfn|MINISPOC|2012|p=18}} and the government has made commitments to advancing the use of sport for a variety of development objectives, including education.{{sfn|McCracken|Colucci|2014|pp=86–90}} The most popular sports in Rwanda are [[association football]], [[volleyball]], [[basketball]], [[Athletics (sport)|athletics]] and [[Paralympic sports]].{{sfn|Ndengeye|2014|pp=125–128}} [[Cricket]] has been growing in popularity,{{sfn|Aglietti|2014}} as a result of refugees returned from Kenya, where they had learned to play the game.{{sfn|BBC News (XI)|2014}} [[Cycling]], traditionally seen largely as a mode of transport in Rwanda, is also growing in popularity [[cycle sport|as a sport]];{{sfn|Hoye|Smith|Nicholson|Stewart|2015|p=206}} and Team Rwanda have been the subject of a book, ''Land of Second Chances: The Impossible Rise of Rwanda's Cycling Team'' and a film, ''[[Rising from Ashes (film)|Rising from Ashes]]''.{{sfn|Robbins|2013}}{{sfn|Willgoss|2014}}
[[File:GCS Drone Shot-YT.jpg|thumb|The Gahanga Cricket Stadium]]
Rwandans have been competing at the [[Olympic Games]] since 1984,{{sfn|BBC Sport (I)|2012}} and the [[Paralympic Games]] since 2004.{{sfn|International Paralympic Committee|2015}} The country sent seven competitors to the [[2012 Summer Olympics]] in London, representing it in athletics, [[Swimming (sport)|swimming]], [[mountain biking]] and [[judo]],{{sfn|BBC Sport (I)|2012}} and 15 competitors to the [[2012 Summer Paralympics|London Summer Paralympics]] to compete in athletics, [[Paralympic powerlifting|powerlifting]] and [[sitting volleyball]].{{sfn|International Paralympic Committee|2015}} The country has also participated in the [[Commonwealth Games]] since joining the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] in 2009.{{sfn|BBC Sport (II)|2010}}{{sfn|Office of the Prime Minister|2014}} The country's [[Rwanda national basketball team|national basketball team]] has been growing in prominence since the mid-2000s, with the men's team qualifying for the final stages of the [[African Basketball Championship]] four times in a row since 2007.{{sfn|Bishumba|2015}} The country bid unsuccessfully to host the [[2013 African Basketball Championship|2013 tournament]].{{sfn|Mackay|2009}}{{sfn|International Basketball Federation|2011}} Rwanda's [[Rwanda national football team|national football team]] has appeared in the [[African Cup of Nations]] once, in the [[2004 African Cup of Nations|2004 edition]] of the tournament,{{sfn|Carlin|2003}} but narrowly failed to advance beyond the group stages.{{sfn|Copnall|2004}} The team have failed to qualify for the competition since, and have never qualified for the [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]].{{sfn|Montague|2014|p=67}} Rwanda's highest domestic football competition is the [[Rwanda National Football League]];{{sfn|Mugabe|Kamasa|2014}} {{As of|2015|lc=y}}, the dominant team is [[APR FC]] of Kigali, having won 13 of the last 17 championships.{{sfn|Schöggl|2015}} Rwandan clubs participate in the [[Kagame Interclub Cup]] for Central and East African teams, sponsored since 2002 by President Kagame.{{sfn|CECAFA}}
== See also ==
Line 319 ⟶ 320:
*[[Index of Rwanda-related articles]]
*[[Outline of Rwanda]]{{clear}}
==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
== Citations ==
Line 333 ⟶ 337:
*{{cite news |last=Agutamba |first=Kenneth |date=4 December 2014 |title=Rwanda graft index falters but ranking unaffected |work=The New Times |location=Kigali |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2014-12-04/183704/ |access-date=30 August 2015 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010195947/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2014-12-04/183704/ |url-status=live }}{{better source needed|date=September 2023}}
*{{cite news |author=Al Jazeera |date=20 September 2007 |title=Rwanda blames DR Congo for violence |author-link=Al Jazeera English|location=Doha |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2007/09/2008525143037439552.html |access-date=10 November 2015 |archive-date=13 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513110341/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2007/09/2008525143037439552.html |url-status=live }}
*{{cite news |last=Anyango |first=Gloria I. |date=4 February 2010 |title=The Barbecue Chef who masters his roast |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2010-02-04/93743/ |work=The New Times |location=Kigali |access-date=10 November 2015 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200023/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2010-02-04/93743/ |url-status=live
*{{cite book |last1=Appiah |first1=Anthony |last2=Gates |first2=Henry Louis |year=2010 |title=Encyclopedia of Africa, Volume 1 |edition=illustrated |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC |isbn=978-0-19-533770-9 |access-date=23 August 2019 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111210158/https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC |url-status=live
*{{cite news |last=Asiimwe |first=Bosco R |date=28 September 2011 |title=Gov't to sanction officials who failed to declare wealth |work=The New Times |location=Kigali |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2011-09-27/35369/ |access-date=10 November 2015 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200053/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2011-09-27/35369/ |url-status=live
*{{cite news |last=Asiimwe |first=Dicta |date=20 December 2014 |title=Uganda races to meet Monetary Union date |work=[[The EastAfrican]] |location=Nairobi |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/Uganda-races-to-meet-Monetary-Union-date/-/2558/2563504/-/13p67lh/-/index.html |access-date=31 August 2015 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208071646/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/Uganda-races-to-meet-Monetary-Union-date/-/2558/2563504/-/13p67lh/-/index.html |url-status=dead
*{{cite book |last=Auzias |first=Dominique |year=2007 |title=Rwanda |location=Paris |publisher=Petit Futé |language=fr |isbn=978-2-7469-2037-8 |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=TyMs5XGSIzQC}}
*{{cite news |last=Banda |first=Honoré |date=12 February 2015 |title=Rwanda's job crunch |publisher=[[The Africa Report]] |location=Paris |url=http://www.theafricareport.com/East-Horn-Africa/rwandas-job-crunch.html |access-date=7 September 2015 |archive-date=19 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119105348/http://www.theafricareport.com/East-Horn-Africa/rwandas-job-crunch.html |url-status=live
*{{cite web |url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2015/02/27/090224b082b6d3c9/2_0/Rendered/PDF/Scaling0up0acc000the0case0of0Rwanda.pdf |title=Scaling Up Access to Electricity: The Case of Rwanda |publisher=World Bank Group |first1=Paul |last1=Baringanire |first2=Kabir |last2=Malik |first3=Sudeshna Ghosh |last3=Banerjee |year=2014 |access-date=10 October 2015 |archive-date=21 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321201003/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2015/02/27/090224b082b6d3c9/2_0/Rendered/PDF/Scaling0up0acc000the0case0of0Rwanda.pdf |url-status=live
*{{cite news |author=BBC News (I) |date=3 January 2006 |title=Rwanda redrawn to reflect compass |author-link=BBC News |location=London |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4577790.stm |access-date=10 November 2015 |archive-date=1 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601115308/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4577790.stm |url-status=live
*{{cite news |author=BBC News (II) |date=31 March 2006 |title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source' |location=London |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm |access-date=10 November 2015 |archive-date=1 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm |url-status=live
*{{cite news |author=BBC News (III) |date=12 January 2010 |title=Hutus 'killed Rwanda President Juvenal Habyarimana' |location=London |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8453832.stm |access-date=10 November 2015 |archive-date=1 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601115647/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8453832.stm |url-status=live }}
*{{cite news |author=BBC News (V) |date=27 August 2010 |title=Q&A: DR Congo conflict |location=London |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11108589 |access-date=10 November 2015 |archive-date=18 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318190958/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11108589 |url-status=live }}
Line 348 ⟶ 352:
*{{cite news |author=BBC News (VIII) |date=4 June 2015 |title=Rwanda country profile – Overview |location=London |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14093238 |access-date=30 October 2015 |archive-date=23 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223051623/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14093238 |url-status=live }}
*{{cite news |author=BBC News (IX) |date=18 June 2012 |title=Rwanda 'gacaca' genocide courts finish work |location=London |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18490348 |access-date=30 October 2015 |archive-date=8 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308072112/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18490348 |url-status=live }}
*{{cite news |author=BBC News (X) |date=20 November 2012 |title=Goma: M23 rebels capture DR Congo city |location=London |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20405739 |access-date=30 October 2015 |archive-date=
*{{cite news |author=BBC News (XI) |date=24 December 2014 |title=Why cricket is gaining in popularity in Rwanda |location=London |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20798480 |access-date=10 November 2015 |archive-date=30 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330191800/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20798480 |url-status=live }}
*{{cite news |author=BBC Sport (I) |author-link=BBC Sport |date=13 August 2012 |title=Rwanda |publisher=BBC Sport |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/2012/countries/rwanda |access-date=10 November 2015 |archive-date=30 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730052803/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/2012/countries/rwanda |url-status=live }}
Line 381 ⟶ 385:
*{{cite news |author=CyclingNews.com |date=27 July 2012 |title=Niyonshuti to carry Rwandan flag in Olympic Games opening ceremony |author-link=CyclingNews.com |location=London |url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/niyonshuti-to-carry-rwandan-flag-in-olympic-games-opening-ceremony/ |access-date=6 November 2015 |archive-date=6 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806153141/http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/niyonshuti-to-carry-rwandan-flag-in-olympic-games-opening-ceremony/ |url-status=live }}
*{{cite book |last=Dallaire |first=Roméo |year=2005 |title=Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda |location=London |publisher=Arrow |isbn=978-0-09-947893-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ja2hQgAACAAJ |access-date=25 June 2019 |archive-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701074114/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ja2hQgAACAAJ |url-status=live }}
*{{cite news |last=Delawala |first=Imtiyaz |date=7 September 2001 |title=What Is Coltan? |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |location=New York, N.Y. |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/story?id=128631&page=1 |access-date=12 November 2015 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208153446/http://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/story?id=128631&page=1 |url-status=live }}
*{{cite web |author=Office of the Prime Minister, Republic of Rwanda |title=Statement on Cabinet Decisions of 29.07.2014 |url=http://www.primature.gov.rw/top/news/news-details.html?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=1216&cHash=588e976e71301e1aec9ff383d8378234 |access-date=9 April 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|Office of the Prime Minister|2014}} |archive-date=14 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414093933/https://www.primature.gov.rw/top/news/news%2Ddetails.html?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D%3D1216%26cHash%3D588e976e71301e1aec9ff383d8378234#91;tt_news]=1216&cHash=588e976e71301e1aec9ff383d8378234 |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite book |last=Dorsey |first=Learthen |year=1994 |title=Historical Dictionary of Rwanda |location=Metuchen, N.J. |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-2820-9}}
Line 396 ⟶ 400:
*{{cite web |author=Government of Rwanda (I) |title=Official Holidays |author-link=Government of Rwanda |url=http://www.gov.rw/home/official_holidays/ |access-date=8 September 2015 |archive-date=16 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916082254/http://www.gov.rw/home/official_holidays/ |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite web |author=Government of Rwanda (II) |title=Animals |author-link=Government of Rwanda |url=http://www.gov.rw/home/animals/ |access-date=13 November 2015 |archive-date=18 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918132353/http://gov.rw/home/animals/ |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite news |last=Grainger |first=Sarah |date=18 June 2007 |title=East Africa trade bloc expanded |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6762615.stm |access-date=13 November 2015 |archive-date=1 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601130230/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6762615.stm |url-status=live
*{{cite news |last=Henley |first=Jon |date=31 October 2007 |title=Scar tissue |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/oct/31/rwanda.theatre |access-date=13 November 2015 |archive-date=1 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901014733/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/oct/31/rwanda.theatre |url-status=live
*{{cite news |last=Heuler |first=Hilary |date=12 December 2011 |title=Uganda, Rwanda Move to Mend Troubled Relations |publisher=[[Voice of America News]] |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Uganda-and-Rwanda-Move-to-Mend-Troubled-Relations-135437603.html |access-date=13 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211031714/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Uganda-and-Rwanda-Move-to-Mend-Troubled-Relations-135437603.html |archive-date=11 February 2012 |url-status=dead
*{{cite book |last=Hodd |first=Michael |year=1994 |title=East African Handbook |publisher=Trade & Travel Publications |isbn=978-0-8442-8983-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bL8tAQAAIAAJ |access-date=25 June 2019 |archive-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701074114/https://books.google.com/books?id=bL8tAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live
*{{cite book |last1=Hoye |first1=Russell |last2=Smith |first2=Aaron C.T |last3=Nicholson |first3=Matthew |last4=Stewart |first4=Bob |year=2015 |title=Sport Management: Principles and Applications |location=Abingdon |publisher=Routledge |edition=4th |isbn=978-1-138-83960-1 |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=KL8cBgAAQBAJ}}
*{{cite book |author1=[[Human Rights Watch]] |author2=Wells, Sarah |year=2008 |title=Law and reality: progress in judicial reform in Rwanda |publisher=Human Rights Watch |isbn=978-1-56432-366-8 |url=https://www.hrw.org/node/62098 |access-date=13 November 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|Human Rights Watch|Wells|2008}} |archive-date=24 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724084136/http://www.hrw.org/node/62098 |url-status=live
*{{cite news |author=International Basketball Federation |date=21 November 2011 |title=CIV – Ivory Coast to host AfroBasket 2013 |author-link=FIBA |location=Mies |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/news/CIV-Ivory-Coast-to-host-AfroBasket-2013 |access-date=9 April 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304212222/http://www.fiba.com/news/CIV-Ivory-Coast-to-host-AfroBasket-2013 |url-status=live
*{{cite web |author=International Development Association (IDA) |title=Rwanda: Bringing Clean Water to Rural Communities |author-link=International Development Association |url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS/IDA/0,,contentMDK:21256336~menuPK:3266877~pagePK:51236175~piPK:437394~theSitePK:73154,00.html |access-date=13 November 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|IDA|2009}} |archive-date=11 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100711002322/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS/IDA/0,,contentMDK:21256336~menuPK:3266877~pagePK:51236175~piPK:437394~theSitePK:73154,00.html |url-status=live }}
*{{cite web |author=International Monetary Fund (IMF) |title=An approach to the Poverty Reduction Action Plan for Rwanda: The Interim PRSP |date=November 2000 |url=https://www.imf.org/external/np/prsp/2000/rwa/01/110100.pdf |access-date=10 November 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|IMF|2000}} |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010192353/https://www.imf.org/external/np/prsp/2000/rwa/01/110100.pdf |url-status=live }}
Line 413 ⟶ 417:
*{{cite web |author=Kigali City |title=Kigali at a glance |author-link=Kigali |url=http://www.kigalicity.gov.rw/spip.php?article2 |access-date=13 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228100441/http://www.kigalicity.gov.rw/spip.php?article2 |archive-date=28 February 2014 }}
*{{cite book |last=King |first=David C. |year=2007 |title=Rwanda (Cultures of the World) |location=New York, N.Y. |publisher=Benchmark Books |isbn=978-0-7614-2333-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1yLx1zSuh_QC |access-date=25 June 2019 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111210200/https://books.google.com/books?id=1yLx1zSuh_QC |url-status=live }}
*{{cite book |last=Kiwuwa |first=David E. |year=2012 |title=Ethnic Politics and Democratic Transition in Rwanda |location=Abingdon |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-61608-9 |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=uGclH0p46ogC}}
*{{cite news |last=Koenig |first=Ann M. |date=9 September 2014 |title=Rwanda: Reorganization of public higher education underway |work=[[American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers]] |location=Washington, D.C. |url=http://www.aacrao.org/resources/resources-detail-view/rwanda--reorganization-of-public-higher-education-underway |access-date=7 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430092320/http://aacrao.org/resources/resources-detail-view/rwanda--reorganization-of-public-higher-education-underway |archive-date=30 April 2015
*{{cite news |author=KT Press |date=11 February 2015 |title=Over a Million Tourists Help Rwanda's Tourism Revenue Cross US$ 300m |location=London |publisher=[[PR Newswire]] |url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/over-a-million-tourists-help-rwandas-tourism-revenue-cross-us-300m-reports-kt-press-300033956.html |access-date=1 October 2015 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010190554/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/over-a-million-tourists-help-rwandas-tourism-revenue-cross-us-300m-reports-kt-press-300033956.html |url-status=live }}{{better source needed|date=September 2023}}
*{{cite news |last=Lavelle |first=John |date=5 July 2008 |title=Resurrecting the East African Shilling |work=[[East African Business Week]] |location=Kampala |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200807071183.html |access-date=13 November 2015 |archive-date=7 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007163057/http://allafrica.com/stories/200807071183.html |url-status=live }}
*{{cite book |last1=Linden |first1=Ian |last2=Linden |first2=Jane |year=1977 |title=Church and Revolution in Rwanda |edition=illustrated |location=Manchester |publisher=Manchester University Press |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=DgXoAAAAIAAJ}} |isbn=978-0719-00-671-5 }}
*{{cite book |last=Longman |first=Timothy |year=2010 |title=Christianity and Genocide in Rwanda |location=Cambridge, UK; New York, N.Y. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521269537
*{{cite book |last=Longman |first=Timothy |year=2017 |title=Memory and Justice in Post-Genocide Rwanda |location=Cambridge, UK; New York, N.Y. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107678095
*{{cite news |last=Maboja |first=Wilhelmina |date=12 February 2015 |title=Rwanda and Uganda Move to Strengthen Relations |
*{{cite news |last=MacGregor |first=Karen |date=21 June 2014 |title=A new university, new international leader, new future |work=[[University World News]] |location=London |issue=325 |url=http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20140620093600774 |access-date=7 April 2015 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010190554/http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20140620093600774 |url-status=live }}
*{{cite news |last=Mackay |first=Duncan |date=24 December 2009 |title=Rwanda launch bid for 2013 African Championships |work=insidethegames.biz |location=Milton Keynes |url=http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/8551/rwanda-launch-plan-for-2013-african-championships |access-date=9 April 2015 |archive-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403215707/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/8551/rwanda-launch-plan-for-2013-african-championships |url-status=live
*{{cite news |last=Majyambere |first=Gertrude |date=14 May 2010 |title=Rwandatel's Landline Telephony Increases By 7 Percent |work=The New Times |location=Kigali |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2010-05-13/19749/ |access-date=13 November 2015 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200403/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2010-05-13/19749/ |url-status=live
*{{cite book |last=Mamdani |first=Mahmood |author-link=Mahmood Mamdani |year=2002 |title=When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda |location=Princeton, N.J. |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-10280-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QUEamxb89JcC |access-date=25 June 2019 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111210201/https://books.google.com/books?id=QUEamxb89JcC |url-status=live
*{{cite news |last=Maynard |first=James |date=22 May 2014 |title=Newly discovered bush tiger praying mantis in Rwanda is a vicious hunter |work=Tech Times |url=https://www.techtimes.com/articles/7365/20140522/newly-discovered-bush-tiger-praying-mantis-in-rwanda-is-a-vicious-hunter.htm |access-date=27 September 2018 |archive-date=27 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927124943/https://www.techtimes.com/articles/7365/20140522/newly-discovered-bush-tiger-praying-mantis-in-rwanda-is-a-vicious-hunter.htm |url-status=live
*{{cite news |last=Mbabazi |first=Linda |date=11 May 2008 |title=Hip Hop Dominating Music Industry |work=The New Times |location=Kigali |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2008-05-11/3642/ |access-date=13 November 2015 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200515/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2008-05-11/3642/ |url-status=live
*{{cite book |last1=McCracken |first1=Kathryn |last2=Colucci |first2=Emma |year=2014 |title=Strengthening Sport for Development and Peace: National Policies and Strategies |location=London |publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat |editor-last=Dudfield |editor-first=Oliver |chapter=Using sport and play to achieve educational objectives |chapter-url=http://www.cedol.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/7-Using-sport-and-play-to-achieve.pdf |isbn=978-1-84859-912-3 |access-date=8 April 2015 |archive-date=18 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418093754/http://www.cedol.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/7-Using-sport-and-play-to-achieve.pdf |url-status=live
*{{cite news |last=McGreal |first=Chris |date=16 January 2009 |title=Why Rwanda said adieu to French |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2009/jan/16/rwanda-english-genocide |access-date=13 November 2015 |archive-date=18 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518084907/http://www.theguardian.com/education/2009/jan/16/rwanda-english-genocide |url-status=live
*{{cite news |last=McGreal |first=Chris |date=1 October 2010 |title=Delayed UN report links Rwanda to Congo genocide |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/oct/01/un-report-rwanda-congo-genocide |access-date=10 November 2015 |archive-date=21 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821165059/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/oct/01/un-report-rwanda-congo-genocide |url-status=live
*{{cite web |last1=Mehta |first1=Hitesh |last2=Katee |first2=Christine |year=2005 |title=Virunga Massif Sustainable Tourism Development Plan |publisher=[[International Gorilla Conservation Programme]] (IGCP) |url=http://www.igcp.org/wp-content/themes/igcp/docs/pdf/VirungaTourismMasterPlan_%20Final%20Report.pdf |access-date=13 November 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304055030/http://www.igcp.org/wp-content/themes/igcp/docs/pdf/VirungaTourismMasterPlan_%20Final%20Report.pdf |url-status=dead
*{{cite book |last=Melvern |first=Linda |year=2004 |title=Conspiracy to Murder: The Rwandan Genocide |version=Revised |location=London; New York, N.Y. |publisher=Verso Books |isbn=978-1-85984-588-2 |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=3NXIHf0t3aMC}}
*{{cite news |last=Milmo |first=Cahal |date=29 March 2006 |title=Flashback to terror: Survivors of Rwandan genocide watch screening of Shooting Dogs |work=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/flashback-to-terror-survivors-of-rwandan-genocide-watch-screening-of-shooting-dogs-6105247.html |access-date=13 November 2015 |location=London |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010190852/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/flashback-to-terror-survivors-of-rwandan-genocide-watch-screening-of-shooting-dogs-6105247.html |url-status=live
*{{cite web |author=Ministry of Agriculture (MINAGRI), Republic of Rwanda |date=10 June 2006 |title=Livestock production |url=http://www.minagri.gov.rw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=156%3Alivestock&Itemid=48&lang=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323131055/http://www.minagri.gov.rw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=156%3Alivestock&Itemid=48&lang=en |archive-date=23 March 2012 |access-date=13 November 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|MINAGRI2006}} |url-status=dead
*{{cite web |author=Ministry of Education (MINEDUC), Republic of Rwanda |date=13 July 2010 |title=Achievements (2003–2010) |author-link=Ministry of Education (Rwanda) |url=http://www.mineduc.gov.rw/IMG/article_PDF/article_a27.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311165948/http://www.mineduc.gov.rw/IMG/article_PDF/article_a27.pdf |archive-date=11 March 2012 |access-date=13 November 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|MINEDUC|2010}}
*{{cite web |author=Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MINECOFIN), Republic of Rwanda |date=June 2002 |title=Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper |url=http://www.imf.org/external/np/prsp/2002/rwa/01/063102.pdf |access-date=31 October 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|MINECOFIN|2002}} |archive-date=23 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023191649/http://www.imf.org/external/np/prsp/2002/rwa/01/063102.pdf |url-status=live
*{{cite web |author=Ministry of Infrastructure (MININFRA), Republic of Rwanda |date=June 2013 |title=Ministry of Infrastructure Final Report on Transport Sector Strategic Plan for EDPRS2 |author-link=Ministry of Infrastructure (Rwanda) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304222432/http://www.minecofin.gov.rw/fileadmin/templates/documents/sector_strategic_plan/Transport__SSP_June_2013.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url=http://www.minecofin.gov.rw/fileadmin/templates/documents/sector_strategic_plan/Transport__SSP_June_2013.pdf |access-date=9 May 2020 |ref={{sfnRef|MININFRA|2013}}
*{{cite web |author=Ministry of Infrastructure (MININFRA), Republic of Rwanda |date=9 August 2017 |title=New Bugesera International Airport construction works kick-off |url=http://mininfra.gov.rw/index.php?id=19&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=248&cHash=77c29a7b4d7453a6824a6e98bf01b943 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221155229/http://mininfra.gov.rw/index.php?id=19&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=248&cHash=77c29a7b4d7453a6824a6e98bf01b943 |archive-date=21 February 2018 |access-date=21 February 2018 |ref={{sfnRef|MININFRA|2017}} |url-status=dead
*{{cite web |author=Ministry of Local Government (MINALOC), Republic of Rwanda |year=2004 |title=Administrative Units |url=http://www.minaloc.gov.rw/index.php?id=450 |access-date=16 November 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|MINALOC|2004}} |archive-date=22 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022061048/http://www.minaloc.gov.rw/index.php?id=450 |url-status=dead
*{{cite web |author=Ministry of Local Government (MINALOC), Republic of Rwanda |date=August 2007 |title=Rwanda Decentralization Strategic Framework |url=http://www.minecofin.gov.rw/webfm_send/2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329024025/http://www.minecofin.gov.rw/webfm_send/2014 |archive-date=29 March 2013 |access-date=19 November 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|MINALOC|2007}}
*{{cite web |author=((Ministry of Sports and Culture, Republic of Rwanda (MINISPOC))) |date=October 2012 |title=Rwanda Sports Development Policy |url=http://minispoc.gov.rw/fileadmin/templates/Documents/rwanda_sports_development_policy.doc |access-date=8 April 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|MINISPOC|2012}} |archive-date=18 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418142520/http://minispoc.gov.rw/fileadmin/templates/Documents/rwanda_sports_development_policy.doc |url-status=live
*{{cite book |first=James |last=Montague |title=Thirty-One Nil: On the Road With Football's Outsiders, A World Cup Odyssey |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |location=London |year=2014 |page=67 |isbn=978-1-4081-5884-5}}
*{{cite web |last1=Mugabe |first1=Bonnie |last2=Kamasa |first2=Peter |date=18 October 2014 |title=Who will win the 2014/15 national football league? |work=The New Times |location=Kigali |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2014-10-18/182075/ |access-date=9 April 2015 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200547/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2014-10-18/182075/ |url-status=live
*{{cite news |last=Mugisha |first=Ivan R |date=3 June 2013 |title=Liquid Telecom acquires Rwandatel assets |work=The New Times |location=Kigali |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2013-06-03/66372/ |access-date=5 October 2015 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200621/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2013-06-03/66372/ |url-status=live
*{{cite news |last=Mugwe |first=David |date=3 June 2013 |title=Liquid Telecom acquires RwandaTel, eyes broadband market |work=The East African |location=Nairobi |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/-/2560/1871140/-/7yluo4z/-/index.html |access-date=5 October 2015 |archive-date=5 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005235301/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/-/2560/1871140/-/7yluo4z/-/index.html |url-status=dead
*{{cite news |last=Mukaaya |first=Eddie |date=28 January 2008 |title=Tourism is Rwanda's biggest foreign exchange earner |work=The New Times |location=Kigali |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2008-01-28/99510/ |access-date=12 November 2015 |archive-date=28 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228001717/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2008-01-28/99510/ |url-status=live
*{{cite news |last=Mukaaya |first=Eddie |date=15 January 2009 |title=Mining industry generated $93 million in 2008 |work=The New Times |location=Kigali |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2009-01-14/6692/ |access-date=12 November 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052150/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2009-01-14/6692/ |url-status=live
*{{cite book |last1=Munyakazi |first1=Augustine |last2=Ntagaramba |first2=Johnson Funga |year=2005 |title=Atlas of Rwanda |language=fr |location=Oxford |publisher=Macmillan Education |isbn=0-333-95451-3}}
*{{cite news |last=Nakayima |first=Lillian |date=23 June 2010 |title=Nkombo Island's Hope for the Future |work=The New Times |location=Kigali |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2010-06-11/20795/ |access-date=16 November 2015 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200718/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2010-06-11/20795/ |url-status=live
*{{cite news |last=Namata |first=Berna |date=28 December 2008 |title=Rwanda to restock water bodies with fisheries |work=The New Times |location=Kigali |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2008-11-02/100564/ |access-date=16 November 2015 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200733/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2008-11-02/100564/ |url-status=live
*{{cite news |last=Nantaba |first=Eriosi |date=18 October 2010 |title=Rwanda services sector boosts GDP |work=East African Business Week |location=Kampala |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201010181360.html |access-date=16 November 2015 |archive-date=19 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019130336/http://allafrica.com/stories/201010181360.html |url-status=live
*{{cite web |author=National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda |date=February 2012 |title=The third Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey (EICV 3) – Main indicators Report |url=http://www.statistics.gov.rw/system/files/user_uploads/files/books/Main%20EICV3%20report.pdf |access-date=19 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120014210/http://www.statistics.gov.rw/system/files/user_uploads/files/books/Main%20EICV3%20report.pdf |archive-date=20 November 2015
*{{cite web |author=National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda |date=January 2014 |title=Fourth Population and Housing Census, Rwanda, 2012—Final Results: Main indicators report |url=http://www.statistics.gov.rw/sites/default/files/user_uploads/files/books/Main%20Indicators%20Report.pdf |access-date=13 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105913/http://www.statistics.gov.rw/sites/default/files/user_uploads/files/books/Main%20Indicators%20Report.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015
*{{cite web |author=National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda |year=2015 |title=Featured indicators |url=http://www.statistics.gov.rw/ |access-date=7 September 2015 |archive-date=8 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408170105/http://www.statistics.gov.rw/ |url-status=live
*{{cite book |last=Ndengeye |first=Joseph |year=2014 |title=Sport and Development Policy in Africa: Results of a Collaborative Study of Selected Country Cases |location=Stellenbosch |publisher=SUN Press |editor-last1=Keim |editor-first1=Marion |editor-last2=de Coning |editor-first2=Christo |chapter=Country Report: Rwanda |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=8jsrAwAAQBAJ}} |isbn=978-1-920689-40-7
*{{cite news |last=Ngarambe |first=Alex |date=21 September 2012 |title=Competition heats up for beer market |work=The EastAfrican |location=Nairobi |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/Rwanda/Business/Competition-heats-up-for-beer-market/-/1433224/1513686/-/cfohfr/-/index.html |access-date=5 November 2015 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208080928/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/Rwanda/Business/Competition-heats-up-for-beer-market/-/1433224/1513686/-/cfohfr/-/index.html |url-status=dead
*{{cite web |last1=Nielsen |first1=Hannah |last2=Spenceley |first2=Anna |date=April 2010 |title=The success of tourism in Rwanda – Gorillas and more |work=African Success Stories Study |publisher=[[World Bank]] & [[SNV Netherlands Development Organisation]] |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/AFRICAEXT/Resources/258643-1271798012256/Tourism_Rwanda.pdf |access-date=16 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320185656/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/AFRICAEXT/Resources/258643-1271798012256/Tourism_Rwanda.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2014 |url-status=dead
*{{cite web |author=Nile Basin Initiative |year=2010 |title=Nile Basin Countries |author-link=Nile Basin Initiative |url=http://www.nilebasin.org/newsite/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=48%3Anbi-country-profiles&catid=35%3Anbi-country-profiles&Itemid=67&lang=en |access-date=16 November 2015 |archive-date=14 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314045831/http://www.nilebasin.org/newsite/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=48%3Anbi-country-profiles&catid=35%3Anbi-country-profiles&Itemid=67&lang=en |url-status=live
*{{cite news |last=Ntambara |first=Paul |date=9 December 2009 |title=Minister Irked By Big Number of Grass-Thatched Houses |work=The New Times |location=Kigali |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2009-12-09/14378/ |access-date=16 November 2015 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200813/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2009-12-09/14378/ |url-status=live
*{{cite journal |last=Nzabuheraheza |first=François Dominicus |year=2005 |title=Milk Production and Hygiene in Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |issn=1684-5374 |volume=5 |issue=2 |url=http://www.ajfand.net/Volume5/No2/commentaryDominicus.html |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=3 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303175423/http://www.ajfand.net/Volume5/No2/commentaryDominicus.html |url-status=live
*{{cite web |author=Office of the Ombudsman, Republic of Rwanda |title=Office of the Ombudsman: Mandate |url=http://www.ombudsman.gov.rw/?Mandate |access-date=19 November 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|Office of the Ombudsman}} |archive-date=6 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806083607/http://ombudsman.gov.rw/?Mandate |url-status=live
*{{cite news |last=Opobo |first=Moses |date=24 May 2015 |title=Digital TV is opening the floodgates of opportunities for local content producers – Watta |work=The New Times |location=Kigali |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2015-05-24/189067/ |access-date=1 October 2015 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010201241/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2015-05-24/189067/ |url-status=live
*{{cite web |author=Organization of African Unity (OAU) |year=2000 |title=Rwanda – The preventable genocide |author-link=Organization of African Unity |work=The Report of International Panel of Eminent Personalities to Investigate the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda and Surrounding Events |url=http://www.aegistrust.org/images/stories/oaureport.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908042110/http://www.aegistrust.org/images/stories/oaureport.pdf |archive-date=8 September 2015 |access-date=16 November 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|OAU|2000}}
*{{cite web |author=Our Africa |title=Rwanda: Climate & Agriculture |url=http://www.our-africa.org/rwanda/climate-agriculture |access-date=5 October 2015 |archive-date=19 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419082943/http://www.our-africa.org/rwanda/climate-agriculture |url-status=live
*{{cite news |author=Panapress |date=4 June 2003 |title=Rwandan Presidents promulgates new constitution |author-link=Panapress |location=Dakar |url=http://www.panapress.com/Rwandan-Presidents-promulgates-new-constitution--13-483712-17-lang1-index.html |access-date=13 November 2015 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010190557/http://www.panapress.com/Rwandan-Presidents-promulgates-new-constitution--13-483712-17-lang1-index.html |url-status=live
*{{cite news |author=Partners In Health |date=20 November 2013 |title=Rwanda Launches Bold Medical Education Partnership |author-link=Partners In Health |location=Boston, Mass. |url=http://www.pih.org/blog/how-rwanda-is-changing-medical-education |access-date=20 August 2015 |archive-date=13 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613005825/http://www.pih.org/blog/how-rwanda-is-changing-medical-education |url-status=dead
*{{cite journal |last1=Percival |first1=Valerie |last2=Homer-Dixon |first2=Thomas |year=1995 |title=Environmental Scarcity and Violent Conflict, The Case of Rwanda |journal=Occasional Paper: Project on Environment, Population and Security |publisher=[[University of Toronto]] |url=http://www.library.utoronto.ca/pcs/eps/rwanda/rwanda1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222154937/http://www.library.utoronto.ca/pcs/eps/rwanda/rwanda1.htm |archive-date=22 February 2012 |access-date=19 November 2015
*{{cite news |last=Porter |first=Andrew |date=7 August 2008 |title=Europe 'ignoring French role in genocide' |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/rwanda/2512776/Europe-ignoring-French-role-in-genocide.html |access-date=12 November 2015 |archive-date=1 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501011325/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/rwanda/2512776/Europe-ignoring-French-role-in-genocide.html |url-status=live
*{{cite book |last=Prunier |first=Gérard |year=1995 |title=The Rwanda Crisis, 1959–1994: History of a Genocide |edition=
*{{cite web |author=Reporters Without Borders |date=14 April 2010 |title=Two leading independent weeklies suspended for six months |author-link=Reporters Without Borders |url=http://en.rsf.org/rwanda-two-leading-independent-weeklies-14-04-2010,37015.html |access-date=16 November 2015 |archive-date=24 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624234654/http://en.rsf.org/rwanda-two-leading-independent-weeklies-14-04-2010%2C37015.html |url-status=live
*{{cite news |work=Reuters |date=16 March 2011 |title=Rwanda completes $95 mln fibre optic network |location=London |url=http://af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFJOE72F07D20110316 |access-date=19 November 2015 |ref={{SfnRef|Reuters|2011}} |archive-date=18 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918134732/http://af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFJOE72F07D20110316 |url-status=dead
*{{cite news |last=Richards |first=Charles |date=24 July 1994 |title=Rwanda: Question Time: How could it happen?: Rebellion, slaughter, exodus, cholera: the catastrophe in Rwanda is beyond our worst imaginings. Who is to blame? Who are the Hutus and Tutsis? Can peace ever be restored? Some answers ... |work=The Independent |location=London |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/rwanda-question-time-how-could-it-happen-rebellion-slaughter-exodus-cholera-the-catastrophe-in-rwanda-is-beyond-our-worst-imaginings-who-is-to-blame-who-are-the-hutus-and-tutsis-can-peace-ever-be-restored-some-answers-1415794.html |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=25 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925195032/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/rwanda-question-time-how-could-it-happen-rebellion-slaughter-exodus-cholera-the-catastrophe-in-rwanda-is-beyond-our-worst-imaginings-who-is-to-blame-who-are-the-hutus-and-tutsis-can-peace-ever-be-restored-some-answers-1415794.html |url-status=live
*{{cite news |last=Robbins |first=Tom |date=9 August 2013 |title=Bumpy ride |work=[[Financial Times]] |location=London |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/6478998a-fe85-11e2-b9b0-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3WiiJ9yMf |access-date=8 April 2015 |archive-date=9 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309122147/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/6478998a-fe85-11e2-b9b0-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3WiiJ9yMf |url-status=live
*{{cite news |last=Rosenberg |first=Tina |date=3 July 2012 |title=In Rwanda, Health Care Coverage That Eludes the U.S. |work=The New York Times |location=New York, N.Y. |url=http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/07/03/rwandas-health-care-miracle/?_r=0 |access-date=19 August 2015 |archive-date=3 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203090417/http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/07/03/rwandas-health-care-miracle/?_r=0 |url-status=live
*{{cite web |author=Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA) |title=Ingoma |author-link=Royal Museum for Central Africa |url=http://music.africamuseum.be/instruments/english/rwanda/ingoma.html |access-date=16 November 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|RMCA}} |archive-date=12 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512191221/http://music.africamuseum.be/instruments/english/rwanda/ingoma.html |url-status=live
*{{cite news |last=Rutayisire |first=Emmanuel |date=16 August 2013 |title=Institutes of higher learning to merge with University of Rwanda |work=The EastAfrican |location=Nairobi |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/Rwanda/News/Institutes-of-higher-learning-to-merge-with-University-of-Rwanda/-/1433218/1956454/-/vclsloz/-/index.html |access-date=7 April 2015 |archive-date=14 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414035406/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/Rwanda/News/Institutes-of-higher-learning-to-merge-with-University-of-Rwanda/-/1433218/1956454/-/vclsloz/-/index.html |url-status=dead
*{{cite web |author=Rwanda Development Board (RDB) (I) |date=7 May 2010 |title=World Environment Day & Kwita Izina |url=http://www.rwandatourism.com/test/contentdetail.php?tbl=press&serial=6&PHPSESSID=f991fb81d778f37460c75c17dcf18eb7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511231521/http://www.rwandatourism.com/test/contentdetail.php?tbl=press&serial=6&PHPSESSID=f991fb81d778f37460c75c17dcf18eb7 |archive-date=11 May 2012 |access-date=19 November 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|RDB (I)|2010}}
*{{cite web |author=Rwanda Development Board (RDB) (II) |title=National Parks |url=http://www.rwandatourism.com/parks.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413220336/http://www.rwandatourism.com/parks.htm |archive-date=13 April 2012 |access-date=23 November 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|RDB (II)}}
*{{cite web |author=Rwanda Development Board (RDB) (III) |title=Akagera National Park |url=http://www.rdb.rw/tourism-and-conservation/where-to-go/akagera-national-park.html |access-date=12 November 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|RDB (III)}} |archive-date=12 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212210927/http://www.rdb.rw/tourism-and-conservation/where-to-go/akagera-national-park.html |url-status=live
*{{cite web |author=[[Rwanda Development Gateway]] |title=National Ballet – Urukerereza |url=http://www.rwandagateway.org/spip.php?article211 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314152054/http://www.rwandagateway.org/spip.php?article211 |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=16 November 2015
*{{cite web |author=Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA) (Chapter 2) |year=2009 |title=Chap II. Population, Health and human settlements |work=Rwanda State of Environment and Outlook Report |url=http://www.rema.gov.rw/soe/chap2.php |access-date=19 November 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|REMA (Chapter 2)|2009}} |archive-date=11 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911104316/http://www.rema.gov.rw/soe/chap2.php |url-status=live
*{{cite web |author=Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA) (Chapter 5) |year=2009 |title=Chap V. Biodiversity and Genetic Resources |work=Rwanda State of Environment and Outlook Report |url=http://www.rema.gov.rw/soe/chap5.php |access-date=19 November 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|REMA (Chapter 5)|2009}} |archive-date=11 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911104855/http://www.rema.gov.rw/soe/chap5.php |url-status=live
*{{cite web |author=Rwanda Governance Board |title=Umuganda |url=http://www.rgb.rw/governance-innovations/umuganda/ |access-date=8 September 2015 |archive-date=20 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020232922/http://www.rgb.rw/governance-innovations/umuganda/ |url-status=live
*{{cite web |author=Rwanda Utilities Regulatory Authority (RURA) |date=December 2011 |title=Statistics and tariff information in telecom sector as of December 2011 |url=http://www.rura.rw/fileadmin/docs/statistics/STATISTICS_IN_TELECOM_DECEMBER_2011.pdf |access-date=5 October 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|RURA|2011}} |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010191307/http://www.rura.rw/fileadmin/docs/statistics/STATISTICS_IN_TELECOM_DECEMBER_2011.pdf |url-status=live
*{{cite web |author=Rwanda Utilities Regulatory Authority (RURA) |date=June 2015 |title=Statistics and tariff information in telecom sector as of June 2015 |url=http://www.rura.rw/fileadmin/docs/Statistics_report_2nd_quarter___2015_to_publish.pdf |access-date=5 October 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|RURA|2015}} |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054712/http://www.rura.rw/fileadmin/docs/Statistics_report_2nd_quarter___2015_to_publish.pdf |url-status=live
*{{cite journal |last1=Samuelson |first1=Beth Lewis |last2=Freedman |first2=Sarah Warshauer |year=2010 |title=Language policy, multilingual education, and power in Rwanda |journal=Language Policy |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=191–215 |doi=10.1007/s10993-010-9170-7 |url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/64s4k0nx |doi-access=free |access-date=20 April 2018 |archive-date=21 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421232804/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/64s4k0nx |url-status=live
*{{cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesr/rwanchamp.html |title=Rwanda – List of Champions |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation |first=Hans |last=Schöggl |date=1 October 2015 |access-date=10 October 2015 |archive-date=1 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801232014/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesr/rwanchamp.html |url-status=live
*{{cite news |last=Senelwa |first=Kennedy |date=25 July 2015 |title=Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania plan joint railway project |work=The East African |location=Nairobi |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Rwanda--Burundi--Tanzania-plan-joint-railway-project-/-/2560/2808498/-/126heks/-/index.html |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208044304/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Rwanda--Burundi--Tanzania-plan-joint-railway-project-/-/2560/2808498/-/126heks/-/index.html |url-status=dead
*{{cite web |last=Shyaka |first=Anastase |title=The Rwandan Conflict: Origin, Development, Exit Strategies |publisher=National Unity and Reconciliation Commission, Republic of Rwanda |url=http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/4746/3833.pdf?sequence=1 |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=29 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229111858/http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/4746/3833.pdf?sequence=1 |url-status=live
*{{cite news |last=Smith |first=David |date=28 June 2015 |title=Lions to be reintroduced to Rwanda after 15-year absence following genocide |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/28/rwanda-lions-reintroduced-south-africa-akagera-national-park |access-date=4 November 2015 |location=London |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215022746/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/28/rwanda-lions-reintroduced-south-africa-akagera-national-park |url-status=live
*{{cite web |author=Southern Province |title=Governor |author-link=Southern Province, Rwanda |url=http://www.southernprovince.gov.rw/spip.php?article88 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304022050/http://www.southernprovince.gov.rw/spip.php?article88 |archive-date=4 March 2012 |access-date=16 November 2015
*{{cite book |last=Gmünder |first=Bruno |title=Spartacus International Gay Guide 2007 |year=2007 |publisher=[[Bruno Gmunder Verlag]] |location=Berlin}}
*{{cite web |author=Strategic Foresight Group |year=2013 |title=Blue Peace for the Nile |author-link=Strategic Foresight Group |url=http://www.strategicforesight.com/publication_pdf/84153Blue%20Peace%20for%20the%20Nile.pdf |access-date=4 November 2015 |archive-date=26 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226155440/http://www.strategicforesight.com/publication_pdf/84153Blue%20Peace%20for%20the%20Nile.pdf |url-status=live
*{{cite book |last=Straus |first=Scott |year=2013 |title=The Order of Genocide: race, power, and war in Rwanda |location=Ithaca,
*{{cite book |last=Streissguth |first=Thomas |year=2007 |title=Rwanda in Pictures |location=Minneapolis, Minn. |publisher=Twenty-First Century Books |isbn=978-0-8225-8570-1 |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=Rfjw_5JL0DsC}}
*{{cite news |last=Southwood |first=Russell |date=19 October 2013 |title=What is Liquid Telecom upto after buying Rwandatel? |work=The East African |location=Nairobi |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/What-is-Liquid-Telecom-upto-after-buying-Rwandatel/-/2558/2039320/-/7ret1/-/index.html |access-date=5 October 2015 |archive-date=5 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005213948/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/What-is-Liquid-Telecom-upto-after-buying-Rwandatel/-/2558/2039320/-/7ret1/-/index.html |url-status=dead
*{{cite web |author=Stanford University Swahili Department |title=Where Swahili is Spoken |author-link=Stanford University |url=http://swahililanguage.stanford.edu/where%20swahili%20is%20spoken.html |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-date=23 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123151447/http://swahililanguage.stanford.edu/where%20swahili%20is%20spoken.html |url-status=live
*{{cite news |last=Tabaro |first=Jean de la Croix |date=21 January 2015 |title=Rwanda Introduces Kiswahili in Curriculum |work=KT Press |location=London |url=http://ktpress.rw/rwanda-introduces-kiswahili-in-curriculum-755/ |access-date=29 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208161509/http://ktpress.rw/rwanda-introduces-kiswahili-in-curriculum-755/ |archive-date=8 December 2015
*{{cite news |last=Tancott |first=Glen |date=30 June 2014 |title=Northern corridor |work=Transport World Africa |location=Johannesburg |url=http://www.transportworldafrica.co.za/2014/06/30/northern-corridor/ |access-date=26 October 2015 |archive-date=13 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813111853/http://www.transportworldafrica.co.za/2014/06/30/northern-corridor/ |url-status=live
*{{cite journal |last=Tedrow |first=Riley |date=2015 |title=A survey of the praying mantises of Rwanda, including new records (Insecta, Mantodea) |journal=Zootaxa |volume=4027 |issue=1 |pages=67–100 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4027.1.3 |pmid=26624167 |url=http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A106E756-1D48-4034-9A40-9C1818A9DE54 |access-date=25 August 2017 |archive-date=28 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328004757/http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A106E756-1D48-4034-9A40-9C1818A9DE54 |url-status=live
*{{cite news |author=The New Times |date=13 June 2015 |title=VIDEO: The lions are now free to stroll Akagera Park |location=Kigali |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2015-07-28/191018/ |access-date=4 November 2015 |archive-date=11 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711200428/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2015-07-28/191018 |url-status=live
*{{cite web |author=Transparency International |year=2014 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2014 Results |author-link=Transparency International |url=http://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results |access-date=30 August 2015 |archive-date=3 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203043047/http://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results |url-status=live
*{{cite news |last=Tumwebaze |first=Peterson |title=Coffee export revenue drops by 5% during 2015/16 FY |date=21 July 2016 |newspaper=The New Times Rwanda |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2016-07-21/201892/ |access-date=23 December 2016 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010190443/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2016-07-21/201892/ |url-status=live
*{{cite news |last=Tumwebaze |first=Peterson |date=13 June 2015 |title=Kamembe airport reopens to flights |work=The New Times |location=Kigali |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2015-06-13/189683/ |access-date=26 October 2015 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010201321/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2015-06-13/189683/ |url-status=live
*{{cite news |last=Umutesi |first=Doreen |date=18 March 2015 |title=Rwandans urged to embrace rain water harvesting |work=The New Times |location=Kigali |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2015-03-18/187003/ |access-date=10 October 2015 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010201654/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2015-03-18/187003/ |url-status=live
*{{cite web |author=United Nations (I) |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Member States |url=http://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=12 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412154940/http://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml |url-status=live
*{{cite web |author=United Nations (II) |author-link=United Nations |title=International Trusteeship System |url=http://www.un.org/en/decolonization/its.shtml |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=12 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412173643/http://www.un.org/en/decolonization/its.shtml |url-status=live
*{{cite web |author=United Nations (III) |author-link=United Nations |title=Trust and Non-Self-Governing Territories (1945–1999) |url=http://www.un.org/en/decolonization/nonselfgov.shtml |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=26 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326220728/https://www.un.org/en/decolonization/nonselfgov.shtml |url-status=live
*{{cite web |author=United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (I) |year=2010 |title=Human Development Index Trends, 1980–2010 |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Table2.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401190207/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Table2.pdf |archive-date=1 April 2012 |access-date=19 November 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|UNDP (I)|2010}}
*{{cite web |author=United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (II) |year=2015 |title=Millennium Development Goal 4: Reduce child mortality |url=http://www.rw.undp.org/content/rwanda/en/home/mdgoverview/overview/mdg4/ |access-date=20 August 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|UNDP (II)|2015}} |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915063425/http://www.rw.undp.org/content/rwanda/en/home/mdgoverview/overview/mdg4/ |archive-date=15 September 2015
*{{cite web |author=United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (III) |year=2015 |title=Millennium Development Goal 5: Improve maternal health |url=http://www.rw.undp.org/content/rwanda/en/home/mdgoverview/overview/mdg5/ |access-date=20 August 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|UNDP (III)|2015}} |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915024952/http://www.rw.undp.org/content/rwanda/en/home/mdgoverview/overview/mdg5/ |archive-date=15 September 2015
*{{cite web |author=United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (IV) |year=2015 |title=Millennium Development Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases |url=http://www.rw.undp.org/content/rwanda/en/home/mdgoverview/overview/mdg6/ |access-date=20 August 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|UNDP (IV)|2015}} |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915021048/http://www.rw.undp.org/content/rwanda/en/home/mdgoverview/overview/mdg6/ |archive-date=15 September 2015
*{{cite web |author=United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (V) |year=2013 |title=Human Development Report 2013: Rwanda |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/RWA.pdf |access-date=31 August 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|UNDP (V)|2013}} |archive-date=18 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018043727/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/RWA.pdf |url-status=live
*{{cite web |author=United States Agency for International Development (USAID) (I) |year=2008 |title=Rwanda: Water and Sanitation Profile |author-link=USAID |url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADO938.pdf |access-date=19 November 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|USAID (I)|2008}} |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029123859/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADO938.pdf |url-status=live
*{{cite web |author=United States Agency for International Development (USAID) (II) |date=8 December 2014 |title=Health Insurance Expands Care For Rwanda's Poorest |author-link=USAID |url=https://www.usaid.gov/results-data/success-stories/community-based-health-insurance-expanding-care-rwanda%E2%80%99s-poorest |access-date=10 October 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|USAID (II)|2014}} |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112040/https://www.usaid.gov/results-data/success-stories/community-based-health-insurance-expanding-care-rwanda%E2%80%99s-poorest |archive-date=4 March 2016
*{{cite web |author=United States Agency for International Development (USAID) (III) |year=2015 |title=Rwanda: Global Health |author-link=USAID |url=https://www.usaid.gov/rwanda/global-health |access-date=19 August 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|USAID (III)|2015}} |archive-date=14 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814015120/https://www.usaid.gov/rwanda/global-health |url-status=live
*{{cite web |author=United States Department of State |year=2004 |title=Background Note: Rwanda |work=Background Notes |author-link=United States Department of State |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/rwanda/40249.htm |access-date=12 November 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|U.S. Department of State|2004}} |archive-date=28 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328004856/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/rwanda/40249.htm |url-status=live
*{{cite web |title=Rwands 2016 Human Rights Report |year=2016 |publisher=U.S. Department of State's Country Reports on Human Rights Practices |url=https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/265502.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307090346/https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/265502.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 March 2017 |access-date=29 May 2018 |ref={{sfnRef|U.S. Department of State|2016}}
*{{cite web |author=Université Laval |year=2010 |title=Rwanda: Aménagement linguistique dans le monde |language=fr |url=http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/AXL/afrique/rwanda.htm |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=29 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329111806/http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/afrique/rwanda.htm |url-status=live
*{{cite web |author=Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) |date=25 March 2008 |title=Batwa |author-link=UNPO |url=http://www.unpo.org/members/7861 |access-date=19 November 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|UNPO|2008}} |archive-date=2 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402134444/http://unpo.org/members/7861 |url-status=dead
*{{cite news |author=USA Today |date=29 October 2008 |title=Congolese army claims attack by Rwandan troops |author-link=USA Today |location=Tysons Corner,
*{{cite news |last=Walker |first=Robert |date=30 March 2004 |title=Rwanda still searching for justice |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3557753.stm |publisher=[[BBC News]] |access-date=16 November 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|Walker|March 2004}} |archive-date=26 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070826050047/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3557753.stm |url-status=live
*{{cite news |last=Walker |first=Robert |date=1 April 2004 |title=Rwanda's religious reflections |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3561365.stm |publisher=[[BBC News]] |access-date=16 November 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|Walker|April 2004}} |archive-date=1 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601123402/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3561365.stm |url-status=live
*{{cite web |author=Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) |title=Birds endemic to the Albertine Rift |work=Albertine Rift Programme |author-link=Wildlife Conservation Society |url=http://www.albertinerift.org/portals/49/media/file/endemicbirds.PDF |access-date=16 November 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|WCS}} |archive-date=24 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624212609/http://www.albertinerift.org/portals/49/media/file/endemicbirds.PDF |url-status=live
*{{cite web |last=Willgoss |first=Graham |date=30 October 2014 |title=Tour de Second Chance |work=Sport Magazine |issue=378 |url=http://www.sport-magazine.co.uk/features/tour-de-second-chance |access-date=8 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150408122959/http://www.sport-magazine.co.uk/features/tour-de-second-chance |archive-date=8 April 2015
*{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Timothy P. |
*{{cite book |last1=Watson |first1=Graeme |last2=Renzi |first2=Barbara Gabriella |last3=Viggiani |first3=Elisabetta |year=2010 |title=Friends and Foes Volume II: Friendship and Conflict from Social and Political Perspectives |location=Newcastle upon Tyne |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-1993-0 |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=L0MaBwAAQBAJ}}
*{{cite book |last1=Wiredu |first1=Kwasi |last2=Abraham |first2=William E. |last3=Irele |first3=Abiola |last4=Menkiti |first4=Ifeanyi |year=2006 |title=A companion to African philosophy |location=Malden,
*{{cite web |author=World Bank (I) |title=Rwanda |author-link=World Bank |url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/rwanda |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403142412/http://data.worldbank.org/country/rwanda |archive-date=3 April 2012 |access-date=23 November 2015
*{{cite web |author=World Bank (II) |title=Internet users (per 100 people), graph |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.USER.P2/countries/RW?display=graph |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=8 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408164537/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.USER.P2/countries/RW?display=graph |url-status=live
*{{cite web |author=World Bank (III) |title=School enrollment, tertiary (% gross), graph |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.TER.ENRR/countries/RW?display=graph |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=8 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408203944/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.TER.ENRR/countries/RW?display=graph |url-status=live
*{{cite web |author=World Bank (IV) |title=Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT?page=3 |access-date=27 July 2015 |archive-date=14 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224346/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT?page=3 |url-status=live
*{{cite web |author=World Bank (V) |title=Health expenditure, public (% of GDP), 2010–2014 |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.PUBL.ZS |access-date=19 August 2015 |archive-date=27 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227163701/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.PUBL.ZS |url-status=live
*{{cite web |author=World Bank (VI) |title=Health expenditure, public (% of GDP), 1995–1999 |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.PUBL.ZS |access-date=19 August 2015 |archive-date=27 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227163701/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.PUBL.ZS |url-status=live
*{{cite web |author=World Bank (VII) |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years), graph |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN/countries/RW?display=graph |access-date=19 August 2015 |archive-date=8 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408225203/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN/countries/RW?display=graph |url-status=live
*{{cite web |author=World Bank (VIII) |title=Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births), graph |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT/countries/RW?display=graph |access-date=19 August 2015 |archive-date=8 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408181803/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT/countries/RW?display=graph |url-status=live
*{{cite web |author=World Bank (IX) |title=Incidence of tuberculosis (per 100,000 people), graph |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.TBS.INCD/countries/RW?display=graph |access-date=19 August 2015 |archive-date=9 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409005437/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.TBS.INCD/countries/RW?display=graph |url-status=live
*{{cite web |author=World Bank (X) |title=GDP (current US$), graph |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD/countries/RW?display=graph |access-date=19 August 2015 |archive-date=28 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628122353/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD/countries/RW?display=graph |url-status=live
*{{cite web |author=World Bank (XI) |title=International tourism, number of arrivals, graph |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ST.INT.ARVL/countries/RW?display=graph |access-date=19 August 2015 |archive-date=8 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408171020/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ST.INT.ARVL/countries/RW?display=graph |url-status=live
*{{cite web |author=World Bank (XII) |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=RW |access-date=12 May 2019 |archive-date=12 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512101547/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI%3Flocations%3DRW |url-status=live
*{{cite web |author=World Bank (XIII) |title=Access to electricity (% of population) |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS/countries/RW?display=graph |access-date=13 November 2015 |archive-date=8 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408203836/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS/countries/RW?display=graph |url-status=live
*{{cite book |author=World Health Organization (WHO) |year=2015 |title=WHO Country Cooperation Strategy at a glance: Rwanda |author-link=World Health Organization |url=https://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccsbrief_rwa_en.pdf |ref={{sfnRef|WHO|2015}} |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130755/http://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccsbrief_rwa_en.pdf |url-status=dead
*{{cite journal |author=World Health Organization (WHO) |year=2008 |title=Sharing the burden of sickness: mutual health insurance in Rwanda |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |issn=0042-9686 |volume=86 |issue=11 |pages=817–908 |url=https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/11/08-021108/en/index.html |ref={{sfnRef|WHO|2008}} |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=25 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025225716/http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/11/08-021108/en/index.html |url-status=dead
*{{cite web |author=World Meteorological Organization |title=World Weather Information Service – Kigali |author-link=World Meteorological Organization |url=http://worldweather.wmo.int/127/c00254.htm |access-date=12 November 2015 |archive-date=20 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120002348/http://worldweather.wmo.int/127/c00254.htm |url-status=live
*{{cite web |author=World Resources Institute (WRI) |year=2006 |title=Agriculture and Food: Country profile – Rwanda |work=EarthTrends: The Environmental Information Portal |author-link=World Resources Institute |url=http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/agriculture-food/country-profile-153.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402134313/http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/agriculture-food/country-profile-153.html |archive-date=2 April 2012 |access-date=16 November 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|WRI|2006}}
*{{cite web |author=World Resources Report |year=2011 |title=Maintenance of Hydropower Potential in Rwanda Through Ecosystem Restoration |url=http://www.worldresourcesreport.org/files/wrr/WRR%20Case%20Study_Ecosystem%20Restoration%20and%20Hydropower%20in%20Rwanda_0.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324153346/http://www.worldresourcesreport.org/files/wrr/WRR%20Case%20Study_Ecosystem%20Restoration%20and%20Hydropower%20in%20Rwanda_0.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2012 |access-date=16 November 2015
*{{cite web |author=World Trade Organization (WTO) |date=30 September 2004 |title=Continued reforms and technical assistance should help Rwanda in its efforts to achieve a dynamic economy |work=Trade policy review: Rwanda |author-link=World Trade Organization |url=http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp236_e.htm |access-date=16 November 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|WTO|2004}} |archive-date=2 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002011128/http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp236_e.htm |url-status=live
*{{cite web |author=World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) |year=2001 |title=Terrestrial Ecoregions: Albertine Rift montane forests (AT0101) |author-link=World Wide Fund for Nature |url=https://secure.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/at/at0101_full.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041222014550/https://secure.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/at/at0101_full.html |archive-date=22 December 2004 |access-date=16 November 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|WWF|2001}}
*{{cite news |author=Xinhua News Agency |date=26 August 2015 |title=Rwanda deplores French decision on case of genocide suspect |author-link=Xinhua News Agency |location=Beijing |url=http://www.globalpost.com/article/6636570/2015/08/26/rwanda-deplores-french-decision-case-genocide-suspect |access-date=30 October 2015 |archive-date=2 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302133257/http://www.globalpost.com/article/6636570/2015/08/26/rwanda-deplores-french-decision-case-genocide-suspect |url-status=live
{{refend}}
== External links ==
'''Government''':
*[http://www.gov.rw/ The Republic of Rwanda] (official government site)
Line 559 ⟶ 562:
*[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/rwanda/ Rwanda]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14093238 Rwanda profile] from the [[BBC News]]
*{{cite web |title=Rwanda Convention Bureau |date=18 October 2019 |url=https://www.micemag.com/rwanda-convention-bureau/}}
*{{GovPubs|Rwanda}}
*{{Curlie|Regional/Africa/Rwanda}}
Line 577 ⟶ 580:
{{Commonwealth of Nations}}
}}
{{Authority control}}
{{
[[Category:Rwanda| ]]
|