Rwanda: Difference between revisions

{{Shortshort description|Country in Central Africa}}

{{Redirectredirect|Ruanda}}

{{Pppp-move|small=yes}}

| conventional_long_name = Republic of Rwanda

| common_name = Rwanda

| native_name = {{nowrap|{{native name|rw|Repubulika y'u Rwanda}}<br />{{native name|fr|République du Rwanda}}<br />{{native name|sw|Jamhuri ya Rwanda}}}}

| image_flag = Flag of Rwanda.svg

| alt_flag = The flag of Rwanda: blue, yellow and green stripes with a yellow sun in top right corner

| image_coat = Coat of arms of Rwanda.svg

| alt_coat = The seal of Rwanda: central tribal devices, surmounted on a cog wheel and encircled by a square knot

| Coat of arms =

| national_motto = "Ubumwe, Umurimo, Gukunda Igihugu" <br />(English: "Unity, Work, Patriotism")<br />(French: "Unité, Travail, Patriotisme")<br />(Swahili: "Umoja, Kazi, Uzalendo")

| national_anthem = "{{lang|rw|[[Rwanda Nziza]]|italic=no}}"<br />({{Langlang-en|"Beautiful Rwanda"}})<br /><div style="position: relative; top:0.2em;">{{center|[[File:Hymne National du Rwanda.ogg]]}}</div>

| image_map = Location Rwanda AU Africa.svg

| alt_map =

| map_caption = {{map caption |countryprefix= |location_color=dark blue |region=[[Africa]] |region_color=light blue}}

| image_map2 =

| capital = [[Kigali]]

| coordinates = {{Coordcoord|1|56|38|S|30|3|34|E|type:city_region:RW-01|display=inline}}

| largest_city = Kigali

| official_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Kinyarwanda]] |[[English language|English]] | <!--PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE FRENCH WITHOUT DISCUSSION ON THE TALK PAGE--> |[[Belgian French|French]] |[[English language|English]] |[[Swahili language|Swahili]]}}

| ethnic_groups = {{ublist | = {{Treetree list}}

**14% [[Tutsi]]

**1% [[Great Lakes Twa|Twa]]

| leader_title1leader_name1 = [[List of Presidents of Rwanda|President = [[Paul Kagame]]

| leader_name1leader_title2 = [[PaulPrime Minister of Rwanda|Prime KagameMinister]]

| leader_title2leader_name2 = [[Prime Minister of Rwanda|Prime Minister = [[Édouard Ngirente]]

| leader_name2legislature = [[ÉdouardParliament of NgirenteRwanda|Parliament]]

| legislatureupper_house = [[Parliament ofSenate (Rwanda)|Inteko Ishinga AmategekoSenate]]

| upper_houselower_house = {{nowrap|[[SenateChamber of Deputies (Rwanda)|SenaChamber of Deputies]]}}

| lower_housesovereignty_type = {{nowrap|[[ChamberHistory of Deputies (Rwanda)|Umutwe W'AbadepiteFormation]]}}

| sovereignty_typeestablished_event1 = [[HistoryKingdom of Rwanda|Formation]]

| established_date8area_km2 = 26 May 2003 = 26,338

| area_rankarea_sq_mi = 144th10,169 <!--Do Areanot rankremove should matchper [[List of countries and dependencies by areaWP:MOSNUM]] -->

| area_sq_mipercent_water = 10,169 <!--Do not remove per= [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->5.3

| GDP_PPP_yearGDP_PPP_rank = 2023139th

| GDP_nominal_yearGDP_nominal_rank = 2023129th

| Gini = 43.7 <!--number only-->

| Gini_year = 2016

| Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady-->

| Gini_ref = {{sfn|World Bank (XII)}}

| Gini_rank =

| HDI = 0.534548 <!--number only-->

| HDI_year = 20212022<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year-->

| HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady-->|

| HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=https://hdr.undp.org/systemsites/default/files/documents/global2023-report-document24_HDR/hdr2021HDR23-22pdf_124_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.pdf xlsx|title=Human Development Report 20212023/2022 |language=en24 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |date=813 September 2022March 2024|access-date=8 September22 2022March 2023|archive-date=819 September 2022March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2022090811423220240319085123/httphttps://hdr.undp.org/systemsites/default/files/documents/global2023-report-document24_HDR/hdr2021HDR23-22pdf_124_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.pdf xlsx|url-status=live }}</ref>

| HDI_rank = 165th161st

| currency = [[Rwandan franc]]

| currency_code = RWF

| time_zone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]]

| utc_offset = +2

| date_format = dd/mm/yyyy

| drives_on = right

| calling_code = [[+250]]

| cctld = [[.rw]]

| religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;

|1.0% other<ref>{{Citecite web |url=http://globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/rwanda#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2016 |title=Religions in Rwanda &#124; PEW-GRF |website=globalreligiousfutures.org |access-date=23 May 2021 |archive-date=23 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523001751/http://globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/rwanda#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

Rwanda's economy is based mostly on [[subsistence agriculture]]. [[Coffee]] and [[tea]] are the major [[cash crop]]s in Rwandathat toit exportexports. [[Tourism in Rwanda|Tourism]] is a fast-growing sector and is now the country's leading foreign exchange earner. The country is a member of the [[African Union]], the [[United Nations]], the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] (one of few member states that does not have any historical links with the [[British Empire]]), [[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa|COMESA]], [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|OIF]] and the [[East African Community]].

{{Mainmain|History of Rwanda|German East Africa|Ruanda-Urundi}}

Belgium continued to rule [[Ruanda-Urundi]] (of which Rwanda formed the northern part) as a [[United Nations trust territories|UN trust territory]] after the [[Second World War]], with a mandate to oversee eventual [[Decolonisation of Africa|independence]].{{sfn|United Nations (II)}}{{sfn|United Nations (III)}} Tensions escalated between the Tutsi, who favoured early independence, and the Hutu emancipation movement, culminating in the 1959 [[Rwandan Revolution]]: Hutu activists began killing Tutsi and destroying their houses,{{sfn|Linden|Linden|1977|p=267}} forcing more than 100,000 people to seek refuge in neighbouring countries.{{sfn|Gourevitch|2000|pp=58–59}}{{sfn|Prunier|1995|p=51}} In 1961, the suddenly pro-Hutu Belgians held [[1961 Rwandan monarchy referendum|a referendum]] in which the country voted to abolish the monarchy. Rwanda was separated from Burundi and gained independence on 1 July 1962,{{sfn|Prunier|1995|p=53}} which is commemorated as Independence Day, a national holiday.<ref>{{Citecite news |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/independence-day-did-rwanda-really-gain-independence-july-1-1962 |title=Independence Day: Did Rwanda really gain independence on July 1, 1962? |last=Karuhanga |first=James |date=30 June 2018 |work=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]] |access-date=1 July 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630010535/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/independence-day-did-rwanda-really-gain-independence-july-1-1962 |archive-date=30 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Cycles of violence followed, with exiled Tutsi attacking from neighbouring countries and the Hutu retaliating with large-scale slaughter and repression of the Tutsi.{{sfn|Prunier|1995|p=56}} In 1973, [[Juvénal Habyarimana]] took power in [[1973 Rwandan coup d'état|a military coup]]. Pro-Hutu discrimination continued, but there was greater economic prosperity and a reduced amount of violence against Tutsi.{{sfn|Prunier|1995|pp=74–76}} The Twa remained marginalised, and by 1990 were almost entirely forced out of the forests by the government; many became beggars.{{sfn|UNPO|2008|loc=History}} Rwanda's population had increased from 1.6&nbsp;million people in 1934 to 7.1&nbsp;million in 1989, leading to competition for land.{{sfn|Prunier|1995|p=4}}

In 2009, Rwanda joined the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] although the country haswas never been part of the [[British Empire]].

{{Mainmain|Politics of Rwanda|Foreign relations of Rwanda|Rwanda Defence Force}}

Rwanda is a ''[[de facto]]'' [[one-party state]]<ref name="Yale University Press"/><ref name="The Conversation"/><ref name="Handbook of Restorative Justice"/><ref name="auto"/><ref name="University of Chicago Press"/><ref name="jstor.org"/> ruled by the [[Rwandan Patriotic Front]] (RPF) and its leader [[Paul Kagame]] continuously since the end of the civil war in 1994.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stroh |first1=Alexander |title=Electoral rules of the authoritarian game: undemocratic effects of proportional representation in Rwanda |journal=Journal of Eastern African Studies |date=2010 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1080/17531050903550066|s2cid=154910536 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Matfess |first1=Hilary |title=Rwanda and Ethiopia: Developmental Authoritarianism and the New Politics of African Strong Men |journal=African Studies Review |date=2015 |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=181–204 |doi=10.1017/asr.2015.43|s2cid=143013060 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Although Rwanda is nominally democratic, elections are manipulated in various ways, which include banning opposition parties, arresting or assassinating critics, and [[electoral fraud]].<ref>{{cite book |last1last=Waldorf |first1first=Lars |editor1editor-last=Themnér |editor1editor-first=Anders |title=Warlord Democrats in Africa: Ex-Military Leaders and Electoral Politics |date=2017 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic / [[Nordic Africa Institute]] |isbn=978-1-78360-248-3 |url=http://files.webb.uu.se/uploader/1576/Warlord-Democrats-in-Africa.pdf#page=79 |language=en |chapter=The Apotheosis of a Warlord: Paul Kagame |access-date=27 September 2023 |archive-date=27 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127084243/http://files.webb.uu.se/uploader/1576/Warlord-Democrats-in-Africa.pdf#page=79 |url-status=live}}</ref> The RPF is a Tutsi-dominated party but receives support from other communities as well.{{sfn|Clark|2010}}

Rwanda has low corruption levels relative to most other African countries; in 2014, [[Transparency International]] ranked Rwanda as the fifth-cleanest out of 47 countries in [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] and 55th-cleanest out of 175 in the world.{{sfn|Transparency International|2014}}{{sfn|Agutamba|2014}} The constitution provides for an [[ombudsman]], whose duties include prevention and fighting of corruption.{{sfn|CJCR|2003|loc=article 182}}{{sfn|Office of the Ombudsman}} Public officials (including the president) are required by the constitution to declare their wealth to the ombudsman and to the public; those who do not comply are suspended from office.{{sfn|Asiimwe|2011}} Despite this, Human Rights Watch notes extensive political repression throughout the country, including illegal and arbitrary detention, threats or other forms of intimidation, disappearances, politically motivated trials, and the massacre of peacefully protesting civilians.<ref name=Roth>{{cite book |last1=Roth |first1=Kenneth |title=Rwanda Events of 2019 |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2020/country-chapters/rwanda |publisher=Human Rights Watch |date=10 December 2019 |access-date=4 April 2022 |archive-date=14 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414062456/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2020/country-chapters/rwanda |url-status=live }}</ref>

Rwanda is a member of the [[United Nations]],{{sfn|United Nations (I)}} [[African Union]], [[La Francophonie|Francophonie]],{{sfn|Francophonie}} [[East African Community]],{{sfn|Grainger|2007}} and the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].{{sfn|Fletcher|2009}} For many years during the Habyarimana regime, the country maintained close ties with France, as well as Belgium, the former colonial power.{{sfn|Prunier|1995|p=89}} Under the RPF government, however, Rwanda has sought closer ties with neighbouring countries in the East African Community and with the English-speaking world. Diplomatic relations with France were suspended in 2006 following the indictment of Rwandan officials by a French judge,{{sfn|Porter|2008}} and despite their restoration in 2010, {{As of|2015|lc=y}} relations between the countries remain strained.{{sfn|Xinhua News Agency|2015}} Relations with the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] were tense following Rwanda's involvement in the [[First Congo War|First]] and [[Second Congo War]]s;{{sfn|BBC News (V)|2010}} the Congolese army alleged Rwandan attacks on their troops, while Rwanda blamed the Congolese government for failing to suppress Hutu rebels in [[North Kivu|North]] and [[South Kivu]] provinces.{{sfn|USA Today|2008}}{{sfn|Al Jazeera|2007}} In 2010, the United Nations released a report accusing the Rwandan army of committing wide scale human rights violations and crimes against humanity in the Democratic Republic of the Congo during the [[First Congo War|First]] and [[Second Congo War]]s, charges denied by the Rwandan government.{{sfn|McGreal|2010}} Relations soured further in 2012, as Kinshasa accused Rwanda of supporting the [[M23 rebellion]], an insurgency in the eastern Congo.{{sfn|BBC News (X)|2012}} {{As of|2015}}, peace has been restored and relations are improving.{{sfn|Agence Africaine de Presse|2015}}

Rwanda's relationship with [[Uganda]] was also tense for much of the 2000s following a 1999 clash between the two countries' armies as they backed opposing rebel groups in the Second Congo War,{{sfn|Heuler|2011}} but improved significantly in the early 2010s.{{sfn|BBC News (VI)|2011}}{{sfn|Maboja|2015}} In 2019, relations between the two countries deteriorated, with Rwanda closing its borders with Uganda.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-03-08/why-a-closed-border-has-uganda-rwanda-at-loggerheads-quicktake |title=Why a Closed Border Has Uganda, Rwanda at Loggerheads |first=David |last=Malingha |publisher=Bloomberg |date=8 March 2019 |access-date=9 March 2020 |archive-date=20 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420234647/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-03-08/why-a-closed-border-has-uganda-rwanda-at-loggerheads-quicktake |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-21/uganda-rwanda-hold-talks-on-security-concerns-reopening-border |title=Uganda, Rwanda Hold Talks On Security Concerns, Reopening Border |first1=Saul |last1=Butera |first2=Fred |last2=Ojambo |publisher=Bloomberg |date=21 February 2020 |access-date=9 March 2020 |archive-date=6 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306072656/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-21/uganda-rwanda-hold-talks-on-security-concerns-reopening-border |url-status=live}}</ref>

Before western colonization, the Rwandan government system had a quasi-system of political pluralism and power sharing. {{sfn|OAU|2000|p=14}} Despite there being a strict hierarchy, the pre-colonial system achieved an established, combined system of "centralized power and decentralized autonomous units." Under the monarch, the elected Chief governed a province that was divided into multiple districts. Two other officials appointed by head Chief governed the districts; one official was allocated power over the land while the other oversaw cattle. The [[List of kings of Rwanda|king]] ({{lang|rw|mwami}}) exercised control through a system of provinces, districts, hills, and neighbourhoods.{{sfn|Melvern|2004|p=5}}

Similarly, the white rhino population is growing in Rwanda. In 2021, Rwanda received 30 white rhinos from South Africa with the goal of Akagera being a safe breeding ground for the near-threatened species.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/29/white-rhinos-flown-from-south-africa-to-rwanda-in-largest-single-translocation |title=White rhinos flown from South Africa to Rwanda in largest single translocation |date=29 November 2021 |website=The Guardian |access-date=17 December 2022 |archive-date=17 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217212033/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/29/white-rhinos-flown-from-south-africa-to-rwanda-in-largest-single-translocation |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/11/30/1060057463/rhinos-translocation-move-white-rwanda-south-africa |title=Conservationists flew 30 white rhinos to Rwanda in a huge operation to protect them |first=Joe |last=Hernandez |date=30 November 2021 |via=NPR |access-date=17 December 2022 |archive-date=17 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217212031/https://www.npr.org/2021/11/30/1060057463/rhinos-translocation-move-white-rwanda-south-africa |url-status=live }}</ref>

There are 670 [[List of birds of Rwanda|bird species in Rwanda]], with variation between the east and the west.{{sfn|King|2007|p=15}} Nyungwe Forest, in the west, has 280 recorded species, of which 26 are endemic to the Albertine Rift;{{sfn|King|2007|p=15}} endemic species include the [[Rwenzori turaco]] and [[handsome spurfowl]].{{sfn|WCS}} Eastern Rwanda, by contrast, features savanna birds such as the [[black-headed gonolek]] and those associated with swamps and lakes, including [[stork]]s and [[craneCrane (bird)|cranes]].{{sfn|King|2007|p=15}}

Rwanda contains three terrestrial ecoregions: [[Albertine Rift montane forests]], [[Victoria Basin forest-savanna mosaic]], and [[Ruwenzori-Virunga montane moorlands]].<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal |last1=Dinerstein |first1=Eric |last2=Olson |first2=David |last3=Joshi |first3=Anup |last4=Vynne |first4=Carly |last5=Burgess |first5=Neil D. |last6=Wikramanayake |first6=Eric |last7=Hahn |first7=Nathan |last8=Palminteri |first8=Suzanne |last9=Hedao |first9=Prashant |last10=Noss |first10=Reed |last11=Hansen |first11=Matt |last12=Locke |first12=Harvey |last13=Ellis |first13=Erle C |last14=Jones |first14=Benjamin |last15=Barber |first15=Charles Victor |last16=Hayes |first16=Randy |last17=Kormos |first17=Cyril |last18=Martin |first18=Vance |last19=Crist |first19=Eileen |last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes |last21=Price |first21=Lori |last22=Baillie |first22=Jonathan E. M. |last23=Weeden |first23=Don |last24=Suckling |first24=Kierán |last25=Davis |first25=Crystal |last26=Sizer |first26=Nigel |last27=Moore |first27=Rebecca |last28=Thau |first28=David |last29=Birch |first29=Tanya |last30=Potapov|first30=Peter |last31=Turubanova |first31=Svetlana |last32=Tyukavina |first32=Alexandra |last33=de Souza |first33=Nadia |last34=Pintea |first34=Lilian |last35=Brito |first35=José C. |last36=Llewellyn |first36=Othman A. |last37=Miller |first37=Anthony G. |last38=Patzelt |first38=Annette |last39=Ghazanfar |first39=Shahina A. |last40=Timberlake |first40=Jonathan |last41=Klöser |first41=Heinz |last42=Shennan-Farpón |first42=Yara |last43=Kindt |first43=Roeland |last44=Lillesø |first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow |last45=van Breugel |first45=Paulo |last46=Graudal |first46=Lars |last47=Voge |first47=Maianna |last48=Al-Shammari |first48=Khalaf F. |last49=Saleem |first49=Muhammad |display-authors=1 |title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm |journal=BioScience |volume=67 |issue=6 |year=2017 |pages=534–545 |issn=0006-3568 |doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014 |pmid=28608869 |pmc=5451287 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The country had a 2019 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 3.85/10, ranking it 139th globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal |last1=Grantham |first1=H. S. |last2=Duncan |first2=A. |last3=Evans |first3=T. D. |last4=Jones |first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer |first5=H. L. |last6=Schuster |first6=R. |last7=Walston |first7=J. |last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson |first9=J. G. |last10=Callow |first10=M. |last11=Clements |first11=T. |last12=Costa |first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis |first13=A. |last14=Elsen |first14=P. R. |last15=Ervin |first15=J. |last16=Franco |first16=P. |last17=Goldman |first17=E. |last18=Goetz |first18=S. |last19=Hansen |first19=A. |last20=Hofsvang |first20=E. |last21=Jantz |first21=P. |last22=Jupiter |first22=S. |last23=Kang |first23=A. |last24=Langhammer |first24=P. |last25=Laurance |first25=W. F. |last26=Lieberman |first26=S. |last27=Linkie |first27=M. |last28=Malhi |first28=Y. |last29=Maxwell |first29=S. |last30=Mendez |first30=M. |last31=Mittermeier |first31=R. |last32=Murray |first32=N. J. |last33=Possingham |first33=H. |last34=Radachowsky |first34=J. |last35=Saatchi |first35=S. |last36=Samper |first36=C. |last37=Silverman |first37=J. |last38=Shapiro |first38=A. |last39=Strassburg |first39=B. |last40=Stevens |first40=T. |last41=Stokes |first41=E. |last42=Taylor |first42=R. |last43=Tear |first43=T. |last44=Tizard |first44=R. |last45=Venter |first45=O. |last46=Visconti |first46=P. |last47=Wang |first47=S. |last48=Watson |first48=J. E. M. |display-authors=1 |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |year=2020 |page=5978 |issn=2041-1723 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |pmid=33293507 |pmc=7723057 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Rwanda's economy suffered heavily during the 1994 genocide, with widespread loss of life, failure to maintain infrastructure, looting, and neglect of important cash crops. This caused a large drop in GDP and destroyed the country's ability to attract private and external investment.{{sfn|CIA (I)}} The economy has since strengthened, with per-capita [[nominal GDP]] estimated at [[Geary–Khamis dollar|$]]909.9 in 2022,<ref name=imf_data>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April/weo-report?c=618,636,664,714,733,738,746,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,LP,&sy=2022&ey=2022&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook database: April 2022 |website=International Monetary Fund |access-date=2 May 2022 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531124232/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April/weo-report?c=618,636,664,714,733,738,746,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,LP,&sy=2022&ey=2022&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> compared with $127 in 1994.{{sfn|IMF (I)}} Major export markets include China, Germany, and the United States.{{sfn|CIA (I)}} The economy is managed by the central [[National Bank of Rwanda]] and the currency is the [[Rwandan franc]]; in December 20192023, the exchange rate was 9101250 francs to one United States dollar.<ref name="0r:0">{{citeCite web |title=USD–RWF 2023 Yahoo |url=https://freecurrencyrates.com/en/exchange-rate-history/USD-RWF/20192023/yahoo |title=USD–RWF 2019 Yaohoo |date=2019 |access-date=25 March 2020 |archive-date=25 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2020032501513320240517094751/https://freecurrencyrates.com/en/exchange-rate-history/USD-RWF/20192023/yahoo |urlarchive-statusdate=live2024-05-17 |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=freecurrencyrates.com}}</ref> Rwanda joined the [[East African Community]] in 2007, and has ratified a plan for [[monetary union]] amongst the seven member nations,{{sfn|Asiimwe|2014}} which could eventually lead to a common [[East African shilling#Second East African shilling|East African shilling]].{{sfn|Lavelle|2008}}

Rwanda was ranked 103rd in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2023.<ref>{{Citecite journalbook |last=WIPO |title=Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=www.wipo.int |date=2022 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |languageisbn=978-92-805-3432-0 |archive-date=18 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118171410/https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Mainmain|Telecommunications in Rwanda|Media of Rwanda}}

In October 2019, [[Mara Corporation]] launched the first African -made smartphone in Rwanda.<ref>{{Citecite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-rwanda-telecoms-idUSKBN1WM1TN |title=Rwanda launches first 'Made in Africa' smartphones |date=10 October 2019 |work=Reuters |access-date=10 October 2019 |language=en |archive-date=9 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009161807/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-rwanda-telecoms-idUSKBN1WM1TN |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Mainmain|Transport in Rwanda|Energy in Rwanda|Water supply and sanitation in Rwanda}}{{Update|part=section|date=March 2023|reason=Sanitation access statistics are from 2006}}[[File:WaterPumpRwanda.jpg|thumb|right|Rural water pump|alt=Photograph depicting one adult and five children filling jerrycans at a rural metal water pump with concrete base, at the bottom of a steep rocky hillside]]

The Rwandan government prioritised funding of water supply development during the 2000s, significantly increasing its share of the national budget.{{sfn|IDA|2009}} This funding, along with donor support, caused a rapid increase in access to safe water; in 2015, 74% of the population had access to safe water,{{sfn|Umutesi|2015}} up from about 55% in 2005;{{sfn|IDA|2009}} the government has committed to increasing this to 100% by 2017.{{sfn|Umutesi|2015}} The country's water infrastructure consists of urban and rural systems that deliver water to the public, mainly through standpipes in rural areas and private connections in urban areas. In areas not served by these systems, hand pumps and managed springs are used.{{sfn|MINECOFIN|2002|pp=25–26}} Despite rainfall exceeding {{convert|750|mm|in}} annually in most of the country,{{sfn|Berry|Lewis|Williams|1990|p=533}} little use is made of [[rainwater harvesting]], and residents are forced to use water very sparingly, relative to usage in other African countries.{{sfn|Umutesi|2015}} Access to [[Water supply and sanitation in Rwanda|sanitation]] remains low; the United Nations estimates that in 2006, 34% of urban and 20% of rural dwellers had access to [[improved sanitation]].,{{sfn|USAID (I)|2008|p=3}} with this statistic increasing to 92% for the total population (95% urban and 91% urban) in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rwanda |first=UNICEF |author-link=UNICEF |date=Apr 2024 |title=Water, Sanitation and Hygiene(WASH) Budget Brief |url=https://www.unicef.org/rwanda/media/5721/file/UNICEF_2023-24%20WASH%20Budget%20Brief_layout_corrections_25-3-24.pdf.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507153452/https://www.unicef.org/rwanda/media/5721/file/UNICEF_2023-24%20WASH%20Budget%20Brief_layout_corrections_25-3-24.pdf.pdf |archive-date=7 May 2024 |access-date=7 May 2024 |website=unicef.org}}</ref> Kigali is one of the cleanest cities in Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2019 |title=Should You Visit Kigali? A look at the cleanest city in Africa |url=https://burdie.co/cleanest-city-in-africa |access-date=23 January 2021 |website=Burdie.co |language=en-US |archive-date=15 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115173142/https://burdie.co/cleanest-city-in-africa |url-status=live}}</ref> Government policy measures to improve sanitation are limited, focusing only on urban areas.{{sfn|USAID (I)|2008|p=3}} The majority of the population, both urban and rural, use public shared [[pit latrine]]s.{{sfn|USAID (I)|2008|p=3}}

{{Mainmain|Demographics of Rwanda|Youth in Rwanda}}

| city_4 = Gitarama | div_4 = Southern Province, Rwanda{{!}}Southern| pop_4 = 87,163 | img_4 = Colonial-Era Buildings with Tiled Roofs - Muhanga-Gitarama - Rwanda.jpg

The country's principal and national language is [[Kinyarwanda]], which is virtually spoken by the entire country (98%).<ref name=BC/> The major European languages during the colonial era were [[German language|German]], though it was never taught or widely used, and then [[French language|French]], which was introduced by Belgium from 1916 and remained an official and widely spoken language after independence in 1962.{{sfn|Université Laval|2010}} [[Dutch language|Dutch]] was spoken as well. The return of English-speaking Rwandan refugees in the 1990s{{sfn|Université Laval|2010}} added a new dimension to the country's language policy,{{sfn|Samuelson|Freedman|2010}} and the repositioning of Rwanda as a member of the [[East African Community]] has since increased the importance of English; the medium of education was switched from French to English in 2008.<ref name=BC/> Kinyarwanda, English, French, and Swahili are all official languages.<ref>{{Citecite web |date=2019-05-28 |title=No, Rwanda hasn't dropped French as an official language |url=https://factcheck.afp.com/no-rwanda-hasnt-dropped-french-official-language |access-date=2021-03-08 |website=Fact Check |language=en |archive-date=18 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018045251/https://factcheck.afp.com/no-rwanda-hasnt-dropped-french-official-language |url-status=live}}</ref> Kinyarwanda is the national language while English is the primary medium of instruction in secondary and tertiary education. [[Swahili language|Swahili]], the [[lingua franca]] of the [[East African Community]],{{sfn|Tabaro|2015}} is also spoken by some as a second language, particularly returned refugees from Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), and those who live along the border with the DRC.{{sfn|Stanford University Swahili Department}} In 2015, Swahili was introduced as a mandatory subject in secondary schools.{{sfn|Tabaro|2015}} Inhabitants of Rwanda's [[Nkombo Island]] speak [[Shi language|Mashi]], a language closely related to Kinyarwanda.{{sfn|Nakayima|2010}}

French was spoken by slightly under 6% of the population according to the 2012 census and the ''[[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]]''.<ref>[https://observatoire.francophonie.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Rapport-La-langue-francaise-dans-le-monde_VF-2022.pdf La langue française dans le monde] {{Webarchivewebarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105190302/https://observatoire.francophonie.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Rapport-La-langue-francaise-dans-le-monde_VF-2022.pdf |date=5 January 2023 }} (2022)</ref>

English was reported to be spoken by 15% of the population in 2009, though the same report found the proportion of French-speakers to be 68%.<ref name=BC>{{Cite web |url=https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/sites/teacheng/files/Euromonitor%20Report%20A4.pdf |title=The Benefits of the English Language for Individuals and Societies: Quantitative Indicators from Cameroon, Nigeria, Rwanda, Bangladesh and Pakistan |access-date=7 January 2023 |archive-date=9 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309070332/https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/sites/teacheng/files/Euromonitor%20Report%20A4.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Swahili is spoken by fewer than 1%.<ref>{{Citecite web |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/RW/languages |title=''Ethnologue'' report for Rwanda |access-date=7 January 2023 |archive-date=7 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107012830/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/RW/languages |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Seesee also|Human rights in Rwanda|LGBT rights in Rwanda}}

Since 2006, Human Rights Watch has documented that Rwandan authorities round up and detain [[street children]], street vendors, sex workers, homeless people, and beggars,. asThey wellhave asalso documented the use of torture in safe houses and other facilities, such as Kami military camp, Kwa Gacinya and [[Gikondo Transit Center|Gikondo prison]].<ref name="hrw">{{Citecite journal |date=2020-01-27 |title="As Long as We Live on the Streets, They Will Beat Us": Rwanda's Abusive Detention of Children |journal=Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2020/01/27/long-we-live-streets-they-will-beat-us/rwandas-abusive-detention-children |access-date=2022-10-10 |language=en |archive-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010111400/https://www.hrw.org/report/2020/01/27/long-we-live-streets-they-will-beat-us/rwandas-abusive-detention-children |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Mainmain|Culture of Rwanda}}

[[Music of Rwanda|Music]] and dance are an integral part of Rwandan ceremonies, festivals, social gatherings and storytelling. The most famous traditional dance is a highly choreographed routine consisting of three components: the ''[[umushagiriro]]'', or cow dance, performed by women;{{sfn|Rwanda Development Gateway}} the ''[[intore]]'', or dance of heroes, performed by men;{{sfn|Rwanda Development Gateway}} and the drumming, also traditionally performed by men, on drums known as ''ingoma''.{{sfn|RMCA}} The best -known dance group is the [[National Ballet of Rwanda|National Ballet]]. It was established by President Habyarimana in 1974, and performs nationally and internationally.{{sfn|Briggs|2004}} Traditionally, music is transmitted orally, with styles varying between the social groups. Drums are of great importance; the royal drummers enjoyed high status within the court of the King (''Mwami'').{{sfn|Adekunle|2007|pp=135–136}} Drummers play together in groups of varying sizes, usually between seven and nine in number.{{sfn|Adekunle|2007|p=139}} The country has a growing popular music industry, influenced by African Great Lakes, Congolese, and American music. The most popular genre is [[hip hop]], with a blend of [[dancehall]], [[rap]], [[ragga]], [[R&B]] and [[dance-pop]].{{sfn|Mbabazi|2008}}

{{Mainmain|Sport in Rwanda}}

*{{cite news |last=Anyango |first=Gloria I. |date=4 February 2010 |title=The Barbecue Chef who masters his roast |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2010-02-04/93743/ |work=The New Times |location=Kigali |access-date=10 November 2015 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200023/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2010-02-04/93743/ |url-status=live }}

*{{cite book |last1=Appiah |first1=Anthony |last2=Gates |first2=Henry Louis |year=2010 |title=Encyclopedia of Africa, Volume 1 |edition=illustrated |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC |isbn=978-0-19-533770-9 |access-date=23 August 2019 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111210158/https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC |url-status=live }}

*{{cite news |last=Asiimwe |first=Bosco R |date=28 September 2011 |title=Gov't to sanction officials who failed to declare wealth |work=The New Times |location=Kigali |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2011-09-27/35369/ |access-date=10 November 2015 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200053/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2011-09-27/35369/ |url-status=live }}

*{{cite news |last=Asiimwe |first=Dicta |date=20 December 2014 |title=Uganda races to meet Monetary Union date |work=[[The EastAfrican]] |location=Nairobi |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/Uganda-races-to-meet-Monetary-Union-date/-/2558/2563504/-/13p67lh/-/index.html |access-date=31 August 2015 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208071646/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/Uganda-races-to-meet-Monetary-Union-date/-/2558/2563504/-/13p67lh/-/index.html |url-status=dead }}

*{{cite book |last=Auzias |first=Dominique |year=2007 |title=Rwanda |location=Paris |publisher=Petit Futé |language=fr |isbn=978-2-7469-2037-8 |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=TyMs5XGSIzQC}} }}

*{{cite news |last=Banda |first=Honoré |date=12 February 2015 |title=Rwanda's job crunch |publisher=[[The Africa Report]] |location=Paris |url=http://www.theafricareport.com/East-Horn-Africa/rwandas-job-crunch.html |access-date=7 September 2015 |archive-date=19 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119105348/http://www.theafricareport.com/East-Horn-Africa/rwandas-job-crunch.html |url-status=live }}

*{{cite web |url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2015/02/27/090224b082b6d3c9/2_0/Rendered/PDF/Scaling0up0acc000the0case0of0Rwanda.pdf |title=Scaling Up Access to Electricity: The Case of Rwanda |publisher=World Bank Group |first1=Paul |last1=Baringanire |first2=Kabir |last2=Malik |first3=Sudeshna Ghosh |last3=Banerjee |year=2014 |access-date=10 October 2015 |archive-date=21 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321201003/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2015/02/27/090224b082b6d3c9/2_0/Rendered/PDF/Scaling0up0acc000the0case0of0Rwanda.pdf |url-status=live }}

*{{cite news |author=BBC News (I) |date=3 January 2006 |title=Rwanda redrawn to reflect compass |author-link=BBC News |location=London |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4577790.stm |access-date=10 November 2015 |archive-date=1 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601115308/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4577790.stm |url-status=live }}

*{{cite news |author=BBC News (II) |date=31 March 2006 |title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source' |location=London |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm |access-date=10 November 2015 |archive-date=1 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm |url-status=live }}

*{{cite news |author=BBC News (X) |date=20 November 2012 |title=Goma: M23 rebels capture DR Congo city |location=London |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20405739 |access-date=30 October 2015 |archive-date=215 NovemberDecember 2012 |archive-url=https://wwwarchive.webcitation.orgtoday/20121205032005/6CKPvBOsr?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20405739 |url-status=live }}

*{{cite news |last=Delawala |first=Imtiyaz |date=7 September 2001 |title=What Is Coltan? |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |location=New York, N.Y. |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/story?id=128631&page=1 |access-date=12 November 2015 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208153446/http://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/story?id=128631&page=1 |url-status=live }}

*{{cite news |last=Grainger |first=Sarah |date=18 June 2007 |title=East Africa trade bloc expanded |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6762615.stm |access-date=13 November 2015 |archive-date=1 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601130230/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6762615.stm |url-status=live }}

*{{cite news |last=Henley |first=Jon |date=31 October 2007 |title=Scar tissue |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/oct/31/rwanda.theatre |access-date=13 November 2015 |archive-date=1 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901014733/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/oct/31/rwanda.theatre |url-status=live }}

*{{cite news |last=Heuler |first=Hilary |date=12 December 2011 |title=Uganda, Rwanda Move to Mend Troubled Relations |publisher=[[Voice of America News]] |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Uganda-and-Rwanda-Move-to-Mend-Troubled-Relations-135437603.html |access-date=13 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211031714/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Uganda-and-Rwanda-Move-to-Mend-Troubled-Relations-135437603.html |archive-date=11 February 2012 |url-status=dead }}

*{{cite book |last=Hodd |first=Michael |year=1994 |title=East African Handbook |publisher=Trade & Travel Publications |isbn=978-0-8442-8983-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bL8tAQAAIAAJ |access-date=25 June 2019 |archive-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701074114/https://books.google.com/books?id=bL8tAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}

*{{cite book |last1=Hoye |first1=Russell |last2=Smith |first2=Aaron C.T |last3=Nicholson |first3=Matthew |last4=Stewart |first4=Bob |year=2015 |title=Sport Management: Principles and Applications |location=Abingdon |publisher=Routledge |edition=4th |isbn=978-1-138-83960-1 |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=KL8cBgAAQBAJ}} }}

*{{cite book |author1=[[Human Rights Watch]] |author2=Wells, Sarah |year=2008 |title=Law and reality: progress in judicial reform in Rwanda |publisher=Human Rights Watch |isbn=978-1-56432-366-8 |url=https://www.hrw.org/node/62098 |access-date=13 November 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|Human Rights Watch|Wells|2008}} |archive-date=24 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724084136/http://www.hrw.org/node/62098 |url-status=live }}

*{{cite news |author=International Basketball Federation |date=21 November 2011 |title=CIV – Ivory Coast to host AfroBasket 2013 |author-link=FIBA |location=Mies |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/news/CIV-Ivory-Coast-to-host-AfroBasket-2013 |access-date=9 April 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304212222/http://www.fiba.com/news/CIV-Ivory-Coast-to-host-AfroBasket-2013 |url-status=live }}

*{{cite book |last=Kiwuwa |first=David E. |year=2012 |title=Ethnic Politics and Democratic Transition in Rwanda |location=Abingdon |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-61608-9 |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=uGclH0p46ogC}} }}

*{{cite news |last=Koenig |first=Ann M. |date=9 September 2014 |title=Rwanda: Reorganization of public higher education underway |work=[[American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers]] |location=Washington, D.C. |url=http://www.aacrao.org/resources/resources-detail-view/rwanda--reorganization-of-public-higher-education-underway |access-date=7 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430092320/http://aacrao.org/resources/resources-detail-view/rwanda--reorganization-of-public-higher-education-underway |archive-date=30 April 2015 }}

*{{cite book |last=Longman |first=Timothy |year=2010 |title=Christianity and Genocide in Rwanda |location=Cambridge, UK; New York, N.Y. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521269537 }}

*{{cite book |last=Longman |first=Timothy |year=2017 |title=Memory and Justice in Post-Genocide Rwanda |location=Cambridge, UK; New York, N.Y. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107678095 }}

*{{cite news |last=Maboja |first=Wilhelmina |date=12 February 2015 |title=Rwanda and Uganda Move to Strengthen Relations |workpublisher=[[CNBC Africa]] |location=Johannesburg |url=http://www.cnbcafrica.com/news/east-africa/2013/10/14/rwanda-and-uganda-relations-to-be-strengthened/ |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923205011/http://www.cnbcafrica.com/news/east-africa/2013/10/14/rwanda-and-uganda-relations-to-be-strengthened/ |url-status=dead }}

*{{cite news |last=Mackay |first=Duncan |date=24 December 2009 |title=Rwanda launch bid for 2013 African Championships |work=insidethegames.biz |location=Milton Keynes |url=http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/8551/rwanda-launch-plan-for-2013-african-championships |access-date=9 April 2015 |archive-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403215707/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/8551/rwanda-launch-plan-for-2013-african-championships |url-status=live }}

*{{cite news |last=Majyambere |first=Gertrude |date=14 May 2010 |title=Rwandatel's Landline Telephony Increases By 7 Percent |work=The New Times |location=Kigali |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2010-05-13/19749/ |access-date=13 November 2015 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200403/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2010-05-13/19749/ |url-status=live }}

*{{cite book |last=Mamdani |first=Mahmood |author-link=Mahmood Mamdani |year=2002 |title=When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda |location=Princeton, N.J. |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-10280-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QUEamxb89JcC |access-date=25 June 2019 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111210201/https://books.google.com/books?id=QUEamxb89JcC |url-status=live }}

*{{cite news |last=Maynard |first=James |date=22 May 2014 |title=Newly discovered bush tiger praying mantis in Rwanda is a vicious hunter |work=Tech Times |url=https://www.techtimes.com/articles/7365/20140522/newly-discovered-bush-tiger-praying-mantis-in-rwanda-is-a-vicious-hunter.htm |access-date=27 September 2018 |archive-date=27 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927124943/https://www.techtimes.com/articles/7365/20140522/newly-discovered-bush-tiger-praying-mantis-in-rwanda-is-a-vicious-hunter.htm |url-status=live }}{{better source needed|date=September 2023}}

*{{cite news |last=Mbabazi |first=Linda |date=11 May 2008 |title=Hip Hop Dominating Music Industry |work=The New Times |location=Kigali |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2008-05-11/3642/ |access-date=13 November 2015 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200515/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2008-05-11/3642/ |url-status=live }}

*{{cite book |last1=McCracken |first1=Kathryn |last2=Colucci |first2=Emma |year=2014 |title=Strengthening Sport for Development and Peace: National Policies and Strategies |location=London |publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat |editor-last=Dudfield |editor-first=Oliver |chapter=Using sport and play to achieve educational objectives |chapter-url=http://www.cedol.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/7-Using-sport-and-play-to-achieve.pdf |isbn=978-1-84859-912-3 |access-date=8 April 2015 |archive-date=18 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418093754/http://www.cedol.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/7-Using-sport-and-play-to-achieve.pdf |url-status=live }}

*{{cite news |last=McGreal |first=Chris |date=16 January 2009 |title=Why Rwanda said adieu to French |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2009/jan/16/rwanda-english-genocide |access-date=13 November 2015 |archive-date=18 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518084907/http://www.theguardian.com/education/2009/jan/16/rwanda-english-genocide |url-status=live }}

*{{cite news |last=McGreal |first=Chris |date=1 October 2010 |title=Delayed UN report links Rwanda to Congo genocide |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/oct/01/un-report-rwanda-congo-genocide |access-date=10 November 2015 |archive-date=21 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821165059/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/oct/01/un-report-rwanda-congo-genocide |url-status=live }}

*{{cite web |last1=Mehta |first1=Hitesh |last2=Katee |first2=Christine |year=2005 |title=Virunga Massif Sustainable Tourism Development Plan |publisher=[[International Gorilla Conservation Programme]] (IGCP) |url=http://www.igcp.org/wp-content/themes/igcp/docs/pdf/VirungaTourismMasterPlan_%20Final%20Report.pdf |access-date=13 November 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304055030/http://www.igcp.org/wp-content/themes/igcp/docs/pdf/VirungaTourismMasterPlan_%20Final%20Report.pdf |url-status=dead }}

*{{cite book |last=Melvern |first=Linda |year=2004 |title=Conspiracy to Murder: The Rwandan Genocide |version=Revised |location=London; New York, N.Y. |publisher=Verso Books |isbn=978-1-85984-588-2 |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=3NXIHf0t3aMC}} }}

*{{cite news |last=Milmo |first=Cahal |date=29 March 2006 |title=Flashback to terror: Survivors of Rwandan genocide watch screening of Shooting Dogs |work=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/flashback-to-terror-survivors-of-rwandan-genocide-watch-screening-of-shooting-dogs-6105247.html |access-date=13 November 2015 |location=London |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010190852/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/flashback-to-terror-survivors-of-rwandan-genocide-watch-screening-of-shooting-dogs-6105247.html |url-status=live }}

*{{cite web |author=Ministry of Agriculture (MINAGRI), Republic of Rwanda |date=10 June 2006 |title=Livestock production |url=http://www.minagri.gov.rw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=156%3Alivestock&Itemid=48&lang=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323131055/http://www.minagri.gov.rw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=156%3Alivestock&Itemid=48&lang=en |archive-date=23 March 2012 |access-date=13 November 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|MINAGRI2006}} |url-status=dead }}

*{{cite web |author=Ministry of Education (MINEDUC), Republic of Rwanda |date=13 July 2010 |title=Achievements (2003–2010) |author-link=Ministry of Education (Rwanda) |url=http://www.mineduc.gov.rw/IMG/article_PDF/article_a27.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311165948/http://www.mineduc.gov.rw/IMG/article_PDF/article_a27.pdf |archive-date=11 March 2012 |access-date=13 November 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|MINEDUC|2010}} }}

*{{cite web |author=Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MINECOFIN), Republic of Rwanda |date=June 2002 |title=Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper |url=http://www.imf.org/external/np/prsp/2002/rwa/01/063102.pdf |access-date=31 October 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|MINECOFIN|2002}} |archive-date=23 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023191649/http://www.imf.org/external/np/prsp/2002/rwa/01/063102.pdf |url-status=live }}

*{{cite web |author=Ministry of Infrastructure (MININFRA), Republic of Rwanda |date=June 2013 |title=Ministry of Infrastructure Final Report on Transport Sector Strategic Plan for EDPRS2 |author-link=Ministry of Infrastructure (Rwanda) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304222432/http://www.minecofin.gov.rw/fileadmin/templates/documents/sector_strategic_plan/Transport__SSP_June_2013.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url=http://www.minecofin.gov.rw/fileadmin/templates/documents/sector_strategic_plan/Transport__SSP_June_2013.pdf |access-date=9 May 2020 |ref={{sfnRef|MININFRA|2013}} }}

*{{cite web |author=Ministry of Infrastructure (MININFRA), Republic of Rwanda |date=9 August 2017 |title=New Bugesera International Airport construction works kick-off |url=http://mininfra.gov.rw/index.php?id=19&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=248&cHash=77c29a7b4d7453a6824a6e98bf01b943 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221155229/http://mininfra.gov.rw/index.php?id=19&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=248&cHash=77c29a7b4d7453a6824a6e98bf01b943 |archive-date=21 February 2018 |access-date=21 February 2018 |ref={{sfnRef|MININFRA|2017}} |url-status=dead }}

*{{cite web |author=Ministry of Local Government (MINALOC), Republic of Rwanda |year=2004 |title=Administrative Units |url=http://www.minaloc.gov.rw/index.php?id=450 |access-date=16 November 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|MINALOC|2004}} |archive-date=22 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022061048/http://www.minaloc.gov.rw/index.php?id=450 |url-status=dead }}

*{{cite web |author=Ministry of Local Government (MINALOC), Republic of Rwanda |date=August 2007 |title=Rwanda Decentralization Strategic Framework |url=http://www.minecofin.gov.rw/webfm_send/2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329024025/http://www.minecofin.gov.rw/webfm_send/2014 |archive-date=29 March 2013 |access-date=19 November 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|MINALOC|2007}} }}

*{{cite web |author=((Ministry of Sports and Culture, Republic of Rwanda (MINISPOC))) |date=October 2012 |title=Rwanda Sports Development Policy |url=http://minispoc.gov.rw/fileadmin/templates/Documents/rwanda_sports_development_policy.doc |access-date=8 April 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|MINISPOC|2012}} |archive-date=18 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418142520/http://minispoc.gov.rw/fileadmin/templates/Documents/rwanda_sports_development_policy.doc |url-status=live }}

*{{cite web |last1=Mugabe |first1=Bonnie |last2=Kamasa |first2=Peter |date=18 October 2014 |title=Who will win the 2014/15 national football league? |work=The New Times |location=Kigali |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2014-10-18/182075/ |access-date=9 April 2015 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200547/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2014-10-18/182075/ |url-status=live }}

*{{cite news |last=Mugisha |first=Ivan R |date=3 June 2013 |title=Liquid Telecom acquires Rwandatel assets |work=The New Times |location=Kigali |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2013-06-03/66372/ |access-date=5 October 2015 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200621/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2013-06-03/66372/ |url-status=live }}

*{{cite news |last=Mugwe |first=David |date=3 June 2013 |title=Liquid Telecom acquires RwandaTel, eyes broadband market |work=The East African |location=Nairobi |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/-/2560/1871140/-/7yluo4z/-/index.html |access-date=5 October 2015 |archive-date=5 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005235301/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/-/2560/1871140/-/7yluo4z/-/index.html |url-status=dead }}

*{{cite news |last=Mukaaya |first=Eddie |date=28 January 2008 |title=Tourism is Rwanda's biggest foreign exchange earner |work=The New Times |location=Kigali |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2008-01-28/99510/ |access-date=12 November 2015 |archive-date=28 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228001717/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2008-01-28/99510/ |url-status=live }}

*{{cite news |last=Mukaaya |first=Eddie |date=15 January 2009 |title=Mining industry generated $93&nbsp;million in 2008 |work=The New Times |location=Kigali |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2009-01-14/6692/ |access-date=12 November 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052150/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2009-01-14/6692/ |url-status=live }}

*{{cite news |last=Nakayima |first=Lillian |date=23 June 2010 |title=Nkombo Island's Hope for the Future |work=The New Times |location=Kigali |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2010-06-11/20795/ |access-date=16 November 2015 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200718/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2010-06-11/20795/ |url-status=live }}

*{{cite news |last=Namata |first=Berna |date=28 December 2008 |title=Rwanda to restock water bodies with fisheries |work=The New Times |location=Kigali |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2008-11-02/100564/ |access-date=16 November 2015 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200733/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2008-11-02/100564/ |url-status=live }}

*{{cite news |last=Nantaba |first=Eriosi |date=18 October 2010 |title=Rwanda services sector boosts GDP |work=East African Business Week |location=Kampala |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201010181360.html |access-date=16 November 2015 |archive-date=19 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019130336/http://allafrica.com/stories/201010181360.html |url-status=live }}

*{{cite web |author=National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda |date=February 2012 |title=The third Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey (EICV 3)&nbsp;– Main indicators Report |url=http://www.statistics.gov.rw/system/files/user_uploads/files/books/Main%20EICV3%20report.pdf |access-date=19 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120014210/http://www.statistics.gov.rw/system/files/user_uploads/files/books/Main%20EICV3%20report.pdf |archive-date=20 November 2015 }}

*{{cite web |author=National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda |date=January 2014 |title=Fourth Population and Housing Census, Rwanda, 2012—Final Results: Main indicators report |url=http://www.statistics.gov.rw/sites/default/files/user_uploads/files/books/Main%20Indicators%20Report.pdf |access-date=13 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105913/http://www.statistics.gov.rw/sites/default/files/user_uploads/files/books/Main%20Indicators%20Report.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}

*{{cite web |author=National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda |year=2015 |title=Featured indicators |url=http://www.statistics.gov.rw/ |access-date=7 September 2015 |archive-date=8 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408170105/http://www.statistics.gov.rw/ |url-status=live }}

*{{cite book |last=Ndengeye |first=Joseph |year=2014 |title=Sport and Development Policy in Africa: Results of a Collaborative Study of Selected Country Cases |location=Stellenbosch |publisher=SUN Press |editor-last1=Keim |editor-first1=Marion |editor-last2=de Coning |editor-first2=Christo |chapter=Country Report: Rwanda |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=8jsrAwAAQBAJ}} |isbn=978-1-920689-40-7 }}

*{{cite news |last=Ngarambe |first=Alex |date=21 September 2012 |title=Competition heats up for beer market |work=The EastAfrican |location=Nairobi |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/Rwanda/Business/Competition-heats-up-for-beer-market/-/1433224/1513686/-/cfohfr/-/index.html |access-date=5 November 2015 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208080928/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/Rwanda/Business/Competition-heats-up-for-beer-market/-/1433224/1513686/-/cfohfr/-/index.html |url-status=dead }}

*{{cite web |last1=Nielsen |first1=Hannah |last2=Spenceley |first2=Anna |date=April 2010 |title=The success of tourism in Rwanda&nbsp;– Gorillas and more |work=African Success Stories Study |publisher=[[World Bank]] & [[SNV Netherlands Development Organisation]] |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/AFRICAEXT/Resources/258643-1271798012256/Tourism_Rwanda.pdf |access-date=16 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320185656/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/AFRICAEXT/Resources/258643-1271798012256/Tourism_Rwanda.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}

*{{cite web |author=Nile Basin Initiative |year=2010 |title=Nile Basin Countries |author-link=Nile Basin Initiative |url=http://www.nilebasin.org/newsite/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=48%3Anbi-country-profiles&catid=35%3Anbi-country-profiles&Itemid=67&lang=en |access-date=16 November 2015 |archive-date=14 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314045831/http://www.nilebasin.org/newsite/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=48%3Anbi-country-profiles&catid=35%3Anbi-country-profiles&Itemid=67&lang=en |url-status=live }}

*{{cite news |last=Ntambara |first=Paul |date=9 December 2009 |title=Minister Irked By Big Number of Grass-Thatched Houses |work=The New Times |location=Kigali |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2009-12-09/14378/ |access-date=16 November 2015 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200813/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2009-12-09/14378/ |url-status=live }}

*{{cite journal |last=Nzabuheraheza |first=François Dominicus |year=2005 |title=Milk Production and Hygiene in Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |issn=1684-5374 |volume=5 |issue=2 |url=http://www.ajfand.net/Volume5/No2/commentaryDominicus.html |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=3 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303175423/http://www.ajfand.net/Volume5/No2/commentaryDominicus.html |url-status=live }}

*{{cite web |author=Office of the Ombudsman, Republic of Rwanda |title=Office of the Ombudsman: Mandate |url=http://www.ombudsman.gov.rw/?Mandate |access-date=19 November 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|Office of the Ombudsman}} |archive-date=6 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806083607/http://ombudsman.gov.rw/?Mandate |url-status=live }}

*{{cite news |last=Opobo |first=Moses |date=24 May 2015 |title=Digital TV is opening the floodgates of opportunities for local content producers – Watta |work=The New Times |location=Kigali |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2015-05-24/189067/ |access-date=1 October 2015 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010201241/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2015-05-24/189067/ |url-status=live }}

*{{cite web |author=Organization of African Unity (OAU) |year=2000 |title=Rwanda&nbsp;– The preventable genocide |author-link=Organization of African Unity |work=The Report of International Panel of Eminent Personalities to Investigate the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda and Surrounding Events |url=http://www.aegistrust.org/images/stories/oaureport.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908042110/http://www.aegistrust.org/images/stories/oaureport.pdf |archive-date=8 September 2015 |access-date=16 November 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|OAU|2000}} }}

*{{cite web |author=Our Africa |title=Rwanda: Climate & Agriculture |url=http://www.our-africa.org/rwanda/climate-agriculture |access-date=5 October 2015 |archive-date=19 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419082943/http://www.our-africa.org/rwanda/climate-agriculture |url-status=live }}

*{{cite news |author=Panapress |date=4 June 2003 |title=Rwandan Presidents promulgates new constitution |author-link=Panapress |location=Dakar |url=http://www.panapress.com/Rwandan-Presidents-promulgates-new-constitution--13-483712-17-lang1-index.html |access-date=13 November 2015 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010190557/http://www.panapress.com/Rwandan-Presidents-promulgates-new-constitution--13-483712-17-lang1-index.html |url-status=live }}

*{{cite news |author=Partners In Health |date=20 November 2013 |title=Rwanda Launches Bold Medical Education Partnership |author-link=Partners In Health |location=Boston, Mass. |url=http://www.pih.org/blog/how-rwanda-is-changing-medical-education |access-date=20 August 2015 |archive-date=13 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613005825/http://www.pih.org/blog/how-rwanda-is-changing-medical-education |url-status=dead }}

*{{cite journal |last1=Percival |first1=Valerie |last2=Homer-Dixon |first2=Thomas |year=1995 |title=Environmental Scarcity and Violent Conflict, The Case of Rwanda |journal=Occasional Paper: Project on Environment, Population and Security |publisher=[[University of Toronto]] |url=http://www.library.utoronto.ca/pcs/eps/rwanda/rwanda1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222154937/http://www.library.utoronto.ca/pcs/eps/rwanda/rwanda1.htm |archive-date=22 February 2012 |access-date=19 November 2015 }}

*{{cite news |last=Porter |first=Andrew |date=7 August 2008 |title=Europe 'ignoring French role in genocide' |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/rwanda/2512776/Europe-ignoring-French-role-in-genocide.html |access-date=12 November 2015 |archive-date=1 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501011325/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/rwanda/2512776/Europe-ignoring-French-role-in-genocide.html |url-status=live }}

*{{cite book |last=Prunier |first=Gérard |year=1995 |title=The Rwanda Crisis, 1959–1994: History of a Genocide |edition=2ndsecond |location=London |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=XYIJcrgzgQ0C}} |isbn=978-1-85065-243-4 }}

*{{cite web |author=Reporters Without Borders |date=14 April 2010 |title=Two leading independent weeklies suspended for six months |author-link=Reporters Without Borders |url=http://en.rsf.org/rwanda-two-leading-independent-weeklies-14-04-2010,37015.html |access-date=16 November 2015 |archive-date=24 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624234654/http://en.rsf.org/rwanda-two-leading-independent-weeklies-14-04-2010%2C37015.html |url-status=live }}

*{{cite news |work=Reuters |date=16 March 2011 |title=Rwanda completes $95 mln fibre optic network |location=London |url=http://af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFJOE72F07D20110316 |access-date=19 November 2015 |ref={{SfnRef|Reuters|2011}} |archive-date=18 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918134732/http://af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFJOE72F07D20110316 |url-status=dead }}

*{{cite news |last=Richards |first=Charles |date=24 July 1994 |title=Rwanda: Question Time: How could it happen?: Rebellion, slaughter, exodus, cholera: the catastrophe in Rwanda is beyond our worst imaginings. Who is to blame? Who are the Hutus and Tutsis? Can peace ever be restored? Some answers&nbsp;... |work=The Independent |location=London |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/rwanda-question-time-how-could-it-happen-rebellion-slaughter-exodus-cholera-the-catastrophe-in-rwanda-is-beyond-our-worst-imaginings-who-is-to-blame-who-are-the-hutus-and-tutsis-can-peace-ever-be-restored-some-answers-1415794.html |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=25 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925195032/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/rwanda-question-time-how-could-it-happen-rebellion-slaughter-exodus-cholera-the-catastrophe-in-rwanda-is-beyond-our-worst-imaginings-who-is-to-blame-who-are-the-hutus-and-tutsis-can-peace-ever-be-restored-some-answers-1415794.html |url-status=live }}

*{{cite news |last=Robbins |first=Tom |date=9 August 2013 |title=Bumpy ride |work=[[Financial Times]] |location=London |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/6478998a-fe85-11e2-b9b0-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3WiiJ9yMf |access-date=8 April 2015 |archive-date=9 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309122147/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/6478998a-fe85-11e2-b9b0-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3WiiJ9yMf |url-status=live }}

*{{cite news |last=Rosenberg |first=Tina |date=3 July 2012 |title=In Rwanda, Health Care Coverage That Eludes the U.S. |work=The New York Times |location=New York, N.Y. |url=http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/07/03/rwandas-health-care-miracle/?_r=0 |access-date=19 August 2015 |archive-date=3 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203090417/http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/07/03/rwandas-health-care-miracle/?_r=0 |url-status=live }}

*{{cite web |author=Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA) |title=Ingoma |author-link=Royal Museum for Central Africa |url=http://music.africamuseum.be/instruments/english/rwanda/ingoma.html |access-date=16 November 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|RMCA}} |archive-date=12 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512191221/http://music.africamuseum.be/instruments/english/rwanda/ingoma.html |url-status=live }}

*{{cite news |last=Rutayisire |first=Emmanuel |date=16 August 2013 |title=Institutes of higher learning to merge with University of Rwanda |work=The EastAfrican |location=Nairobi |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/Rwanda/News/Institutes-of-higher-learning-to-merge-with-University-of-Rwanda/-/1433218/1956454/-/vclsloz/-/index.html |access-date=7 April 2015 |archive-date=14 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414035406/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/Rwanda/News/Institutes-of-higher-learning-to-merge-with-University-of-Rwanda/-/1433218/1956454/-/vclsloz/-/index.html |url-status=dead }}

*{{cite web |author=Rwanda Development Board (RDB) (I) |date=7 May 2010 |title=World Environment Day & Kwita Izina |url=http://www.rwandatourism.com/test/contentdetail.php?tbl=press&serial=6&PHPSESSID=f991fb81d778f37460c75c17dcf18eb7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511231521/http://www.rwandatourism.com/test/contentdetail.php?tbl=press&serial=6&PHPSESSID=f991fb81d778f37460c75c17dcf18eb7 |archive-date=11 May 2012 |access-date=19 November 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|RDB (I)|2010}} }}

*{{cite web |author=Rwanda Development Board (RDB) (II) |title=National Parks |url=http://www.rwandatourism.com/parks.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413220336/http://www.rwandatourism.com/parks.htm |archive-date=13 April 2012 |access-date=23 November 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|RDB (II)}} }}

*{{cite web |author=Rwanda Development Board (RDB) (III) |title=Akagera National Park |url=http://www.rdb.rw/tourism-and-conservation/where-to-go/akagera-national-park.html |access-date=12 November 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|RDB (III)}} |archive-date=12 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212210927/http://www.rdb.rw/tourism-and-conservation/where-to-go/akagera-national-park.html |url-status=live }}

*{{cite web |author=[[Rwanda Development Gateway]] |title=National Ballet&nbsp;– Urukerereza |url=http://www.rwandagateway.org/spip.php?article211 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314152054/http://www.rwandagateway.org/spip.php?article211 |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=16 November 2015 }}

*{{cite web |author=Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA) (Chapter 2) |year=2009 |title=Chap II. Population, Health and human settlements |work=Rwanda State of Environment and Outlook Report |url=http://www.rema.gov.rw/soe/chap2.php |access-date=19 November 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|REMA (Chapter 2)|2009}} |archive-date=11 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911104316/http://www.rema.gov.rw/soe/chap2.php |url-status=live }}

*{{cite web |author=Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA) (Chapter 5) |year=2009 |title=Chap V. Biodiversity and Genetic Resources |work=Rwanda State of Environment and Outlook Report |url=http://www.rema.gov.rw/soe/chap5.php |access-date=19 November 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|REMA (Chapter 5)|2009}} |archive-date=11 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911104855/http://www.rema.gov.rw/soe/chap5.php |url-status=live }}

*{{cite web |author=Rwanda Governance Board |title=Umuganda |url=http://www.rgb.rw/governance-innovations/umuganda/ |access-date=8 September 2015 |archive-date=20 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020232922/http://www.rgb.rw/governance-innovations/umuganda/ |url-status=live }}

*{{cite web |author=Rwanda Utilities Regulatory Authority (RURA) |date=December 2011 |title=Statistics and tariff information in telecom sector as of December 2011 |url=http://www.rura.rw/fileadmin/docs/statistics/STATISTICS_IN_TELECOM_DECEMBER_2011.pdf |access-date=5 October 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|RURA|2011}} |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010191307/http://www.rura.rw/fileadmin/docs/statistics/STATISTICS_IN_TELECOM_DECEMBER_2011.pdf |url-status=live }}

*{{cite web |author=Rwanda Utilities Regulatory Authority (RURA) |date=June 2015 |title=Statistics and tariff information in telecom sector as of June 2015 |url=http://www.rura.rw/fileadmin/docs/Statistics_report_2nd_quarter___2015_to_publish.pdf |access-date=5 October 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|RURA|2015}} |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054712/http://www.rura.rw/fileadmin/docs/Statistics_report_2nd_quarter___2015_to_publish.pdf |url-status=live }}

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*{{cite news |last=Smith |first=David |date=28 June 2015 |title=Lions to be reintroduced to Rwanda after 15-year absence following genocide |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/28/rwanda-lions-reintroduced-south-africa-akagera-national-park |access-date=4 November 2015 |location=London |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215022746/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/28/rwanda-lions-reintroduced-south-africa-akagera-national-park |url-status=live }}

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*{{cite web |author=United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (II) |year=2015 |title=Millennium Development Goal 4: Reduce child mortality |url=http://www.rw.undp.org/content/rwanda/en/home/mdgoverview/overview/mdg4/ |access-date=20 August 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|UNDP (II)|2015}} |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915063425/http://www.rw.undp.org/content/rwanda/en/home/mdgoverview/overview/mdg4/ |archive-date=15 September 2015 }}

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*{{cite web |author=World Bank (II) |title=Internet users (per 100 people), graph |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.USER.P2/countries/RW?display=graph |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=8 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408164537/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.USER.P2/countries/RW?display=graph |url-status=live }}

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*{{cite web |author=World Bank (IV) |title=Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT?page=3 |access-date=27 July 2015 |archive-date=14 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224346/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT?page=3 |url-status=live }}

*{{cite web |author=World Bank (V) |title=Health expenditure, public (% of GDP), 2010–2014 |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.PUBL.ZS |access-date=19 August 2015 |archive-date=27 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227163701/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.PUBL.ZS |url-status=live }}

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*{{cite web |author=World Bank (VII) |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years), graph |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN/countries/RW?display=graph |access-date=19 August 2015 |archive-date=8 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408225203/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN/countries/RW?display=graph |url-status=live }}

*{{cite web |author=World Bank (VIII) |title=Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births), graph |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT/countries/RW?display=graph |access-date=19 August 2015 |archive-date=8 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408181803/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT/countries/RW?display=graph |url-status=live }}

*{{cite web |author=World Bank (IX) |title=Incidence of tuberculosis (per 100,000 people), graph |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.TBS.INCD/countries/RW?display=graph |access-date=19 August 2015 |archive-date=9 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409005437/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.TBS.INCD/countries/RW?display=graph |url-status=live }}

*{{cite web |author=World Bank (X) |title=GDP (current US$), graph |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD/countries/RW?display=graph |access-date=19 August 2015 |archive-date=28 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628122353/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD/countries/RW?display=graph |url-status=live }}

*{{cite web |author=World Bank (XI) |title=International tourism, number of arrivals, graph |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ST.INT.ARVL/countries/RW?display=graph |access-date=19 August 2015 |archive-date=8 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408171020/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ST.INT.ARVL/countries/RW?display=graph |url-status=live }}

*{{cite web |author=World Bank (XII) |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=RW |access-date=12 May 2019 |archive-date=12 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512101547/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI%3Flocations%3DRW |url-status=live }}

*{{cite web |author=World Bank (XIII) |title=Access to electricity (% of population) |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS/countries/RW?display=graph |access-date=13 November 2015 |archive-date=8 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408203836/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS/countries/RW?display=graph |url-status=live }}

*{{cite book |author=World Health Organization (WHO) |year=2015 |title=WHO Country Cooperation Strategy at a glance: Rwanda |author-link=World Health Organization |url=https://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccsbrief_rwa_en.pdf |ref={{sfnRef|WHO|2015}} |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130755/http://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccsbrief_rwa_en.pdf |url-status=dead }}

*{{cite journal |author=World Health Organization (WHO) |year=2008 |title=Sharing the burden of sickness: mutual health insurance in Rwanda |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |issn=0042-9686 |volume=86 |issue=11 |pages=817–908 |url=https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/11/08-021108/en/index.html |ref={{sfnRef|WHO|2008}} |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=25 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025225716/http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/11/08-021108/en/index.html |url-status=dead }}

*{{cite web |author=World Meteorological Organization |title=World Weather Information Service – Kigali |author-link=World Meteorological Organization |url=http://worldweather.wmo.int/127/c00254.htm |access-date=12 November 2015 |archive-date=20 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120002348/http://worldweather.wmo.int/127/c00254.htm |url-status=live }}

*{{cite web |author=World Resources Institute (WRI) |year=2006 |title=Agriculture and Food: Country profile&nbsp;– Rwanda |work=EarthTrends: The Environmental Information Portal |author-link=World Resources Institute |url=http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/agriculture-food/country-profile-153.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402134313/http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/agriculture-food/country-profile-153.html |archive-date=2 April 2012 |access-date=16 November 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|WRI|2006}} }}

*{{cite web |author=World Resources Report |year=2011 |title=Maintenance of Hydropower Potential in Rwanda Through Ecosystem Restoration |url=http://www.worldresourcesreport.org/files/wrr/WRR%20Case%20Study_Ecosystem%20Restoration%20and%20Hydropower%20in%20Rwanda_0.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324153346/http://www.worldresourcesreport.org/files/wrr/WRR%20Case%20Study_Ecosystem%20Restoration%20and%20Hydropower%20in%20Rwanda_0.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2012 |access-date=16 November 2015 }}

*{{cite web |author=World Trade Organization (WTO) |date=30 September 2004 |title=Continued reforms and technical assistance should help Rwanda in its efforts to achieve a dynamic economy |work=Trade policy review: Rwanda |author-link=World Trade Organization |url=http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp236_e.htm |access-date=16 November 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|WTO|2004}} |archive-date=2 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002011128/http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp236_e.htm |url-status=live }}

*{{cite web |author=World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) |year=2001 |title=Terrestrial Ecoregions: Albertine Rift montane forests (AT0101) |author-link=World Wide Fund for Nature |url=https://secure.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/at/at0101_full.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041222014550/https://secure.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/at/at0101_full.html |archive-date=22 December 2004 |access-date=16 November 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|WWF|2001}} }}

*{{cite news |author=Xinhua News Agency |date=26 August 2015 |title=Rwanda deplores French decision on case of genocide suspect |author-link=Xinhua News Agency |location=Beijing |url=http://www.globalpost.com/article/6636570/2015/08/26/rwanda-deplores-french-decision-case-genocide-suspect |access-date=30 October 2015 |archive-date=2 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302133257/http://www.globalpost.com/article/6636570/2015/08/26/rwanda-deplores-french-decision-case-genocide-suspect |url-status=live }}{{better source needed|date=September 2023}}

*{{cite web |title=Rwanda Convention Bureau |date=18 October 2019 |url=https://www.micemag.com/rwanda-convention-bureau/}}

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