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==Etymology==
The term [[wikt:betel|betel]] was derived from the
==Distribution==
''Piper betle'' is originally native to Southeast Asia, from [[India
==Cultivation==
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The betel leaf is cultivated mostly in South and Southeast Asia, from [[India]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Betel-leaf farming in coastal area|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/33381/betel-leaf-farming-in-coastal-area|access-date=30 October 2014|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=13 May 2002}}</ref> to [[Papua New Guinea]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Cassey|first1=Brian|title=Chewing over a betel ban|url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/chewing-over-a-betel-ban-20131108-2x6ra.html|access-date=30 October 2014|work=Sydney Morning Herald|date=9 November 2013}}</ref> It needs a compatible tree or a long pole for support. Betel requires well-drained fertile soil. Waterlogged, [[Soil salinity|saline]] and [[alkali soil]]s are unsuitable for its cultivation.<ref name=LK/>
In [[Bangladesh]], farmers called ''barui''<ref name="barouj">{{cite book |last=Karim |first=ASM Enayet |year=2012 |chapter=Pan1 |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Pan1 |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> prepare a garden called a ''barouj'' in which to grow betel. The ''barouj'' is fenced with [[bamboo]] sticks and [[coconut]] leaves. The soil is plowed into furrows of 10 to 15 m length, 75 cm in width and 75 cm depth. [[Press cake|Oil cakes]], [[manure]], and leaves are thoroughly incorporated with the [[topsoil]] of the furrows and [[wood ash]]. The cuttings are planted at the beginning of the [[monsoon]] season.
[[File:Betel Plant.JPG|thumb|Betel plant cultivation in Bangladesh]]
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Epidemiological studies demonstrate a close association between the incidence of cancer in India and the chewing of betel quid containing tobacco, areca nut, limewater and betel leaf.<ref name="tata_eug">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0278-6915(86)90065-7 |title=Hydroxychavicol: A new phenolic antimutagen from betel leaf |year=1986 |last1=Amonkar |first1=A.J. |last2=Nagabhushan |first2=M |last3=D'Souza |first3=A.V. |last4=Bhide |first4=S.V. |journal=Food and Chemical Toxicology |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0278691586900657#! |volume=24 |issue=12 |pages=1321–1324|pmid=3100406 }}</ref> Chewing paan (betel quid) is strongly associated with a higher risk of developing [[head and neck cancer]],<ref name="NCIfact">{{cite web |date=29 March 2017 |title=Head and Neck Cancers |url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/head-neck-fact-sheet |website=[[National Cancer Institute|NCI]] |access-date=7 February 2021}}</ref> as well as [[Oropharyngeal cancer|oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC)]], a form of cancer that affects the [[Oropharynx|mouth, tonsils, and throat]].<ref name="StatPearls 2020">{{cite book |last1=A |first1=Fatima |last2=Zohaib |first2=J |title=Definitions |chapter=Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma |date=4 December 2020 |chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563268/ |work=StatPearls |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |edition=Updated |id=Bookshelf ID: NBK563268 |doi=10.32388/G6TG1L |pmid=33085415 |s2cid=229252540 |via=[[NCBI]] |access-date=7 February 2021}}</ref> Attempts have been made to confirm the [[carcinogen]]ic/ [[mutagen]]ic of betel quid or its ingredients. Betel leaf extract alone has not been shown to cause adverse effects. Smokeless tobacco products have been shown to exhibit mutagenic and carcinogenic behavior.<ref name="oup">{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/carcin/8.5.741 |title=Mutagenic activity in smokeless tobacco products sold in the USA |year=1987 |last1=Guttenplan |first1=Joseph B. |journal=Carcinogenesis |url=https://academic.oup.com/carcin/article/8/5/741/2478262?login=true |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=741–743|pmid=3581433 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1001/jama.1941.02820190006002 |title=The etiologic role of chewing tobacco in cancer of the mouth: Report of eight cases treated with radiation |year=1941 |last1=Friedell |first1=H.L. |last2=Rosenthal |first2=L.M. |journal=JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/248673 |volume=116 |issue=19 |pages=2130–2135}}</ref>
A scientific study from Japan found that lab rats that ate a mixture of betel leaf and areca nuts had severe thickening of the upper digestive tract, whereas after a diet of betel leaves alone, only one laboratory rat developed a forestomach [[papilloma]].<ref name="DoiBF">{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/BF01964368 |title=Carcinogenicity examination of betel nuts and piper betel leaves |year=1979 |last1=Mori |first1=H. |last2=Matsubara |first2=N. |last3=Ushimaru |first3=Y. |last4=Hirono |first4=I. |journal=Experientia |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=384–5 |pmid=446629|s2cid=30379485 }}</ref> Multiple studies demonstrate that betel quid without added tobacco also causes esophageal cancer, and in some instances, liver cancer.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70326-2 |title=A review of human carcinogens—Part E: tobacco, areca nut, alcohol, coal smoke, and salted fish |year=2009 |first1=Béatrice |last1=Secretan |first2=Kurt |last2=Straif |first3=Robert |last3=Baan |first4=Yann |last4=Grosse |first5=Fatiha |last5=El Ghissassi |first6=Véronique |last6=Bouvard |first7=Lamia |last7=Benbrahim-Tallaa |first8=Neela |last8=Guha |first9=Crystal |last9=Freeman |first10=Laurent |last10=Galichet |first11=Vincent |last11=Cogliano |journal=The Lancet Oncology |url=https://academic.oup.com/carcin/article/8/5/741/2478262?login=true |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1033–1034|pmid=19891056 }}</ref>
In a cancer diagnosis patterns study with patients that chewed betel quid with different ingredient combinations, the risk was found to be the highest for those using any form of tobacco.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1054/bjoc.2001.1920 |title=Betel nut and tobacco chewing; potential risk factors of cancer of oesophagus in Assam, India |year=2001 |last1=Phukan |first1=R. K. |last2=Ali |first2=M. S. |last3=Chetia |first3=C. K. |last4=Mahanta |first4=J. |journal=British Journal of Cancer |volume=85 |issue=5 |pages=661–667|pmid=11531248 |pmc=2364125 }}</ref> [[International Agency for Research on Cancer]] (IARC) and the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) accept the scientific evidence that chewing tobacco and areca nut is [[carcinogenic]] to humans.<ref name=WHOCancer>{{cite book|title=Betel-quid and areca-nut chewing and some areca-nut-derived Nitrosamines|author=IARC Working Group|publisher=The World Health Organization|url=http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol85/mono85.pdf|isbn=9789283215851}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2008: the MPOWER package |year=2008 |publisher=World Health Organization |location=Geneva |isbn=978-92-4-159628-2 |url=https://www.who.int/tobacco/mpower/mpower_report_full_2008.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308173338/http://www.who.int/tobacco/mpower/mpower_report_full_2008.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 8, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1136/bmj.324.7341.799 |title=Areca nut use: An independent risk factor for oral cancer |year=2002 |last1=Warnakulasuriya |first1=S. |journal=BMJ |volume=324 |issue=7341 |pages=799–800 |pmid=11934759 |last2=Trivedy |first2=C |last3=Peters |first3=TJ |pmc=1122751}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=Bhavana J. |last1=Dave |first2=Amit H. |last2=Trivedi |first3=Siddharth G. |last3=Adhvatyu |year=1992 |title=Role of areca nut consumption in the cause of oral cancers. A cytogenetic assessment |journal=Cancer |volume=70 |issue=5 |pages=1017–23 |pmid=1515978 |doi=10.1002/1097-0142(19920901)70:5<1017::AID-CNCR2820700502>3.0.CO;2-#|s2cid=196365532 }}</ref> As with [[chewing tobacco]], chewing betel quid with tobacco and areca nut is discouraged by [[preventive healthcare]] efforts.<ref name="StatPearls 2020"/>
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Betel vines are cultivated throughout southeast Asia, in plots typically 20 to 2,000 square metres (0.005 to 0.5 acre) in size.
Malaysian farmers cultivate four types of betel plants: sirih India, sirih Melayu, sirih Cina and sirih Udang. The harvest is then sold in bundles of leaves, each bundle costing in 2011 between MYR 0.30
In Sri Lanka, betel is grown all over the country. Commercial production of betel, with bigger leaves with dark green colour combined with thickness, known as “kalu bulath”, is confined to a few districts, such as [[Kurunegala District|Kurunagala]], [[Gampaha District|Gampaha]], [[Kegalle District|Kegalle]], [[Kalutara District|Kalutara]] and [[Colombo District|Colombo]].<ref name=LK>{{cite web |title= Betel – Piper Betle L |author= Government of Sri Lanka |url= http://www.exportagridept.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=126&Itemid=159&lang=ta |access-date= 2011-07-31 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160514054345/http://www.exportagridept.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=126&Itemid=159&lang=ta |archive-date= 2016-05-14 |url-status= dead }}</ref> These are sold at a wholesaler in lots of 1,000 leaves. According to a report published by the [[United Nations]] [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO),<ref>{{cite web|title = Success Case Replication – A Manual for Increasing Farmer Household Income, see case study 12 in the report|author=Jan B. Orsini|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/AC159E/ac159e00.HTM}}</ref> a successful betel farm in Sri Lanka can provide a supplemental income to a farmer by providing six days of work every six months and net income when the leaf prices are attractive.<ref>{{cite web|title=Life in the hill country of Sri Lanka|publisher=The Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations|url=http://www.fao.org/getinvolved/telefood/telefood-projects/slideshows/life-in-the-hill-country-of-sri-lanka/en/ }}</ref>
The FAO study found the successful farm's yield to be 18,000 leaves per {{convert|150|sqft|m2}}. The additional salary and income to the Sri Lankan betel grower, assuming he or she provides all needed labor and keeps all net profit, is SL Rs. 1635 per {{convert|150|sqft|m2}} of betel farm every 6 months ($90 per "[[decimal]]" per year, or $9000 per acre per year). If the farmer hires outside labor to tend the betel vines and harvest the crop, the net income to the betel farm owner was SL Rs. 735 per {{convert|150|sqft|m2}} of betel farm every six months ($40 per decimal per year, or $4000 per acre per year). The market prices for betel leaves vary with the wet and dry seasons in Sri Lanka, and in 2010 averaged SL Rs. 200–400 per 1,000 leaves ($1.82 to $3.64 per 1000 leaves).<ref>{{cite web|title=Life in the hill country of Sri Lanka|publisher=The Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations|url=http://www.fao.org/getinvolved/telefood/telefood-projects/slideshows/life-in-the-hill-country-of-sri-lanka/en/ }}</ref> The FAO study assumes no losses from erratic weather and no losses during storage and transportation of perishable betel leaves. These losses are usually between 35%
In Bangladesh, betel leaf farming yields vary by region and vine variety. In one region where betel leaf cultivation is the main source of income for farmers, a total of 2,825 hectares of land is dedicated to betel vine farming.<ref>{{cite news |title= Betel-leaf farming benefiting farmers |url= http://theindependentbd.com/national/48153-betel-leaf-farming-benefiting-farmers.html |newspaper=The Independent |location=Dhaka |date=6 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315001729/http://theindependentbd.com/national/48153-betel-leaf-farming-benefiting-farmers.html |archive-date=15 March 2012}}</ref> The average production costs for these betel farms in Bangladesh are about Tk 300,000 per hectare ($4,000 per hectare, $16 per decimal). The farm owners can earn a profit of over Tk 100,000 per hectare ($1,334 per hectare, $5.34 per decimal).
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[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Dioecious plants]]
[[Category:Austronesian agriculture]]
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