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Line 1: {{Short description\|Pitch variation in audio}} ~~{{Unreferenced\|date=December 2009}}~~ {{More citations needed\|date=February 2024}} {{about\|the phenomenon affecting analog audio mediums\|the signal believed by some to be of extraterrestrial origin\|Wow! signal\|other recorded material\|wow (disambiguation)}} '''Wow''' is a relatively slow form of [[Flutter (electronics and communication)\|flutter]] (pitch variation) which can affect both [[gramophone record]]s and [[tape recorder]]s. In the latter, the collective expression '''wow and flutter''' is commonly used. [[File:Arduino-based wow-and-flutter meter 02.jpg\|thumb\|Wow and flutter meter]] '''Wow''' is a relatively slow form of [[Flutter (electronics and communication)\|flutter]] (pitch variation) that can affect [[gramophone record]]s and [[tape recorder]]s. For both, the collective expression '''wow and flutter''' is commonly used.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Wow & Flutter\|url=https://www.soundonsound.com/glossary/wow-flutter\|website=Sound On Sound\|access-date=2 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|last=Rogjohns\|first=Hugh\|title=Celemony Capstan: Wow & Flutter Removal Software\|url=https://www.soundonsound.com/reviews/celemony-capstan\|website=Sound On Sound\|publisher=SOS Publications Group\|date=August 2012\|access-date=2 February 2024}}</ref> ==Gramophone records== Line 11 ⟶ 15: ==Tape recorders== A similar problem can occur with tape recorders. The changes in frequency are caused by irregular tape motion during recording or playback. For example, a change in the angular velocity of the [[capstan (tape recorder)\|capstan]], or dragging of the tape within ana reel or [[audio cassette]] shell. The terms "wow and flutter" are often referred to together, flutter being a higher-rate version of wow. Scrape ~~Flutter - a~~flutter—a high frequency flutter of above 1000 ~~Hz - can~~ Hz—can sometimes occur from the tape vibrating as it passes over a head, as a result of rapidly interacting stretch in the tape and [[stiction]] at the head. It adds a roughness to the sound that is not typical of wow &and flutter, and damping devices or heavy rollers are sometimes employed on professional tape machines to prevent it. Scrape flutter measurement requires special techniques, often using a 10 kHz tone. A typical modern cassette recorder may have a wow and flutter specification of 0.08%. Line 21 ⟶ 25: ==Correction== ~~Novel methods~~Methods of [[digital signal processing]] have been developed that correct wow and flutter by tracking various ~~spuriae~~spurious things on the tape or film, which can be re-purposed as timing references. A system developed by Plangent Processes substantially reduces wow and flutter of very high rates to extremely low levels, with a substantial improvement in quality. The software Capstan by [[Celemony]] analyzes the already ~~digitalized~~digitized musical material and uses [[pitch control\|varispeed]] playback to eliminate wow and flutter. ==References== {{reflist}} ==See also==