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Please refrain from re-adding unverified or dubious content to this article. If you do, then as per WP:V and WP:RS the burden is on you to verify the content with reliable sources via inline citations. As for Ishikism, we have no reliable source verifying that it is a “non-Muslim Alevi religion”. Also, it’s Tengrism, not Turkish Shamanism- click the link on “Turkish Shamanism” in the older revisions and see what you get. If you object to my edit, assume WP:GOODFAITH and explain why.
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{{Short description|Turkish Islamic tradition}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}{{Distinguish|Alawites|Alids|}}{{About|the religious group mainly in Turkey|the religious beliefs pertaining specifically to Kurds|Kurdish Alevism}}
{{UseMore dmycitations datesneeded|find=Alevism|date=AprilJuly 20232024}}
{{About|the religious group, mainly in Turkey|the religious beliefs pertaining specifically to Kurds|Kurdish Alevism|the Arab [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslim]] group|Alawites|the descendants of Ali ibn Abi Talib|Alids|non-Muslim Alevi religion|Ishikism}}
{{Infobox religion
|image = Turkey-1683 (2215851579).jpg
|name = Alevism
|native_name=Alevilik|scripture = [[Quran]], [[Nahj al-Balagha]], [[:tr:Makalat|Makalat]] and [[Buyruks]]
|separated_from = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] and [[Principles of Islamic jurisprudence|Usuli Twelver theology]]
|leader_name1 = [[Dede (religious figure)|Dede]]
|leader_title2 =Teachings of
|leader_name2 = {{hlist | [[ProphetsTengrism]]<ref andname=Degruyter>{{cite messengersbook in Islam|Prophets and Messengers]]chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.31826/9781463225728-006/html |[[Twelve Imams]]doi=10.31826/9781463225728-006 |[[Seven Greatchapter=Alevi Poets]]Theology |[[Safavidfrom order]]Shamanism to Humanism |[[Haji Bektashtitle=Alevis Veli]]and Alevism |[[Ahmad Yasawi]]date=2010 |[[Yunus Emre]]last1=Markussen |[[Ahi Evran]]first1=Hege Irene | isbn=978-1-4632-2572-8 }}</ref> | [[BalımHaji SultanBektash Veli]]<ref name=Degruyter/>| [[Sarı Saltık]]}}{{refn|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://oxfordre.com/religion/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-101 |title=The Alevis |first=Gisela |last=Procházka-Eisl |date=5 April 2016 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion |access-date=14 April 2023 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.101 |isbn=978-0-19-934037-8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328735279 |title=Alevism-Bektashism From Seljuks to Ottomans and Safavids; A Historical Study |access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.academia.edu/40926169 |title=The Safavid-Qizilbash Ecumene and the Formation of the Qizilbash-Alevi Community in the Ottoman Empire, c. 1500–c. 1700 |first=Riza |last=Yildirim |date=2019 |journal=Iranian Studies |volume=52 |issue=3–4 |pages=449–483 |doi=10.1080/00210862.2019.1646120 |s2cid=204476564 |access-date=14 April 2023 |via=www.academia.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Mete |first=Levent |date=2019 |title=Buyruk und al Jafr Das Esoterische Wissen Alis |trans-title=Buyruk and al Jafr The esoteric knowledge of Ali |language=de |journal=Alevilik-Bektaşilik Araştırmaları Dergisi: Forschungszeitschrift über das Alevitentum und das Bektaschitentum |trans-journal=Alevilik-Bektaşilik Araştırmaları Dergisi: Research journal on Alevism and Bektashism |volume=19 |pages=313–350 |url=https://abked.de/index.php/abked/article/download/236/215/ |access-date=2024-01-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Karakaya-Stump |first=Ayfer |doi=10.1515/9781474432702-012 |chapter=5 Mysticism and Imperial Politics: The Safavids and the Making of the Kizilbash Milieu |title=The Kizilbash-Alevis in Ottoman Anatolia: Sufism, Politics and Community |year=2019 |pages=220–255 |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=9781474432702}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110741124-023 |doi-access=free |chapter=Adaptation of Buyruk Manuscripts to Impart Alevi Teachings: Mehmet Yaman Dede and the Arapgir-Çimen Buyruğu |title=Education Materialised |year=2021 |last1=Karolewski |first1=Janina |pages=465–496 |isbn=9783110741124 |s2cid=237904256}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |jstor=23077031 |title=Documents and "Buyruk" Manuscripts in the Private Archives of Alevi Dede Families: An Overview |last1=Karakaya-Stump |first1=Ayfer |journal=British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies |year=2010 |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=273–286 |doi=10.1080/13530194.2010.524437 |s2cid=161466774}}</ref>}}
|leader_title3 = [[Theology]]
|leader_name3 = [[Haqq–Muhammad–Ali]]
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|founded_place = [[Haji Bektash Veli Complex|Sulucakarahöyük]]
|area = [[Turkey]]
|language = [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Albanian language|Albanian]], [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]], and [[Zaza language|Zazaki]]<ref name=minorityrights>{{Cite web |title=Alevis |date=19 June 2015 |url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/alevis/ |website= World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples |publisher=[[Minority Rights Group]] |access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref>
|headquarters = [[Haji Bektash Veli Complex]], [[Nevşehir Province|Nevşehir]], [[Turkey]]
|other_names = [[Qizilbash|Kızılbaşlık]]
|liturgy = [[Cem (Alevism)|Cem]], [[Sama (Sufism)|SemaSama]]
|native_name_lang=tr
}}
{{Alevism}}
[[File:Hacibektas-02-superchango.jpg|thumb|[[Haji Bektash Veli Complex]]]]
'''Alevism''' ({{IPAc-en|æ|ˈ|l|ɛ|v|ɪ|z|ə|m}}; {{lang-tr|Alevilik}},; {{Lang-ku|Elewîtî}};<ref>{{Citation|last=Gültekin|first=Ahmet Kerim|title=Kurdish Alevism: Creating New Ways of Practicing the Religion|date=2019|url=https://www.multiple-secularities.de/media/wps_18_gueltekin_alevikurds.pdf|page=10|publisher=[[University of Leipzig]]}}</ref><ref> {{cite web|url=http://www.guidetomuslimdiversity.com.au/thelang-alevis.htmlaz|title=The Alevis|website=www.guidetomuslimdiversity.com.au|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325175829/http://www.guidetomuslimdiversity.com.au/the-alevis.html|archive-date=2017-03-25|url-status=deadƏləvilik}}</ref><ref>{{Citationcitation |title=elewîtîneeded |date=2020-09-07July |url=https://ku.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=elewîtî&oldid=4100998 |work=Wîkîferheng |access-date=2023-03-12 |language=ku}}</ref> {{lang-az|Ələvilik2024}}) is a [[heterodox]]<ref name="22-7-17-nyt">{{cite news|last1=KINGSLEY|first1=PATRICK|date=22 July 2017|title=Turkey's Alevis, a Muslim Minority, Fear a Policy of Denying Their Existence|work=The New York Times |agency=New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/22/world/europe/alevi-minority-turkey-recep-tayyip-erdogan.html?_r=0|access-date=27 July 2017}}</ref> and [[syncretic]]<ref>{{cite thesis | url=https://repository.bilkent.edu.tr/items/7d34f8f6-3ac7-4dca-930e-7cb15ba96388 | title=The formation of Alevi syncretism | date=11 February 2024 | publisher=Bilkent University | last1=Selmanpakoğlu | first1=Ceren }}</ref> [[Islam]]ic tradition, whose adherents follow the [[mystical]] Islamic teachings of [[Haji Bektash Veli]], who is supposed to havesupposedly taught the teachings of the [[Twelve Imams]], whilst incorporating some traditions from [[Tengrism|Turkish Shamanism]].<ref>{{cite book | chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.31826/9781463225728-006/html | doi=10.31826/9781463225728-006 | chapter=Alevi Theology from Shamanism to Humanism | title=Alevis and Alevism | date=2010 | last1=Markussen | first1=Hege Irene | pages=65–90 | isbn=978-1-4632-2572-8 }}</ref> Differing from [[Sunni Islam]] and [[Usuli]] [[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver Shia Islam]], Alevis have no binding religious [[dogma]]s, and teachings are passed on by a [[dede (religious figure)|spiritual leader]] as with [[Sufi orders]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tee |first=Caroline |date=2013-01-29 |title=The Sufi Mystical Idiom in Alevi Aşık Poetry: Flexibility, Adaptation and Meaning |url=https://journals.openedition.org/ejts/4683 |journal=European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey |language=en |doi=10.4000/ejts.4683 |issn=1773-0546|doi-access=free }}</ref> They acknowledge the [[Iman (Islam)|six articles of faith of Islam]], but may differ regarding their interpretation.<ref name=minorityrights/>
 
Originally one of many Sufi approaches within Sunni Islam; by the 16th century the order adopted some tenets of the Shia Islam, including a veneration of ʿAlī and the twelve imams, as well as a variety of syncretic beliefs. The Alevis acquired political importance in the 15th century, when the order dominated the [[Janissaries]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bektashi | title=Bektashiyyah &#124; Religion, Order, Beliefs, & Community &#124; Britannica }}</ref>
 
The term “Alevi-Bektashi” is currently a widely and frequently used expression in the religious discourse of Turkey as an umbrella term for the two religious groups of Alevism and [[Bektashism]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://events.ceu.edu/2022-05-12/amalgamation-two-religious-cultures-conceptual-and-social-history-alevi-bektashism | title=The Amalgamation of Two Religious Cultures: The Conceptual and Social History of Alevi-Bektashism | date=12 May 2022 }}</ref> Adherents of Alevism are found primarily in Turkey and estimates of the percentage of Turkey's population that are Alevi include between 4% and 25%.<ref name=minorityrights/><ref name="TR100">{{Cite web |title=TR100 |url=https://interaktif.konda.com.tr/turkiye-100-kisi-olsaydi |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=interaktif.konda.com.tr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kızıl |first=Nurbanu |date=2021-12-31 |title=Govt signals action for Turkey's Alevi community amid obstacles |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/news-analysis/govt-signals-action-for-turkeys-alevi-community-amid-obstacles |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=Daily Sabah |language=en-US}}</ref>
 
== Etymology ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2020}}
"Alevi" ({{IPAc-en|æ|ˈ|l|ɛ|v|i}}) is generally explained as referring to [[Ali]], the cousin and son-in-law of [[Muhammad]]. The name represents a Turkish form of the word ''ʻAlawiyy'' ({{lang-ar|علوي}}) "of or pertaining to Ali".
 
A minority viewpoint is that of the [[Ishikism|Ishikists]], who assert, "Alevi" was derived from "Alev" ("[[flame]]" in Turkish) in reference to fire which is extensively used in Alevi rituals. According to them the use of candles is based on [[Quran]], surah [[an-Nur]], verses 35–36:
{{quote|God is the Light of the heavens and the earth. The example of His light is like a niche within which there is a lamp, the lamp is encased in a glass, the glass is like a radiant planet, which is lit from a blessed olive tree that is neither of the east nor of the west, its oil nearly gives off light even if not touched by fire. Light upon light, God guides to His light whom He pleases. And God sets forth examples for the people, and God is aware of all things. (Lit is such a Light) in houses, which God has permitted to be raised to honor; for the celebration, in them, of His name: In them is He glorified in the mornings and in the evenings, (again and again).}}
 
== Beliefs ==
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According to scholar [[Soner Cagaptay|Soner Çağaptay]], Alevism is a "relatively unstructured interpretation of Islam".<ref name=Cagaptay-2012/> Journalist Patrick Kingsley states that for some self-described Alevi, their religion is "simply a [[cultural identity]], rather than a form of worship".<ref name="22-7-17-nyt" />
 
Many teachings are based on an orally transmitted tradition, traditionally kept secret from outsiders (but now widely accessible). Alevis commonly profess the Islamic [[shahada]], but adding "Ali is the [[Wali|''friend'' of God"]].
 
The basis for Alevis' most distinctive beliefs is found in the [[Buyruks]] (compiled writings and dialogues of [[Sheikh]] [[Safi-ad-din Ardabili]], and other worthies). Also included are hymns ''(nefes)'' by figures such as [[Shah Ismail]] or [[Pir Sultan Abdal]], stories of [[Hajji Bektash]] and other lore.
 
The Alevi beliefs among Turkish Alevis and Kurdish Alevis diverge as Kurdish Alevis put more emphasis on [[Pir Sultan Abdal]] than Haji Bektash Veli, and Kurdish Alevism is rooted more in [[Nature worship|nature veneration]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wakamatsu|first=Hiroki|title=Veneration of the Sacred or Regeneration of the Religious: An Analysis of Saints and the Popular Beliefs of Kurdish Alevis|journal=上智アジア学|volume=31|year=2013|publisher=[[Sophia University]]|page=12}}</ref><ref name="referenceworks.brillonline.com">{{EI3|title=Alevīs|year=2008|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/alevis-COM_0167?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.q=Alevīs|last=Dressler|first=Markus}}</ref>
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{{Quotation|Ali Muhammed'dir uh dur fah'ad, Muhammad Ali, ("Ali is Muhammad, Muhammad is Ali")
Gördüm bir [[apple|elma]]dır, el-[[Hamd]]û'li[[Allah|Llâh]]. ("I've seen an apple, all praise is for God")<ref>These and many other quotations may be found in {{cite book | author = John Shindeldecker | date = 1998 | title = Turkish Alevis Today | publisher = Sahkulu Sultan Külliyesi Vakfı | isbn = 9789759444105 | oclc = 1055857045 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Ha2SAAAACAAJ}}</ref>}}
 
The phrase "For the love of [[Haqq–Muhammad–Ali]]" (''Hakk–Muhammad–Ali aşkına'') is common to several Alevi prayers.
 
=== Spirits and afterlife ===
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{{see also|Kaysanites|Khurramites|Qarmatians|Hurufism}}
[[File:Ahi Evran Mosque - panoramio (1).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Tomb of Ahi Evren]]; founder and leader of the [[Ahis|Ahi Brotherhood]], which evolved into a [[Anatolian beyliks|Beylik]] later on.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Darke |first=Diana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zsGHEAAAQBAJ |title=The Ottomans: A Cultural Legacy |publisher=Thames & Hudson |year=2022 |isbn=978-0-500-77753-4 |pages=86, 88 |language=en}}</ref> ]]
Sources differ on how important formal doctrine is among contemporary Alevi. According to scholar Russell Powell, there is a tradition of informal "Dede" courts within the Alevi society, but regarding Islamic jurisprudence or ''[[fiqh]]'' there has been "little scholarship on Alevi influences" in it.<ref name="Powell-2016-35">{{cite book |last1=Powell |first1=Russell |title=Shariʿa in the Secular State: Evolving Meanings of Islamic Jurisprudence in .. |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RqRTDAAAQBAJ&q=Alevism+fiqh&pg=PA35 |access-date=27 July 2017 |isbn=9781317055693}}</ref> ''Alevism'' has a unique belief system tracing back to [[Kaysanites]] and [[Khurramites|Khurramites.]].<ref>Roger M. Savory (ref. Abdülbaki Gölpinarli), [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], "Kizil-Bash", Online Edition 2005</ref>
 
== Practices ==
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=== Cem and Cemevi ===
{{main|Jem (Alevism)|Cemevi}}
[[File:Cem1.jpg|thumb|People performing Cem]]
[[File:Parts of the saz.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Bağlama]]]]
 
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|image1=Sam'dan lokma tatlisi.jpg
|image2=Aşure.jpg
|caption2=It is a common Alevi- and Sunni tradition to distribute [[lokma]] (top) and [[ashure]] (below) publicly in Turkey.
}}
{{main|Eyüp Sultan Mosque|Ziyarat|Dua}}
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== History ==
{{Main|Alevi history}}
[[File:Hajji Bektash Wali.jpeg|thumb|[[Ottoman miniature]] of the founder of the [[BektashiyyahBektashi Order|Bektashiyya]] Sufi order [[Haji Bektash Veli|Hacı Bektaş-ı Veli ''(Ḥājjī Baktāsh Walī)'']], a [[murid]] of [[Malamatiyya|Malāmatī]]-[[Qalandariyya|Qalāndārī]] [[Sheikh]] [[Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar]], who introduced the [[Ahmad Yasavi]]'s [[doctrine]] of ''"[[Four Doors|Four Doors and Forty Stending]]"'' into his [[tariqah]]]]
=== Seljuk period ===
{{further|Ak Koyunlu|Kara Koyunlu}}
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