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== Events ==
[[File:Transcontinental railroad route.png|thumb|180px|right| [[January 8]]: [[First transcontinental railroad]]]]
===January–March===
* [[January 1]] – [[Abraham Lincoln]] signs the [[Emancipation Proclamation]] during the third year of the [[American Civil War]], making the abolition of [[slavery]] in the Confederate states an official war goal. It proclaims the freedom of 3.1 million of the nation's four million slaves and immediately frees 50,000 of them, with the rest freed as Union armies advance. This event marks the start of America's [[Reconstruction era|Reconstruction Era]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Eric|last=Foner|title=The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery|location=New York|publisher=Norton|year=2010|isbn=978-0-393-06618-0|pages=239–42}}</ref>
* [[January 2]] – Master Lucius Tar Paint Company (''Teerfarbenfabrik Meister Lucius''), predecessor of [[Hoechst AG|Hoechst]], as a worldwide [[Chemical|chemical manufacturing brand]], founded in a suburb of [[Frankfurt am Main]], [[Germany]].{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}
* [[January 4]] – The [[New Apostolic Church]], a Christian and [[chiliastic]] church, is established in [[Hamburg]], Germany.
* [[January 7]] – In the [[Cantons of Switzerland|Swiss canton]] of [[Ticino]], the village of [[Bedretto]] is partly destroyed and 29 killed, by an [[avalanche]].<ref name=Resoconto>{{cite book|title=Resoconto del
* [[January 8]]
** The [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club]] is founded at the [[Adelphi Hotel (Sheffield)|Adelphi Hotel]], in [[Sheffield]], England.
** American Civil War
* [[January 10]] – The first section of the [[London Underground]] Railway ([[Paddington tube station (Circle and Hammersmith & City lines)|Paddington]] to [[Farringdon station|Farringdon Street]]) opens officially.<ref name="The People's Chronology">{{cite book|chapter=1863|title=The People's Chronology|editor=Everett, Jason M.|publisher=Thomson Gale|year=2006}}</ref>
[[File:Battle of Fort Hindman.png|thumb|190px|right| [[January 11|Jan.11]]: [[Battle of Arkansas Post (1863)|Battle of Arkansas Post]].]]
* [[January 11]]
** American Civil War
** In the Swiss Canton Ticino, the roof of the church of Sant'Antonio in [[Locarno]] collapses under the weight of snow, killing 47.<ref name=Resoconto/>
* [[January 15]] – [[Second French intervention in Mexico|French intervention in Mexico]]: French forces bombard [[Veracruz, Veracruz|Veracruz]].
* [[January 21]] – [[Adam Opel]] founds [[Opel|Opel AG]].
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* [[January 29]] – [[American Indian Wars]] – [[Bear River Massacre]]: The [[United States Army]], led by General [[Patrick Edward Connor]], massacres Chief [[Bear Hunter]] and forces of the [[Shoshone]], in the [[Idaho Territory]].
* [[January 31]] – [[Jules Verne]]'s first adventure novel, ''[[Five Weeks in a Balloon]]'' (''Cinq semaines en ballon''), is published in Paris.
[[File:HMS Orpheus.jpg|thumb|190px|right| [[February 7]]: [[HMS Orpheus (1861)|HMS ''Orpheus'']] sinks.]]▼
* [[February 1]] – Radicals in Lithuania, Belarus, Latvia, northern Ukraine and western Russia join the [[January Uprising]].
* [[February 2]] – [[January Uprising]]: Polish peasants are massacred by Russian hussars at Čysta Būda, near [[Marijampolė]].
▲[[File:HMS Orpheus.jpg|thumb|190px|right| [[February 7]]: [[HMS Orpheus (1861)|HMS ''Orpheus'']] sinks.]]
* [[February 7]] – {{HMS|Orpheus|1860|6}} sinks, while attempting to enter [[Manukau Harbour]] in New Zealand, with the loss of 189 lives.
* [[February 10]] – Alanson Crane of Virginia patents a [[fire extinguisher]].
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=== April–June ===
* [[April 14]] – The [[Treaty of Huế (1863)|Treaty of Huế]] is signed between [[Vietnam]] and the [[French colonial empire|French Empire]].
* [[April 17]]–[[May 2]] – [[American Civil War]]
* [[April 20]] – American Civil War: The [[Battle of Washington]] ends inconclusively in [[Beaufort County, North Carolina]].
* [[April 21]]
** {{Lang|ar-Latn|Ayyam-i butun}}: [[Bahá'u'lláh]] begins a 12-day stay in the [[Garden of Ridván, Baghdad|Najibiyyih gardens, Baghdad]] (
** [[January Uprising]]: The Polish peasant army, now led by Zygmunt Sierakowski, achieves its first victory over the Russian army, near [[Raguva]].
* [[April 24]] – The [[Lieber Code]] signed and issued by President [[Abraham Lincoln]] to the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] forces of the United States in the American Civil War constitutes the world's first official comprehensive code of the modern [[laws of war]].
* [[April 30]] – [[Battle of Camarón]] in Mexico: 65 soldiers of the [[French Foreign Legion]] fight 2,000 Mexicans.
* [[May 1]]–[[May 4|4]] – American Civil War
[[File:Edouard Manet - Luncheon on the Grass - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|190px|[[May 17]]: [[Édouard Manet|Manet]]'s ''[[Le déjeuner sur l'herbe]]'' exhibited.]]▼
▲* [[May 1]]–[[May 4|4]] – American Civil War – [[Battle of Chancellorsville]]: General [[Robert E. Lee]] defeats Union forces with 13,000 Confederate casualties, among them [[Stonewall Jackson]] (fatally wounded by friendly fire), and 17,500 Union casualties.
* [[May 8]]
** The [[Granadine Confederation]] becomes the [[United States of Colombia]], under [[President of Colombia|President]] [[Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera]].
** [[January Uprising]]: The Polish insurgent army is defeated by the Russians near Gudiškis.
* [[May 14]] – American Civil War
▲[[File:Edouard Manet - Luncheon on the Grass - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|190px|[[May 17]]: [[Édouard Manet|Manet]]'s ''[[Le déjeuner sur l'herbe]]'' exhibited.]]
* [[May 17]]
** After a 2-month siege, the French army of [[Achille Bazaine|Bazaine]] takes [[Puebla, Puebla|Puebla]], Mexico.
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** The [[General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists]] is formed in [[Battle Creek, Michigan]].
* [[May 23]] – [[Ferdinand Lassalle]] founds the {{Lang|de|Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein}} ([[General German Workers' Association]], ADAV), the first socialist workers party in Germany.
* [[May 28]] – American Civil War
* [[May 31]] – The first [[Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe]] horse race is held.
* [[June 7]] – [[Second French intervention in Mexico|French intervention in Mexico]]: French forces enter Mexico City.
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* [[June 12]] – [[The Arts Club]] is founded by [[Charles Dickens]], [[Frederic Leighton]] and others in [[Hanover Square, Westminster|Hanover Square]], London.
* [[June 13]] – [[Samuel Butler (novelist)|Samuel Butler]]'s [[dystopia]]n article "[[Darwin among the Machines]]" is published (under the pen name ''Cellarius'') in ''[[The Press]]'' newspaper in [[Christchurch]], New Zealand; it will be incorporated into his novel ''[[Erewhon]]'' (1872).
* [[June 14]] – American Civil War
* [[June 17]] – American Civil War: The [[Battle of Aldie]] in the [[Gettysburg Campaign]] ends inconclusively.
* [[June 20]] – [[West Virginia]] is admitted as the 35th [[U.S. state]].
=== July–September ===
[[File:Battle of Gettysburg.jpg|thumb|190px|July: [[Battle of Gettysburg]].]]▼
* [[July]] – First successful test of the [[Confederate States of America|CSA]] hand-propelled [[submarine]] ''[[H. L. Hunley (submarine)|H. L. Hunley]]''.<ref name=Hunley>{{cite book|title=The H. L. Hunley: the Secret Hope of the Confederacy|first=Tom|last=Chaffin|location=New York|publisher=Hill and Wang|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8090-9512-4|url=https://archive.org/details/hlhunleysecretho00chaf}}</ref>
* [[July 1]]
*
*
▲[[File:Battle of Gettysburg.jpg|thumb|190px|July: [[Battle of Gettysburg]].]]
* [[July 1]]–[[July 3|3]] – [[American Civil War]]: [[Battle of Gettysburg]] – Union forces under [[George G. Meade]] turn back a Confederate invasion by [[Robert E. Lee]] in the largest battle of the war (28,000 Confederate casualties, 23,000 Union).
* [[July 4]] – American Civil War: [[Siege of Vicksburg]] – [[Ulysses S. Grant]] and the Union army capture the Confederate city [[Vicksburg, Mississippi]], after the town surrenders, following a 47-day siege.
* [[July 6]] – [[Queen Victoria]] issues [[Letters Patent]], annexing to [[South Australia]] the part of the colony of [[New South Wales]] that will later become the [[Northern Territory]].<ref>[http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?dID=49 Letters Patent annexing the Northern Territory to South Australia, 1863] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110601183454/http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?dID=49 |date=June 1, 2011 }}. [[National Archives of Australia]].</ref>
* [[July 9]] – American Civil War: The [[Siege of Port Hudson]] ends, and the Union controls the entire Mississippi River for the first time.
* [[July 13]] – American Civil War
* [[July 16]] – [[Battle of Shimonoseki Straits]]: The [[screw sloop]] {{USS|Wyoming|1859|6}} engages with the [[Chōshū Domain]] fleet before withdrawing, in Japan's first naval engagement between elements of modern navies.
* [[July 17]]
** The [[New Zealand Wars]] against the [[Māori people]] resume, as British forces in New Zealand led by [[Duncan Cameron (British Army officer)|Duncan Cameron]] begin their [[Invasion of the Waikato]].
** American Civil War
* [[July 18]] – American Civil War: The first formal African American military unit, the [[54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry]], unsuccessfully assaults Confederate-held [[Fort Wagner]] but their valiant fighting still proves the worth of African American soldiers during the war. Their commander, Colonel [[Robert Gould Shaw|Robert Shaw]], is shot leading the attack, and is buried with his men (450 Union, along with 175 Confederate).
* [[July 26]] – American Civil War
* [[July 30]] – [[American Indian Wars]]: Representatives of the United States and tribal leaders including [[Chief Pocatello]] (of the [[Shoshone]]) sign the [[Box Elder Treaty|Treaty of Box Elder]].
* [[July 30]] – [[Valuev Circular]] banned the publication of religious, educational and training books in [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] in the [[Russian Empire]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Remy |first1=Johannes |title=The Valuev Circular and Censorship of Ukrainian Publications in the Russian Empire (1863-1876): Intention and Practice. |url=https://www.academia.edu/10023082 |website=academia.edu |access-date=1 April 2024}}</ref>
* [[August 1]]
** At the suggestion of Senator [[Johan Vilhelm Snellman|J. V. Snellman]] and the order of Emperor [[Alexander II of Russia|Alexander II]], full rights
** The [[Pharmaceutical|pharmaceutical brand]] [[Bayer]] is founded by [[Friedrich Bayer]] in [[Germany]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bayer.com/en/history/history|title=History of Bayer|website=Bayer|access-date= 11 January 2023}}</ref>
* [[August 3]] – [[Otago Boys' High School]] is founded in New Zealand.
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* [[August 16]] – After Spain's annexation of the [[Dominican Republic]], rebels raise the [[Flag of the Dominican Republic|Dominican flag]] in [[Santiago de los Caballeros|Santiago]] to begin the [[Dominican Restoration War]].
* [[August 17]] – American Civil War: In [[Charleston, South Carolina]], Union batteries and ships bombard Confederate-held [[Fort Sumter]] (the bombardment does not end until [[December 31]]).
* [[August 21]] – American Civil War
** [[Battle of Lawrence]]
** American clipper ''Anglo Saxon'' (westbound) is captured and burned by [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] [[privateer]] ''Florida'', off the south coast of Ireland.<ref>{{cite book|first=Daniel J.|last=Nolan|title=Clippers: the ships that shaped the world|publisher=Malbay Publishing|year=2011|location=Bray|isbn=978-1-908726-00-1|page=97}}</ref>
* [[August 26]] – The Swedish-language liberal newspaper ''Helsingfors Dagblad'' proposed the
* [[September]] – The [[Western Railroad (North Carolina)|Western Railroad]] from [[Fayetteville, North Carolina|Fayetteville]], North Carolina, to the coal fields of [[Cumnock, North Carolina|Egypt]], North Carolina, is completed.<ref>[http://www.historync.org/railroad-WRR.htm CommunicationSolutions/ISI, "Railroad — Western Railroad Company"], ''North Carolina Business History'', 2006, accessed 1 Feb 2010</ref>
* [[September 6]] – American Civil War: [[Confederate States of America|Confederates]] evacuate [[Battery Wagner]] and [[Morris Island]], in [[South Carolina]].
* [[September 19]]–[[September 20|20]] – American Civil War
* [[September 30]] – [[Georges Bizet]]'s opera ''[[Les pêcheurs de perles]]'' debuts, at the [[Théâtre Lyrique]] in Paris.
=== October–December ===
* [[October 3]] – U.S. President Abraham Lincoln proclaims a national [[Thanksgiving (United States)|Thanksgiving]] Day, to be celebrated on the final Thursday in November.
* [[October 5]] – The [[Brooklyn, Bath and Coney Island Rail Road]] starts operations in [[Brooklyn, New York]];
* [[October 14]] – [[American Civil War]]
* [[October 15]] – American Civil War: The Confederate submarine ''[[H. L. Hunley (submarine)|H. L. Hunley]]'' sinks during a test, killing [[Horace Lawson Hunley]] (its inventor) and a crew of seven.<ref name=Hunley/>
* [[October 26]]–[[October 29|29]] –
* [[October 29]] – American Civil War: [[Battle of Wauhatchie]] * [[November 4]] – [[Hector Berlioz]]'s opera ''[[Les Troyens]]'' is performed for the first time, at the [[Théâtre Lyrique]] in Paris.<ref>{{cite book|author=Robert Ignatius Letellier|title=Opéra-Comique: A Sourcebook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K04aBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA139|date=16 April 2010|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-2168-1|pages=139}}</ref>
* [[November 15]] – King [[Christian IX of Denmark]] succeeds his distant cousin [[Frederick VII of Denmark|Frederick VII]], giving rise to the beginning of the Second [[Schleswig-Holstein]] crisis.
* [[November 16]] – American Civil War
* [[November 17]] – American Civil War
* [[November 18]] – King [[Christian IX of Denmark]] signs [[History of Schleswig-Holstein#The November Constitution|the November Constitution]], which declares [[Schleswig]] to be part of Denmark, regarded by the [[German Confederation]] as a violation of the [[London Protocol (1852)|London Protocol of 1852]], leading to the [[Second Schleswig War|German–Danish war of 1864]].
* [[November 19]] – American Civil War: U. S. President Abraham Lincoln delivers the [[Gettysburg Address]], at the military cemetery dedication ceremony in [[Gettysburg, Pennsylvania]].
* [[November 23]] – American Civil War
* [[November 24]] – American Civil War
* [[November 25]] – American Civil War
* [[November 26]] – American Civil War
* [[November 27]] – American Civil War: Confederate cavalry leader John Hunt Morgan and several of his men escape the Ohio state prison, and return safely to the South.
* [[December 1]] – The first steam-operated passenger railway opens in New Zealand, at [[Christchurch]] in [[South Island]].<ref>{{Marshall-GuinnessRail}}</ref>{{page needed|date=October 2016}}
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* [[Richard Owen]] publishes the first description of a fossilised bird, ''[[Archaeopteryx]]''.<ref name="The People's Chronology"/>
* The ''[[Winged Victory of Samothrace]]'' is found at [[Samothrace]] by [[Charles Champoiseau]]. Made c. [[190 BC]], it will be displayed in the [[Louvre]], Paris.
* [[Colmar Treasure]] is discovered.
== Births ==
=== January–March ===
[[File:
* [[January 1]] – [[Pierre de Coubertin]], French founder of the modern Olympic Games (d. [[1937]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Pierre, baron de Coubertin {{!}} Biography, Olympics, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin |website=www.britannica.com |access-date=15 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[January 7]] – [[Anna Murray Vail]], American botanist and first librarian of the [[New York Botanical Garden]] (d. [[1955]])
* [[January 12]] – [[Swami Vivekananda]], Indian Hindu religious leader (d. [[1902]])
* [[January 14]] – [[Manuel Gomes da Costa]], Portuguese general,
* [[January 15]] – [[Wilhelm Marx]], [[Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)|Chancellor of Germany]] (d. [[1946]])
* [[January 17]]
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=== April–June ===
[[File:Helen Dortch Longstreet.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Helen Dortch Longstreet]]]]
* [[April 15]] – [[Ida Freund]], Austrian-born chemist and educator (d. [[1914]])
* [[April 18]] – [[Count Leopold Berchtold]], Austro-Hungarian foreign minister (d. [[1942]])
* [[April 20]] – [[Helen Dortch Longstreet]], American social advocate, librarian
* [[April 28]] – [[Josiah Thomas (politician)|Josiah Thomas]], Australian politician (d. [[1933]])
* [[April 29]]
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[[File:King Carlos I of Portugal - National Portrait Gallery.png|thumb|110px|right|[[Carlos I of Portugal]]]]
* [[July 1]] – [[William Grant Stairs]], Canadian explorer (d. [[1892]])
* [[July 4]] – [[Hugo Winckler]], German archaeologist
* [[July 6]] – [[Reginald McKenna]], British [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]] (1915-1916) (d. [[1943]])
* [[July 15]] – [[Gonzalo Córdova]], 21st president of Ecuador (d. [[1928]])
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** [[G. R. S. Mead]], British writer (d. [[1933]])
* [[September 25]] – [[S. Isadore Miner]], American columnist writing as "Pauline Periwinkle" (d. [[1916]])
* [[September 28]] – King [[Carlos I of Portugal]] (
* [[September 30]] – [[Reinhard Scheer]], German admiral (d. [[1928]])
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** [[Lionel Cripps]], Rhodesian politician (d. [[1950]])
** [[Louis Cyr]], Canadian strongman (d. [[1912]])
* [[October 16]] – [[Robert E. O. Speedwagon]], greatest ally of the [[Joestar Family]] and [[Jonathan Joestar|Jonathan]]'s most loyal friend (d. [[1952]])
* [[October 16]] – [[Austen Chamberlain]], English politician, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (d. [[1937]])
* [[November 8]] – [[Eero Järnefelt]], Finnish realist painter (d. [[1937]])
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* [[December 14]] – [[Kenneth Balfour]], British Conservative Party politician (d. [[1936]])
* [[December 16]] – [[George Santayana]], Spanish-born philosopher, poet, essayist and novelist (d. [[1952]])
* [[December 18]] – [[Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria]] (
== Deaths ==
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* [[April 10]] – [[Giovanni Battista Amici]], Italian astronomer, microscopist and botanist (b. [[1786]])
* [[April 21]] – [[Sir Robert Bateson, 1st Baronet]], Irish nobility (b. [[1782]])
* [[May 7]] – [[Earl Van Dorn]], American Confederate general (murdered) (b. [[1820]])
* [[May 10]] – [[Stonewall Jackson|Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson]], American Confederate general (died of wounds) (b. [[1824]])
* [[June 7]] – [[Antonio Valero de Bernabé]], Latin American liberator (b. [[1790]])
* [[June 9]] – [[Dost Mohammad Khan (Emir of Afghanistan)|Dost Mohammad Khan]], Emir of [[Kabul]], King of [[Kandahar]] (b. [[1793]])
* [[June 24]] – [[George Elliot (Royal Navy officer, born 1784)|Sir George Elliot]], British admiral (b. [[1784]])
* [[June 26]] – [[Andrew Hull Foote]], American admiral (b. [[
=== July–December ===
[[File:Félix Nadar 1820-1910 portraits Eugène Delacroix restored.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Eugène Delacroix]]]]
[[File:JacobGrimm.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Jacob Grimm]]]]
* [[July 1]] – [[John F. Reynolds]], American general (killed in action) (b. [[1820]])
* [[July 5]] – [[Lewis Armistead]], American Confederate general (died of wounds) (b. [[1817]])
*[[July 10]] – [[Clement Clarke Moore]], American writer and teacher (b. [[1779]])
* [[July 18]] – [[Robert Gould Shaw]], American Union Army officer (killed in action) (b. [[1837]])
* [[July 21]] – [[Josephine Kablick]], Czech botanist and paleontologist (b. [[1787]])
* [[July 26]] – [[Sam Houston]], first [[President of the Republic of Texas]] (b. [[1793]])
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* [[September 17]] – [[Alfred de Vigny]], French author (b. [[1797]])
* [[September 20]] – [[Jacob Grimm]], German folklorist (b. [[1785]])
* [[September 21]] – [[Benjamin Hardin Helm]], Confederate politician and general (died of wounds) (b. [[1831]])
* [[October 13]] – [[Philippe Antoine d'Ornano]], Marshal of France (b. [[1784]])
* [[November 2]] – [[Theodore Judah]], American railroad engineer (yellow fever) (b. [[1826]])
* [[November 13]] – [[Ignacio Comonfort]], President of Mexico [[1855]]-1857 (killed in action) (b. [[1812]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://calderon.presidencia.gob.mx/mexico/gobernantes/mexico-1821-actualidad/ignacio-comonfort/|publisher=Presidency de la Republica de Mexico|title=IGNACIO COMONFORT|language=es|access-date=May 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530054413/http://calderon.presidencia.gob.mx/mexico/gobernantes/mexico-1821-actualidad/ignacio-comonfort/|archive-date=May 30, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[November 15]] – King [[Frederick VII of Denmark]] (b. [[1808]])
* [[December 2]] – [[Jane Pierce]], 15th [[First Lady of the United States]] (b. [[1806]])
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== In fiction ==
* The film ''[[Glory (1989 film)|Glory]]'' (1989, starring [[Morgan Freeman]], [[Denzel Washington]]
* The film ''[[Gangs of New York]]'' (starring [[Daniel Day-Lewis]], [[Leonardo DiCaprio]]
* The main protagonist of ''[[Red Dead Redemption 2]]'', [[Arthur Morgan (Red Dead)|Arthur Morgan]]
== References ==
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