1863: Difference between revisions

** American Civil War: The [[Second Battle of Springfield]] takes place near [[Springfield, Missouri]]. Fighting for the Union, General Egbert B. Brown leads the Missouri militia to victory over Confederate General [[John S. Marmaduke]] and the [[18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Marmaduke's)|18th Arkansas Infantry]].

* [[January 10]] &ndash; The first section of the [[London Underground]] Railway ([[Paddington tube station (Circle and Hammersmith & City lines)|Paddington]] to [[Farringdon station|Farringdon Street]]) opens officially.<ref name="The People's Chronology">{{cite book|chapter=1863|title=The People's Chronology|editor=Everett, Jason M.|publisher=Thomson Gale|year=2006}}</ref>

* [[January 11]]

** In the Swiss Canton Ticino, the roof of the church of Sant'Antonio in [[Locarno]] collapses under the weight of snow, killing 47.<ref name=Resoconto/>

* [[January 15]] – [[Second French intervention in Mexico|French intervention in Mexico]]: French forces bombard [[Veracruz, Veracruz|Veracruz]].

=== April–June ===

* [[April 14]] – The [[Treaty of Huế (1863)|Treaty of Huế]] is signed between [[Vietnam]] and the [[French colonial empire|French Empire]].

* [[April 20]] – American Civil War: The [[Battle of Washington]] ends inconclusively in [[Beaufort County, North Carolina]].

* [[April 21]]

** {{Lang|ar-Latn|Ayyam-i butun}}: [[Bahá'u'lláh]] begins a 12-day stay in the [[Garden of Ridván, Baghdad|Najibiyyih gardens, Baghdad]] (later known as the Garden of Ridván) during which he declares his station as ''[[He whom God shall make manifest]]''. This date is celebrated in the [[Baháʼí Faith]] as the festival of [[Ridván]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Smith|first=Peter|encyclopedia=A concise encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith|title=Ridvan|year=2000|publisher=Oneworld Publications|location=Oxford|pages=[https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope0000smit/page/296 296–297]|isbn=1-85168-184-1|url=https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope0000smit/page/296}}</ref>

** [[January Uprising]]: The Polish peasant army, now led by Zygmunt Sierakowski, achieves its first victory over the Russian army, near [[Raguva]].

* [[April 30]] – [[Battle of Camarón]] in Mexico: 65 soldiers of the [[French Foreign Legion]] fight 2,000 Mexicans.

* [[May 1]]–[[May 4|4]] – American Civil War: [[Battle of Chancellorsville]] – General [[Robert E. Lee]] defeats Union forces with 13,000 Confederate casualties, among them [[Stonewall Jackson]] (fatally wounded by friendly fire), and 17,500 Union casualties.

* [[July 26]] – American Civil War: [[Morgan's Raid]] – At [[Salineville, Ohio]], Confederate cavalry leader [[John Hunt Morgan]] and 375 of his volunteers are captured by Union forces.

* [[July 30]] – [[American Indian Wars]]: Representatives of the United States and tribal leaders including [[Chief Pocatello]] (of the [[Shoshone]]) sign the [[Box Elder Treaty|Treaty of Box Elder]].

* [[August 1]]

** At the suggestion of Senator [[Johan Vilhelm Snellman|J. V. Snellman]] and the order of Emperor [[Alexander II of Russia|Alexander II]], full rights are promised to the [[Finnish language]] by a language regulation in the [[Grand Duchy of Finland]].<ref>{{cite book| author= Olavi Junnila | title= Suomen historia 5 | year= 1986 | chapter= Autonomian rakentaminen ja kansallisen nousun aika | page= 151 | location = Helsinki | publisher= Weilin + Göös | isbn= 951-35-2494-9 | language = fi}}</ref>

[[File:King Carlos I of Portugal - National Portrait Gallery.png|thumb|110px|right|[[Carlos I of Portugal]]]]

* [[July 1]] – [[William Grant Stairs]], Canadian explorer (d. [[1892]])

* [[July 6]] – [[Reginald McKenna]], British [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]] (1915-1916) (d. [[1943]])

* [[July 15]] – [[Gonzalo Córdova]], 21st president of Ecuador (d. [[1928]])

** [[G. R. S. Mead]], British writer (d. [[1933]])

* [[September 25]] – [[S. Isadore Miner]], American columnist writing as "Pauline Periwinkle" (d. [[1916]])

* [[September 30]] – [[Reinhard Scheer]], German admiral (d. [[1928]])

 

** [[Lionel Cripps]], Rhodesian politician (d. [[1950]])

** [[Louis Cyr]], Canadian strongman (d. [[1912]])

* [[October 16]] – [[Austen Chamberlain]], English politician, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (d. [[1937]])

* [[November 8]] – [[Eero Järnefelt]], Finnish realist painter (d. [[1937]])

* [[December 14]] – [[Kenneth Balfour]], British Conservative Party politician (d. [[1936]])

* [[December 16]] – [[George Santayana]], Spanish-born philosopher, poet, essayist and novelist (d. [[1952]])

 

== Deaths ==

* [[April 10]] – [[Giovanni Battista Amici]], Italian astronomer, microscopist and botanist (b. [[1786]])

* [[April 21]] – [[Sir Robert Bateson, 1st Baronet]], Irish nobility (b. [[1782]])

* [[June 7]] – [[Antonio Valero de Bernabé]], Latin American liberator (b. [[1790]])

* [[June 9]] – [[Dost Mohammad Khan (Emir of Afghanistan)|Dost Mohammad Khan]], Emir of [[Kabul]], King of [[Kandahar]] (b. [[1793]])

* [[June 24]] – [[George Elliot (Royal Navy officer, born 1784)|Sir George Elliot]], British admiral (b. [[1784]])

 

=== July–December ===

[[File:Félix Nadar 1820-1910 portraits Eugène Delacroix restored.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Eugène Delacroix]]]]

[[File:JacobGrimm.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Jacob Grimm]]]]

*[[July 10]] – [[Clement Clarke Moore]], American writer and teacher (b. [[1779]])

* [[July 21]] – [[Josephine Kablick]], Czech botanist and paleontologist (b. [[1787]])

* [[July 26]] – [[Sam Houston]], first [[President of the Republic of Texas]] (b. [[1793]])

* [[September 17]] – [[Alfred de Vigny]], French author (b. [[1797]])

* [[September 20]] – [[Jacob Grimm]], German folklorist (b. [[1785]])

* [[October 13]] – [[Philippe Antoine d'Ornano]], Marshal of France (b. [[1784]])

* [[November 15]] – King [[Frederick VII of Denmark]] (b. [[1808]])

* [[December 2]] – [[Jane Pierce]], 15th [[First Lady of the United States]] (b. [[1806]])