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{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
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| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = [[wikt:Suzhounese|Suzhounese]]
|
| demographics2_title1 = [[Prefecture-level city]]
| demographics2_info1 = [[Renminbi|CN¥]] 2.272 trillion<br />[[US$]] 352.2 billion
| demographics2_title2 = Per capita
| demographics2_info2 = CN¥ 178,207<br />US$ 27,629
| timezone = [[Beijing Time]]
| utc_offset = +8
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| area_code = 512
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:CN|CN-JS-05]]
▲| blank_name = [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] (2021)<ref name="people.com.cn">{{cite web |url=http://ah.people.com.cn/n2/2022/0126/c401574-35113409.html |title=2021年江苏13市Gdp出炉 苏州2.27万亿位居第一 |access-date=26 January 2022 |archive-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126211825/http://ah.people.com.cn/n2/2022/0126/c401574-35113409.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| blank1_name = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2015)
| blank1_info = 0.868– <span style="color:#090;">very high</span><ref name="hdi">
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}}
'''Suzhou''' ({{IPAc-en|s|uː|ˈ|dʒ|oʊ}};<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Suzhou |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203231015/https://www.lexico.com/definition/suzhou |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 December 2020 |title=Suzhou |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> {{zh|s=苏州}}; <small>[[Suzhounese]]:</small> [[Romanization of Wu Chinese|''sou¹ tseu¹'']] {{IPA-wuu|səu˦ tsøʏ˦|}}, <small>[[Standard Mandarin|Mandarin]]:</small> {{IPAc-cmn|s|u|1|.|zh|ou|1}}), [[postal romanization|alternately romanized]] as '''Soochow''', is a major [[prefecture-level city]] in
Founded in 514
The city's tourist attractions include canals, stone [[bridges]], [[pagoda]]s, and
▲Founded in 514{{nbsp}}BC, Suzhou has had a long and productive history. Local museums host abundant displays of its relics and many sites of historical interest exist. Around AD{{nbsp}}100, during the [[Eastern Han dynasty]], it became one of the ten largest cities in the world, mostly due to emigration from [[Northern and southern China|northern China]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Tertius Chandler |title=Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census |year=1987 |publisher=St. David's University Press |isbn=978-0889462076}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Top 10 Cities of the Year 100 |url=http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201b.htm |publisher=About.com |access-date=20 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005065844/http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201b.htm |archive-date=5 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Since the 10th century, Suzhou has been an important center of China's industry and foreign trade. During the late 15th century to the 19th century, Suzhou was a national economic, cultural, and commercial center,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Grand Canal |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5318/ |publisher=[[World Heritage Centre|UNESCO World Heritage Center]] |access-date=1 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102191053/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5318/ |archive-date=2 January 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> as well as the largest non-[[capital city]] in the world, until it was overtaken by Shanghai.{{sfnp|Xu|2000|pp=16, 72–73, 159}}<ref>{{cite book |first=Michael |last=Marme |title=Suzhou: Where the Goods of All the Provinces Converge |year=2005 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |location=[[Stanford, California|Stanford]] |isbn=9780804731126}}</ref> Since major [[Chinese economic reform|economic reforms began in 1978]], Suzhou has become one of the fastest growing major cities in the world, with GDP growth rates of about 14% in the past 35 years.<ref name="sz2014">{{cite web |author=Suzhou Bureau of Statistics |script-title=zh:2014年苏州市情市力 |url=http://www.sztjj.gov.cn/tjnj/sqsl2014.pdf |access-date=19 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419145824/http://www.sztjj.gov.cn/tjnj/sqsl2014.pdf |archive-date=19 April 2014}}</ref><ref name=xmsz>{{cite news |script-title=zh:寻梦苏州 探寻一座城市的现代化之路 |url=http://www.people.com.cn/GB/paper40/13951/1246054.html |access-date=27 August 2013 |script-work=zh:人民网 |date=26 January 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014235550/http://www.people.com.cn/GB/paper40/13951/1246054.html |archive-date=14 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> With high life expectancy and per capita incomes, Suzhou's [[Human Development Index]] ratings is roughly comparable to a moderately developed country, making it one of the most highly developed and prosperous cities in China.<ref name="hdi" />
▲The city's canals, stone [[bridges]], [[pagoda]]s, and [[Chinese garden|meticulously designed gardens]] have contributed to its status as one of the top tourist attractions and liveable cities in China. The [[Classical Gardens of Suzhou]] were added to the list of the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]s in 1997 and 2000. Suzhou is often dubbed the "[[List of places called Venice of the East|Venice of the East]]" or "Venice of China".<ref>[https://archive.today/20120717104026/http://www.andovertownsman.com/arts/local_story_055172444.html?keyword=secondarystory Visit some of China's best gardens next week without a passport » Arts/Entertainment » Andover Townsman, Andover, MA]. Andovertownsman.com. Retrieved 28 August 2011.</ref><ref>
{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/travel/destinations/china/article6732037.ece?print=yes&randnum=1151003209000 |work=The Times |location=London |title=Suzhou: Real China outside Shanghai |access-date=24 May 2010 |first=Annabelle |last=Thorpe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604233622/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/travel/destinations/china/article6732037.ece?print=yes&randnum=1151003209000 |archive-date=4 June 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/13/travel/exploring-twin-cities-by-canal-boat.html?pagewanted=all |work=The New York Times |title=Exploring Twin Cities By Canal Boat |first1=Betty |last1=Fussell |date=13 March 1988 |access-date=24 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701083947/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/13/travel/exploring-twin-cities-by-canal-boat.html?pagewanted=all |archive-date=1 July 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}
</ref>
==Names==
During the [[Zhou dynasty]], a settlement known as
The name "Suzhou" was first officially used for the city in AD 589 during the [[Sui dynasty]]. ''Su'' ({{lang|zh-hant|{{linktext|蘇}}}} or {{lang|zh|{{linktext|苏}}}}) in its name is a contraction of the old name Gusu. It refers to "Satisfied place" in the Old Yue language. The ''zhou'' {{lang|zh|{{linktext|州}}}} originally meant [[Zhou (Chinese administrative division)|something like a province or county]] (cf. [[Guizhou]]), but often came to be used [[metonymy|metonymously]] for the capital of such a region (cf. [[Guangzhou]], [[Hangzhou]], etc.).<ref>{{cite book |trans-title=Dictionary of Chinese Place-names Ancient and Modern |script-title=zh:中国古今地名大词典 |page=1438 |publisher=[[Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House]] |location=Shanghai |year=2006 |language=zh-cn}}</ref> Suzhou is the [[Hanyu Pinyin]] spelling of the Putonghua pronunciation of the name. Prior to the adoption of pinyin, it was variously [[romanization of Chinese|romanized]] as
==History==
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==Geography==
Suzhou is on the [[Lake Tai]] Plain south of the [[Yangtze River]], about {{convert|100|km|mi|sp=us|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} to the west of [[Shanghai]] and just over {{convert|200|km|mi|sp=us|abbr=on}} east of [[Nanjing]].
===Climate===
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Suzhou is famous for its over 60 [[Classical Gardens of Suzhou|Classical Gardens]], collectively a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]. The city has the most UNESCO-recognized gardens in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/city-china-has-most-unesco-gardens-world-180969293/#7QY0MzjWofbtZdWG.99 |title=This City in China Has the Most Unesco-Recognized Gardens in the World |access-date=24 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125115459/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/city-china-has-most-unesco-gardens-world-180969293/#7QY0MzjWofbtZdWG.99 |archive-date=25 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
The [[Humble Administrator's Garden]] and [[Lingering Garden]] are among the four most famous classical gardens in China. The [[Canglang Pavilion]], [[Lion Grove Garden]], Humble Administrator's Garden and Lingering Garden, respectively representing the garden styles of traditional architecture are called the four most famous gardens in Suzhou. Other gardens inscribed on the World Heritage List include the [[Couple's Retreat Garden]], the [[Garden of Cultivation]], and the [[Retreat and Reflection Garden]]. [[Five Peaks Garden]] which dates to the [[Ming dynasty]] (
{{Classical Gardens of Suzhou}}
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[[Gate to the East]] is a 301.8 meter, 74-story skyscraper in Suzhou's central business district, built in 2015 at a cost of 700 million [[USD]] and is currently the tallest building in Suzhou.<ref>{{cite web |title=$700 million skyscraper 'resembles a pair of pants' |url=http://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-updates/m-skyscraper-resembles-pair-of-pants/story-e6frfq80-1226465544901 |access-date=30 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531061004/http://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-updates/m-skyscraper-resembles-pair-of-pants/story-e6frfq80-1226465544901 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
[
===Pan Gate===
[[File:Land Gate of Pan Men.jpg|thumb|left|Pan Gate]]
[[Pan Gate]] is on the southwest corner of the Main Canal or encircling canal of Suzhou. Originally built during the [[Warring States]]
===Baodai Bridge===
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===Pagodas===
[[Huqiu Tower|Yunyan Pagoda]] (or Huqiu Tower), built in 961, is a [[Chinese pagoda]] built on Tiger Hill in Suzhou. It has several other names, including the "Leaning Tower of China" (as referred to by historian O.G. Ingles)<ref name="ingles 144">Ingles (1982), 144.{{citation needed|date=February 2024|reason=Incomplete cite, no title}}</ref> and the Yunyan Temple Tower. The tower rises to a height of 47 m (154 ft). It is a seven-story octagonal building built with blue bricks. In more than a thousand years the tower has gradually slanted due to forces of nature. Now the top and bottom of the tower vary by 2.32 meters. The entire structure weighs some {{convert|7000000|kg}}, supported by internal brick columns.<ref name="ingles 145">Ingles (1982), 145.{{citation needed|date=February 2024|reason=Incomplete cite}}</ref> However, the tower leans roughly 3 degrees due to the cracking of two supporting columns.<ref name="ingles 145"/>
[[Beisi Pagoda]] or North Temple Pagoda is a Chinese pagoda at Bao'en Temple in Suzhou. It rises nine stories in a height of {{convert|76|m|abbr=on}}. It is the tallest Chinese pagoda south of the Yangtze river.
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==Transportation==
[[File:20230328 Suzhou "Heart of High-speed Rail".jpg|left|thumb|[[Suzhou HSR New Town]]]]
===Railway===
Suzhou is on the Shanghai-Nanjing corridor which carries three parallel railways. [[Suzhou railway station]], near the city center, is among the busiest passenger stations in China. It is served by the [[Beijing–Shanghai railway]] (mostly "conventional" trains to stations throughout China) and the [[Shanghai–Nanjing intercity railway|Shanghai-Nanjing intercity railway]] (high-speed D- and G-series trains providing frequent service primarily between Shanghai and Nanjing). It takes only 25 minutes to reach [[Shanghai railway station]] on the fastest G-series trains and less than 1 hour to Nanjing.
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===Metro===
{{main|Suzhou Rail Transit}}
The [[Suzhou Rail Transit]] currently has
===Tram===
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*[[Opera]]: [[Kunqu]] originated in the Suzhou region, as does the much later [[Suzhou Opera]]. [[Ballad]]-singing, or Suzhou [[pingtan (artform)|pingtan]], is a local form of storytelling that mixes singing (accompanied by the [[pipa]] and [[sanxian]]) with portions in spoken dialect.
*[[Silk]]: throughout China's Imperial past, Suzhou silk has been associated with high-quality silk products, supplying silks to ancient royal families. By the 13th century, Suzhou was already the center of the profitable silk trade.
*[[Song brocade]]: Suzhou
*[[Chinese cuisine|Cuisine]]: Suzhou Cuisine (苏帮菜), which is part of the [[Jiangsu cuisine]], including [[Yangcheng Lake large crab]], [[Squirrel fish]], etc.<ref>{{cite web |title=苏州! 这有一篇苏帮菜盘点，看完保证流口水
*[[Handicraft]]s: [[Suzhou embroidery]], [[Hand fan|fan]]s, [[Chinese musical instruments]], [[scroll]] mounting, [[lantern]]s, [[mahogany]] furniture, [[jade]] carving, [[silk]] [[tapestry]], traditional painting pigments of Jiangenxutang Studio, the New Year's wood-block prints of [[Taohuawu Studio]].
*[[Chinese painting|Paintings]]
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*[[Suzhou Silk Hand Embroidery Art]]
*Suzhou is the original place of "[[Mo Li Hua|Jasmine]]", a song sung by Chinese singers or actresses thousands of times on the occasions of almost every important meetings or celebrations. Jasmine is the symbol of Suzhou as well as Tai Hu Lake.
*Suzhou Gardens: Gardens in Suzhou have an ancient history. The first garden in Suzhou belonged to the emperor of Wu State in Spring and Autumn
*Suzhou embroidery together with embroidery of Hunan, Sichuan and Guangdong are called as the "Four Famous Embroideries". Suzhou tapestry method is done in fine silks and gold thread. Other art forms found in this area are sculpture, Song brocade, jade and rosewood carving. Suzhou embroidery, acknowledged as a cultural heritage, has involved many cultural practitioners in advancing technology and skills with ICH-resources to better engage in economic pursuits.
*The Suzhou Museum has a rich collection of relics from many eras. The collection includes revolutionary records, stele carving, folk customs, drama and verse, Suzhou embroidery, silk cloth, gardens, coins and Buddhist artifacts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.szmuseum.com/szbwgen/index.html |title=Suzhou Museum |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090428230048/http://www.szmuseum.com/szbwgen/index.html |archive-date=28 April 2009}}</ref>
*Wedding gowns<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 August 2020 |title=Coronavirus dampens celebrations in China's wedding gown city |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-health-coronavirus-china-wedding-dres-idUKKBN25J0WA |access-date=27 August 2020 |archive-date=28 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828181231/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-health-coronavirus-china-wedding-dres-idUKKBN25J0WA |url-status=live }}</ref>
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[[Lu Xun (Three Kingdoms)|Lu Xun]] ({{lang|zh|陆逊}}) (183–245) military general and politician of the state of [[Eastern Wu]] during the [[Three Kingdoms]] era, most famous for his defeat of [[Liu Bei]] in the [[Battle of Xiaoting]].
[[Feng Menglong]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|冯梦龙}}) (
[[Tang Yin]] ({{lang|zh|唐寅}}) (
[[Wen Zhengming]] ({{lang|zh|文徵明}}) (
[[Weng Tonghe]] ({{lang|zh|翁同龢}}) (1830–1904) Chinese Confucian scholar and imperial tutor of the [[Tongzhi Emperor|Tongzhi]] and [[Guangxu Emperor|Guangxu]] emperors in the late [[Qing dynasty]], who is one of the most obdurate old guard defending the traditional [[Confucianism]] practices while being stubbornly against reform efforts to westernise the country.<ref>''A Mosaic of the Hundred Days: Personalities, Politics and Ideas of 1898'' (Harvard University Study Center, 1984), pgs. 51 & 52</ref>
[[I. M. Pei]] ({{lang|zh|贝聿铭}}) (
[[Cheng Kaijia]] ({{lang|zh|程开甲}}) (
[[Tsung-Dao Lee]] ({{lang|zh|李政道}}) (
[[Meng Jianzhu]] ({{lang|zh|孟建柱}}) (
==Education==
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*[[Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University]]
*[[Suzhou City University]]
====Under construction====
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*[[Port of Suzhou]]
==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
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*{{cite book |last=Xu |first=Yinong |title=The Chinese City in Space and Time: The Development of Urban Form in Suzhou |year=2000 |publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]] |location=[[Hawaii]] |isbn=9780824820763}}
*[http://info.hktdc.com/mktprof/china/suzhou.htm Economic profile for Suzhou] at [[Hong Kong Trade Development Council|HKTDC]]{{dead link|date=February 2024}}
▲==External links==
{{Commons category|Suzhou}}
{{Wikivoyage|Suzhou}}
*[http://www.traveltosuzhou.com/ Official Resource] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811130607/https://www.traveltosuzhou.com/ |date=11 August 2018 }} for English-speaking travelers
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041023081714/http://www.suzhou.gov.cn/ Official website] for Suzhou's municipal government
*[http://suzhou.jiangsu.net Suzhou city guide with open directory] (Jiangsu Network)
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