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{{Short description|Unbranched, indeterminate type of inflorescence bearing pedicellate flowers along its axis}}
{{aboutAbout|the botanical term|mixtures of chiral compounds in chemistry|Racemates}}
{{sections|date=August 2017}}
[[File:Phalaenopsis - Feburary 2022 - Sarah Stierch 02.jpg|thumb|right|The [[inflorescence]] of a [[Phalaenopsis]] [[orchid]], is a typical raceme.]]
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A '''raceme''' ({{IPAc-en|r|eɪ|ˈ|s|iː|m}} or {{IPAc-en|r|ə|ˈ|s|iː|m}}) is an unbranched, [[indeterminate growth|indeterminate]] type of [[inflorescence]] bearing ''pedicellate'' [[flower]]s (flowers having short floral stalks called [[Pedicel (botany)|pedicels]]) along its axis.<ref name=walters1996>{{cite book|last1=Walters|first1=Dirk R. |last2=Keil|first2=David J. |title=Vascular Plant Taxonomy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbaNxSnNoecC&pg=PA602|edition=4th|date=1 January 1996|publisher=Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company|location=United States|isbn=978-0-7872-2108-9|page=602}}</ref> In [[botany]], an ''axis'' means a shoot, in this case one bearing the flowers. In indeterminate inflorescence-like racemes, the oldest flowers are borne towards the base and new flowers are produced as the shoot grows, with no predetermined growth limit.<ref name="Wofford1989"/> A plant that flowers on a showy raceme may have this reflected in its scientific name, e.g. ''[[Cimicifuga racemosa]]''. A compound raceme, also called a '''[[panicle]]''', has a branching main axis.<ref name="KumarBhatia"/> Examples of racemes occur on mustard (genus ''[[Brassica]]'') and radish (genus ''[[Raphanus]]'') plants.<ref name="KumarBhatia"/>▼
 
A '''spikeraceme''' ({{IPAc-en|r|eɪ|ˈ|s|iː|m|,_|r|ə|-}}) or '''racemoid''' is an unbranched, [[indeterminate growth|indeterminate]] type of [[inflorescence,]] similarbearing toflowers ahaving raceme,short butfloral bearingstalks sessilealong the shoots that bear the flowers. (sessileThe oldest flowers grow close to the base and new flowers are attachedproduced directlyas the shoot grows in height, withoutwith stalks).<refno name="Wofford1989"/>predetermined growth limit. Examples of racemes occur on Malabar nutmustard ([[genus]] ''[[JusticiaBrassica]]''), adhatodaradish (genus ''[[Raphanus]]''), and chaff flowersorchid (genus ''[[AchyranthesPhalaenopsis]]'').<ref name="KumarBhatia"/>plants.
== Definition ==
▲A '''raceme''' ({{IPAc-en|r|eɪ|ˈ|s|iː|m}} or {{IPAc-en|r|ə|ˈ|s|iː|m}})''racemoid'' is an unbranched, [[indeterminate growth|indeterminate]] type of [[inflorescence]] bearing ''pedicellate'' [[flower]]s (flowers having short floral stalks called ''[[Pedicel (botany)|pedicels]]'') along its axis.<ref name=walters1996>{{cite book|last1=Walters|first1=Dirk R. |last2=Keil|first2=David J. |title=Vascular Plant Taxonomy|url=https://booksarchive.google.comorg/books?id=ZbaNxSnNoecC&pgdetails/vascularplanttax00walt|url-access=PA602registration|edition=4th|date=1 January 1996|publisher=Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company|location=United States|isbn=978-0-7872-2108-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/vascularplanttax00walt/page/602 602]}}</ref> In [[botany]], an ''axis'' means a shoot, in this case one bearing the flowers. In indeterminate inflorescence-like racemes, the oldest flowers aregrow borneclose towardsto the base and new flowers are produced as the shoot grows in height, with no predetermined growth limit.<ref name="Wofford1989"/> A plant that flowers on a showy raceme may have this reflected in its scientific name, e.g. the [[species]] ''[[Cimicifuga racemosa]]''. A compound raceme, also called a '''[[panicle]]''', has a branching main axis.<ref name="KumarBhatia"/> Examples of racemes occur on mustard ([[genus]] ''[[Brassica]]'') and radish (genus ''[[Raphanus]]'') plants.<ref name="KumarBhatia"/>
 
=== Spike ===
A '''spike''' is an unbranched, indeterminate inflorescence, similar to a raceme, but bearing sessile flowers (sessile flowers are attached directly, without stalks).<ref name="Wofford1989"/> Examples occur on Malabar nut (''[[Justicia adhatoda]]'') and chaff flowers (genus ''[[Achyranthes]]'').<ref name="KumarBhatia"/> A '''[[spikelet]]''' can refer to a small ''spike'', although it is primarily used to referrefers to the ultimate flower cluster unit in grasses ([[Poaceae|family Poaceae]]) and sedges (family [[Cyperaceae]]),<ref name="Wofford1989">{{cite book|last=Wofford|first=B. Eugene |title=Guide to the Vascular Plants of the Blue Ridge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mNeNUQkIrqQC&pg=PA12|year=1989|publisher=University of Georgia Press|isbn=978-0-8203-2455-5|pages=10–15}}</ref> in which case the stalk supporting the cluster becomes the ''pedicel''. A true spikelet comprises one or more florets enclosed by two [[glume]]s (sterile [[bract]]s), with flowers and glumes arranged in two opposite rows along the spikelet.<ref name="KumarBhatia"/> Examples occur on rice (species ''[[Oryza sativa]]'') and wheat (genus ''[[wheat|Triticum]]''), both grasses.<ref name="KumarBhatia"/>
 
=== Catkin ===
An '''[[catkin|'''ament''' or '''catkin]]''']] is very similar to a spike or raceme, "but with subtending bracts so conspicuous as to conceal the flowers until pollination, as in the [[Pussy willow|pussy–willow]], [[alder]], [and] [[birch]]...". These are sometimes called ''amentaceous plants''.<ref name="GilmanPeck1907">{{cite book|editor=Gilman, Daniel Coit.|others=Peck, Harry Thurston; Colby, Frank Moore|title=The new international encyclopædia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pppGAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA618|volume=10|year=1907|publisher=Dodd, Mead and Company|location=New York|page=618}}</ref> These are sometimes called amentaceous plants.<ref name="GilmanPeck1907"/>
 
=== Spadix ===
A '''[[spadixSpadix (botany)|spadix]]''' is a form of spike in which the florets are densely crowded along a fleshy axis, and enclosed by one or more large, brightly–colored [[bract]]s called ''[[spathe]]s''. Usually the female flowers grow at the base, and male flowers grow above.<ref name="KumarBhatia">{{cite book|last1=Kumar|first1=Vinay|last2=Bhatia|first2=S. S.|title=Complete Biology for Medical College Entrance Examination|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kTdVAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA218|edition=3rd|series=McGraw Hill Education Series|year=2013|publisher=McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited|isbn=978-1-259-06430-2|page=218}}</ref> Usually the female flowers grow at the base, and male flowers grow above.<ref name="KumarBhatia"/> They are a characteristic of the family [[Araceae]] family, for example jack–in–the–pulpit (species ''[[Arisaema triphyllum]]'') and wild calla (genus ''[[Calla]]'').<ref name="GilmanPeck1907"/>
 
==Examples==
<gallery perrow="34">
ImageFile:Traube (inflorescence).svg|<{{center>A raceme</center>|Raceme}}
ImageFile:Inflorescences Spike Kwiatostan Kłos.svg|<{{center>A spike</center>|Spike}}
ImageFile:KolbenKätzchen (inflorescence).svg|<center>A spadix</center>{{Center|Catkin}}
File:Kolben (inflorescence).svg|{{center|Spadix}}
ImageFile:Spathoglottis flwrs reduced.jpg|The inflorescence of ''[[Spathoglottis plicata]]'', a [[terrestrial plant|terrestrial]] [[orchid]], is a typical raceme.
Image:Pycreus.jpg|Every radiating unit in this inflorescence of a ''[[Cyperus]]'' sedge is a '''spikelet''' composed of small flowers (florets) arranged in two ranks▼
File:Backlit xeronema flower raceme.jpg|Tightly packed raceme of ''[[Xeronema callistemon]]'', with prominent red [[stamen]]s
▲ImageFile:Pycreus.jpg|Every radiating unit in this inflorescence of a ''[[Cyperus]]'' sedge is a '''spikelet''' composed of small flowers (florets) arranged in two ranks.
</gallery>
 
==DerivationEtymology==
From classical Latin, a ''racemus'', is a cluster of grapes.<ref>Oxford English Dictionary. Raceme 2. Bot. A type of inflorescence in which the flowers are arranged on short, nearly equal, lateral pedicels, at equal distances along a single elongated axis</ref>
 
==See also==
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==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Commons category}}
 
{{botany|state=collapsed}}
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[[Category:Flowers]]
[[Category:Plant morphology]]
 
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