Ornithogalum: Difference between revisions

'''''Ornithogalum''''' is a [[genus]] of [[perennial plant]]s mostly native to southern [[Europe]] and [[southern Africa]]<ref name=FNA>{{cite web |website=Flora of North America vol.&nbsp;26 |title=Ornithogalum Linnaeus |publisher=www.eFlora.org |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=123199 |access-date=12 April 2015}}</ref> belonging to the family [[Asparagaceae]]. Some species are native to other areas such as the [[Caucasus]].<ref>{{cite web |website=Ornamental Plants From Russia |title=Ornithogalum L |publisher=www.eFlora.org |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=120&taxon_id=123199 |access-date=12 April 2015}}</ref> Some species are classified as noxious invasive weeds in some portions of North America. Growing from a [[bulb]], species have linear basal leaves and a slender stalk, up to 30&nbsp;cm tall, bearing clusters of typically white star-shaped flowers, often striped with green. The common name of the genus, '''star-of-Bethlehem''', is based on its star-shaped flowers, after the [[Star of Bethlehem]] that appears in the [[Bible|biblical]] account of the birth of [[Jesus]]. The number of species has varied considerably, depending on authority, from 50 to 300.

''Ornithogalum'' species are [[perennial]] [[bulbous]] [[geophytes]] with basal leaves. ''Sensu lato'', the genus has the characteristics of the tribe [[Ornithogaleae]] as a whole, since the tribe is [[monotypic]] in that sense. ''Sensu stricto'', the genus is characterised by long linear to oblong-lanceolate (lance-shaped) leaves, sometimes with a white longitudinal band on the adaxial (upper) side, an [[inflorescence]] that is [[corymbose]] or pseudocorymbose, [[tepals]] that are white with a longitudinal green band only visible on the abaxial (lower) side, a [[Capsule (botany)|capsule]] that is obovate or oblong, and truncate with six noticeable ribs in section and [[seeds]] that are [[globose]] with a prominently [[wikt:reticulate|reticulate]] (net-like pattern) [[Testa (botany)|testa]].{{sfn|Martinez-Azorin ''et al.'' |2011}} The bulbs are ovoid with free or concrescent scales.{{sfn|Tutin ''et al.'' |1980|loc=[https://books.google.cacom/books?id=v11xJgWbUDcC&pg=PA35 Ornithogalum L. pp.&nbsp;35–40]}}

Later, in the United Kingdom, [[George Bentham|Bentham]] and [[JDJoseph Dalton Hooker|Hooker]] published their volume on the Liliaceae in Latin in 1883.{{sfn|Bentham|Hooker|1883}} They divided the family into 20 [[Tribe (biology)|tribes]] and placed ''Ornithogalum'' in the tribe Scilleae with 19 other genera, and indicated 70 species existed.{{sfn|Bentham|Hooker|1883|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14690#page/376/mode/1up Liliaceae; Scilleae Ornithogalum pp.&nbsp;815–816]}} In the German literature the [[Engler system|taxonomic system]] of [[Adolf Engler|Engler]] completed its classification of the Liliaceae in 1888.{{sfn|Engler|Prantl|1888}} He divided the family into 12 [[subfamilies]] and subordinate tribes. ''Ornithogalum'' was then placed in the subfamily [[Lilioideae]] and tribe Scilleae together with 21 other genera. The 70 species of ''Ornithogalum'' were then further divided into six sections,{{sfn|Engler|Prantl|1888|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/56456#page/729/mode/1up Engler Liliaceae: Ornithogalum p.&nbsp;67]}} with section ''Heliocharmos'' corresponding to Baker's subgenus.

This very large genus has long been divided into many [[subgenera]]. The ''Flora Europaea'' (1980) lists 15 subgenera, many of which had at various times been separate distinct genera.{{sfn|Tutin ''et al.'' |1980|loc=[https://books.google.cacom/books?id=v11xJgWbUDcC&pg=PA35 Ornithogalum L. pp.&nbsp;35–40]}} Having originally subsumed all of the Ornithogaleae genera into the single genus ''Ornithogalum'',{{sfn|Manning ''et al.'' |2004}} {{harvp|Manning ''et al.'' |2009}} later subdivided this now very large genus into four subgenera after resurrecting three of the original subsumed genera (''[[Albuca]]'', ''[[Pseudogaltonia]]'', ''[[Dipcadi]]'').{{sfn|Manning ''et al.'' |2009}} As proposed by them the genus has the following structure:

{{mainMain|List of Ornithogalum species|l1=List of ''Ornithogalum'' species}}

*''[[Ornithogalum umbellatum]]'' (CommonGarden star-of-Bethlehem) ''Type species''

Species formerly placed in ''Galtonia'' include:<ref>{{cite web |title=''Galtonia'' Decne. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |url=http://wwwpowo.plantsoftheworldonlinescience.kew.org/results?q=Galtonia |access-date=2020-10-26}}</ref>

When the genus is broadly [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscribed]], as for example by ''[[Plants of the World Online]]'', species are widely distributed over several continents including Africa (other than the tropics), Madagascar, Europe, and temperate Asia (as far as Afghanistan).<ref name="POWO_30000299-2">{{cite web |title=''Ornithogalum'' L. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |url=httphttps://wwwpowo.plantsoftheworldonlinescience.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000299-2 |access-date=2020-05-06}}</ref>

* {{Cite journal |last1=Manning |first1=J.C. |last2=Goldblatt |first2=P. |last3=Fay |first3=M.F. |author-link3=Michael Francis Fay|year=2004 |title=A revised generic synopsis of Hyacinthaceae in sub-Saharan Africa, based on molecular evidence, including new combinations and the new tribe Pseudoprospereae |journal=Edinburgh Journal of Botany |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=533–568 |doi=10.1017/S0960428603000404 |s2cid=86097586 |ref={{harvid|Manning ''et al.''|2004}}|doi-access=free }}

* {{cite journal |last1=Martínez-Azorín |first1=Mario |last2=Crespo |first2=Manuel B. |last3=Spencer |first3=Mark |title=Typification of names of taxa in Ornithogalum L. subg. Cathissa (Salisb.) Baker ( Hyacinthaceae ) |journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]] |date=November 2006 |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=1014–1018 |doi=10.2307/25065699|jstor=25065699|doi-access=free }}

* {{cite journal|last1=Martínez-Azorín|first1=Mario|last2=Crespo|first2=Manuel B.|last3=Juan|first3=Ana |title=Taxonomic revision of Ornithogalum subg. Ornithogalum (Hyacinthaceae) in the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution|date=23 September 2010|volume=289|issue=3–4 |pages=181–211 |doi=10.1007/s00606-010-0343-9|bibcode=2010PSyEv.289..181M |s2cid=28222390|ref={{harvid|Martinez-Azorin ''et al.''|2010}} |url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/fcfad9ea0b2954d9fe8d8c6326ab107077110660}}

* {{cite journal|last1=Obermeyer|first1=A. A.|title=Ornithogalum: a revision of the southern African species|journal=Bothalia|date=1978|volume=12|issue=3|pages=323–376 |doi=10.4102/abc.v12i3.1793|doi-access=free}}

* {{cite journal|last1=Stedje|first1=Brita|title=Chromosome evolution within the ''Ornithogalum tenuifolium'' complex (Hyacinthaceae), with special emphasis on the evolution of bimodal karyotypes |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |date=1989|volume=166|issue=1–2|pages=79–89 |doi=10.1007/BF00937877 |s2cidbibcode=308099411989PSyEv.166...79S |urls2cid=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/4596842295c1f74de727f5dad11114f5f41ef20f30809941 }}

* {{cite book|editor1-last=Tutin|editor1-first=T. G.|editor2-last=Heywood|editor2-first=V H|editor3-first=N. A.|editor3-last=Burges|editor4-first=D. M.|editor4-last=Moore|editor5-first=D. H.|editor5-last=Valentine|editor6-first=S. M.|editor6-last=Walters|editor7-first=D. A.|editor7-last=Webb|editor-link1=Tom Tutin|editor-link2=Vernon Heywood|editor-link6=Max Walters|editor-link7=D. A. Webb|title=Flora Europaea. Volume 5, Alismataceae to Orchidaceae (monocotyledones)|date=1980|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=0-521-20108-X|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v11xJgWbUDcC|chapter=|pages=35–40|ref={{harvid|Tutin et al|1980}}}} {{link note|note=''see also'' [[Flora Europaea]]}}{{link note|note=available [https://archive.org/details/floraeuropaea0005unse here] at [[Internet Archive]]}}

* {{cite book|last=Adanson|first=Michel|author-link=Adans. |year=1763 |title=Familles des plantes Part II |publisher=Vincent|location=Paris |chapter=VIII Liliaceae IV Cepae |volume=v. 1-2 |chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6958#page/596/mode/1up |access-date=7 April 2015}}

* {{cite book|last1=Bentham|first1=G.|last2= Hooker|first2=J.D.|author-link1=George Bentham|author-link2=JDJoseph Dalton Hooker|title=Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita. Vol III Part II|year=1883 |publisher=L Reeve & Co.|location=London |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/747#/summary| access-date=10 April 2015}}