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The boundaries of the forest have varied over time and depend on the purpose of delimiting them.<ref>See, for example, this concerning the National Park boundary: {{cite web| url= https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/westminster-hall/2001/jan/09/new-forest-national-park |access-date=12 March 2024|date=9 January 2001|website=[[Hansard]]|title=New Forest National Park}}</ref> It is a {{convert| 28,924.5|ha|acre|abbr=off|adj=on}} biological and geological [[Site of Special Scientific Interest]].<ref name=dsv>{{cite web|url= https://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk/SiteDetail.aspx?SiteCode=S1003036&SiteName=&countyCode=19&responsiblePerson=&SeaArea=&IFCAArea= |title=Designated Sites View: The New Forest | series= Sites of Special Scientific Interest|publisher=Natural England|access-date = 15 May 2020}}</ref><ref name=map>{{cite web|url=https://magic.defra.gov.uk/MagicMap.aspx?startTopic=Designations&activelayer=sssiIndex&query=HYPERLINK%3D%271003036%27 |title=Map of The New Forest|series= Sites of Special Scientific Interest|publisher=Natural England|access-date= 15 May 2020}}</ref> Several areas are [[Geological Conservation Review]] sites, including Mark Ash Wood,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://archive.jncc.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=4174&gcr=1900 |title= Mark Ash Wood (Quaternary of South Central England) |series= Geological Conservation Review |publisher= Joint Nature Conservation Committee |access-date= 21 April 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Shepherd’s Gutter,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://archive.jncc.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=4174&gcr=889 |title= Shepherd's Gutter, near Bramshaw (Palaeogene) |series= Geological Conservation Review |publisher= Joint Nature Conservation Committee |access-date= 21 April 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Cranes Moor,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://archive.jncc.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=4174&gcr=1905 |title= Cranes Moor (Quaternary of South Central England) |series= Geological Conservation Review |publisher= Joint Nature Conservation Committee |access-date= 21 April 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Studley Wood,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://archive.jncc.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=4174&gcr=888 |title= Studley Wood (Palaeogene) |series= Geological Conservation Review |publisher= Joint Nature Conservation Committee |access-date= 21 April 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and Wood Green.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://archive.jncc.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=4174&gcr=1940 |title= Wood Green Gravel Pit (Quaternary of South Central England) |series= Geological Conservation Review |publisher= Joint Nature Conservation Committee |access-date= 21 April 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> There are also a number of [[Nature Conservation Review]] sites.<ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Derek |editor-last=Ratcliffe |title=A Nature Conservation Review|volume=2 |pages= 51–52, 120–21, 206–07|publisher= Cambridge University Press|location =Cambridge, UK |year=1977|isbn= 0521-21403-3 }}</ref> It is a [[Special Area of Conservation]],<ref name=nfsac>{{cite web|url= https://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk/SiteGeneralDetail.aspx?SiteCode=UK0012557&SiteName=&countyCode=19&responsiblePerson=&unitId=&SeaArea=&IFCAArea= |title=Designated Sites View: New Forest | series= Special Areas of Conservation|publisher=Natural England|access-date = 24 April 2020}}</ref> a [[Ramsar site]]<ref>{{cite web|url= https://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk/SiteGeneralDetail.aspx?SiteCode=UK11063&SiteName=&countyCode=19&responsiblePerson=&unitId=&SeaArea=&IFCAArea= |title=Designated Sites View: Solent and Southampton Water | series= Ramsar Site|publisher=Natural England|access-date = 23 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk/SiteGeneralDetail.aspx?SiteCode=UK11047&SiteName=&countyCode=19&responsiblePerson=&unitId=&SeaArea=&IFCAArea= |title=Designated Sites View: The New Forest | series= Ramsar Site|publisher=Natural England|access-date = 23 April 2020}}</ref> and a [[Special Protection Area]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk/SiteGeneralDetail.aspx?SiteCode=UK9011061&SiteName=&countyCode=19&responsiblePerson=&unitId=&SeaArea=&IFCAArea= |title= Designated Sites View: Solent and Southampton Water | series= Special Protection Areas |publisher=Natural England|access-date = 23 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk/SiteGeneralDetail.aspx?SiteCode=UK9011031&SiteName=&countyCode=19&responsiblePerson=&unitId=&SeaArea=&IFCAArea= |title= Designated Sites View: The New Forest | series= Special Protection Areas |publisher=Natural England|access-date = 23 April 2020}}</ref> [[Copythorne Common]] is managed by the [[Hampshire and Isle of Wight Wildlife Trust]],<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.hiwwt.org.uk/nature-reserves/copythorne-common-nature-reserve |title= Copythorne Common |publisher= Hampshire and Isle of Wight Wildlife Trust |access-date= 29 April 2020}}</ref> Kingston Great Common is a [[national nature reserve (United Kingdom)|national nature reserve]]<ref>{{cite web|url= https://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk/SiteGeneralDetail.aspx?SiteCode=1006086&SiteName=&countyCode=19&responsiblePerson=&SeaArea=&IFCAArea= |title=Designated Sites View: Kingston Great Common| series= National Nature Reserves|publisher=Natural England|access-date = 24 April 2020}}</ref> and New Forest Northern Commons is managed by the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/new-forest-northern-commons |title= New Forest Northern Commons |publisher=National Trust| access-date= 24 April 2020}}</ref>
== Prehistory ==
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Two of William's sons died in the forest: [[Richard, Duke of Bernay|Prince Richard]] sometime between 1069 and 1075, and [[William II of England|King William II (William Rufus)]] in 1100. Though many claim the latter is due to an inaccurate arrow shot from his hunting companion, local [[folklore]] asserted that this was punishment for the crimes committed by William when he created his New Forest; 17th-century writer Richard Blome provides detail:
<blockquote>In this County [Hantshire] is New-Forest, formerly called Ytene, being about 30 miles in compass; in which said tract William the Conqueror (for the making of the said Forest a harbour for Wild-beasts for his Game) caused 36 Parish Churches, with all the Houses thereto belonging, to be pulled down, and the poor Inhabitants left succourless of house or home. But this wicked act did not long go unpunished, for his Sons felt the smart thereof; Richard being blasted with a pestilent Air; Rufus shot through with an Arrow; and Henry his Grand-child, by Robert his eldest son, as he pursued his Game, was hanged among the boughs, and so dyed. This Forest at present affordeth great variety of Game, where his Majesty oft-times withdraws himself for his divertisement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.envf.port.ac.uk/hantsgaz/hantsgaz/S0008118.HTM|author=Blome, Richard|year=1673|title=Britannia: or, A Geographical Description of the Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, with the Isles and Terrotories thereto belonging. And for the better perfecting of the said work, there is added an Alphabetical Table of the Names, Titles and Seats of the Nobility and Gentry that each County of England and Wales is, or lately was,
The reputed spot of Rufus's death is marked with a stone known as the [[Rufus Stone]].
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Felling of broadleaved trees, and their replacement by [[conifer]]s, began during the First World War to meet the wartime demand for wood. Further encroachments were made during the Second World War. This process is today being reversed in places, with some plantations being returned to heathland or broadleaved woodland. [[Rhododendron ponticum|Rhododendron]] remains a problem.
During the Second World War, an area of the forest, [[Ashley Range]], was used as a bombing range.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.new-forest-national-park.com/ashley-range.html|title=Ashley Range in the New Forest National Park|first=Pete|last=Carpenter|website=www.new-forest-national-park.com|date=2 June 2021 }}</ref>
{{anchor|New Forest Act 1964}}
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Commons rights are attached to particular plots of land (or in the case of turbary, to particular [[hearth]]s)<!-- "Hearth" is correct here: turbary is the cutting of turf for household fuel. -->, and different land has different rights – and some of this land is some distance from the Forest itself. Rights to graze ponies and cattle are not for a fixed number of animals, as is often the case on other commons. Instead a "marking fee" is paid for each animal each year by the owner. The marked animal's tail is trimmed by the local agister (verderers' official), with each of the four or five forest agisters using a different trimming pattern. Ponies are branded with the owner's brand mark; cattle may be branded, or nowadays may have the brand mark on an ear tag. Grazing of Commoners' ponies and cattle is an essential part of the management of the forest, helping to maintain the heathland, bog, grassland and wood-pasture habitats and their associated wildlife.
Recently this ancient practice has come under pressure as
The Verderers and Commoners' Defence Association has fought back against these allied economic threats. The EU [[Basic Payment Scheme]] (BPS) helped some Commoners significantly. Commoners marking animals for grazing can claim about £200 per cow per year, and about £160 for a pony, and more if participating in the stewardship scheme
== Geography ==
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The highest point in the New Forest is Pipers Wait, near [[Nomansland, Wiltshire|Nomansland]]. Its summit is {{convert|129|m|0|abbr=off}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]].<ref>"Flint gravels, which at Pipers Wait [249 165] near Nomansland, form the highest point (129 m above Ordnance Datum (OD)) in the New Forest" – R. A. Edwards, E. C. Freshney, I. F. Smith, (1987), ''Geology of the country around Southampton: memoir for 1:50,000 sheet'', page 1. British Geological Survey</ref><ref>"The walk connects the two highest points in the New Forest. At 422 ft, Pipers Wait (A) just shades it by a couple of feet over Telegraph Hill (C)." – Norman Henderson, (2007), ''A Walk Around the New Forest: In Thirty-Five Circular Walks'', page 85. Frances Lincoln</ref>
The [[
== Wildlife ==
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*[[Clifford Hall (cricketer)|Clifford Hall]] (1902–1982), English [[cricket]]er
*[[Frederick Harold]] (1888–1964), English cricketer
*[[Philip Harris (artist)|Philip Harris]] (born 1965), artist▼
*[[Gerry Hill]] (1913–2006), English cricketer
*[[Ralph Hollins]] (born 1931), [[Natural history|naturalist]]
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*[[Florence Nightingale]] (1820–1910), nurse
*[[Chris Packham]] (born 1961), [[naturalist]] and [[Television presenter|broadcaster]]
▲*[[Philip Harris (artist)|Philip Harris]] (born 1965), artist
== References ==
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[[Category:Woodland Sites of Special Scientific Interest]]
[[Category:Natural regions of England]]
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