Content deleted Content added
No edit summary Tags: Reverted Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
|||
| (25 intermediate revisions by 16 users not shown) | |||
Line 1:
{{short description|City in
{{Redirect|Osnabruck|the township in eastern Ontario, Canada|South Stormont}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox German location
|type = City
|German_name = <small> {{native name|wep|Ossenbrügge}} </small>
|image_coa = Osnabrück Wappen.svg
|image_flag = Hissflagge der Stadt Osnabrück.svg
|coordinates = {{coord|52|17|N|8|3|E|format=dms|display=
|state = Niedersachsen
|image_photo = Am Marktplatz Osnabrück.jpg
Line 25 ⟶ 26:
}}
'''Osnabrück''' ({{IPA-de|ɔsnaˈbʁʏk|-|De-Osnabrück.ogg}}; {{lang-wep|Ossenbrügge}}; archaic ''Osnaburg'') is a city in
The founding of Osnabrück was linked to its positioning on important European trading routes. [[Charlemagne]] founded the [[Diocese of Osnabrück]] in 780. The city was also a member of the [[Hanseatic League]]. At the end of the [[Thirty Years' War]] (1618–1648), one of the treaties comprising the [[Peace of Westphalia]] was negotiated in Osnabrück (the other being in nearby [[Münster]]).<ref>[http://www.osnabrueck.de/5045.asp Friedensstadt Osnabrück: Der Westfälische Friede]</ref> In recognition of its role as the site of negotiations, Osnabrück later adopted the title ''Friedensstadt'' ("city of peace"). The city is also known as the birthplace of anti-war novelist [[Erich-Maria Remarque]]
More recently Osnabrück has become well known for its industry. Numerous companies in the automobile, paper, steel and grocery sectors are located in the city and its surrounding area.<ref name="Staedtereport_Osnabrueck_okt_2009.pdf (application/pdf-Objekt)">{{Cite web |url=http://www.comfort.de/fileadmin/presse/2009/Staedtereport_Osnabrueck_okt_2009.pdf |title=Staedtereport_Osnabrueck_okt_2009.pdf (application/pdf-Objekt; 106 kB) |access-date=3 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209035933/http://www.comfort.de/fileadmin/presse/2009/Staedtereport_Osnabrueck_okt_2009.pdf |archive-date=9 February 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In spite of the massive destruction inflicted on the city during [[World War II]], the [[old town|Altstadt]] (old town) was eventually reconstructed extensively with designs loyal to the original [[medieval architecture]] there. Osnabrück was also the home of the largest British garrison outside the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/jul/13/military.germany|title=Garrison town fears slump as army pulls out|first=Allan|last=Hall|date=12 July 2008|website=The Guardian}}</ref> Osnabrück's modern, urban image is enhanced by the presence of more than 22,000 students studying at the [[University of Osnabrück|University]] and the [[Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences|University of Applied Sciences]].<ref name="Stadtporträt">{{cite web|url=http://www.osnabrueck.de/5038.asp|title=Stadtporträt: Osnabrück stellt sich vor}}</ref> Although part of the state of Lower Saxony, historically, culturally and linguistically Osnabrück is considered part of the region of [[Westphalia]].
==Name==
[[File:OSRathaus.JPG|thumb|[[Osnabrück Town Hall|Old town hall]]
{{see also|Names of European cities in different languages: M–P#O|label 1=Names of European cities in different languages: Osnabrück}}
The origin of the name Osnabrück is disputed. The suffix ''-brück'' suggests a bridge over or to something (from German ''Brücke'' = bridge) but the prefix ''Osna-'' is explained in at least two different ways: the traditional explanation is that today's name is a corruption{{clarify|reason=Folk etymology? phonetic evolution? mistranslation from Low German?|date=August 2023}} of ''Ossenbrügge'' (westphalian meaning "oxen bridge"), which is etymologically and historically impossible, because the town is older than this corruption of consonants (documented in 13th century, Osnabrück was founded in 8th century), but others state that it is derived from the name of the ''Hase'' River which is arguably derived from ''Asen'' ([[Æsir]]), thus giving Osnabrück the meaning "bridge to the gods",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bne.uni-osnabrueck.de/Hase/Hasebuch1Abschnitt1|title=Environmental Education at the University of Osnabrück|publisher=Umweltbildung.uni-osnabrueck.de|language=de|access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref> and previously Tacitus named people living near the grey river (Hase) [[Chasuarii]]. It may also be noted that Osnabrück is situated on the northern end of the [[Teutoburg Forest]], which until the 19th century was known as the Osning.{{cn|date=April 2023}}
The city gave its name to the textile fabric of [[osnaburg]].
Line 75 ⟶ 76:
From 1561 to 1639 there was a considerable amount of social unrest and tension in Osnabrück due to the [[Protestant Reformation]], the [[Thirty Years' War]] and also witch hunting. In 1582, during the rule of Mayor Hammacher (1565–1588), 163 women were executed as alleged witches; most of them were burned alive. In total, 276 women were executed, along with 2 men who had been charged with wizardry.
The first [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] services were held in Osnabrück in 1543. Over the next century, Lutheranism expanded in the city and several Protestant bishops were elected. However, the Catholic churches continued to operate, and the city never became completely Lutheran. After the Thirty Years' War broke out, a Catholic bishop was elected in 1623, and the city was occupied by troops of the Catholic League in 1628.<ref name="greengrass2014">{{cite book|last1=Greengrass|first1=Mark|title=Christendom Destroyed: Europe 1517–1648|date=2014|publisher=Penguin |isbn=9780698176256|quote=Both cities carried the scars o the war, but Osnabrück suffered worse, subjected to the troops of the Catholic League (1628-32) and a forcible Catholicization, and then Swedish war contributions.}}</ref> The [[Gymnasium Carolinum (Osnabrück)|Gymnasium Carolinum]] was upgraded to a [[Jesuit]] university in 1632, but the university was closed a year later when the city was [[Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War|taken by Swedish troops]] and restored to Protestant control.
[[File:Osnabrück Bischöfliche Residenz (1777)@01.JPG|thumb|The Prince-Bishop's Palace, 1777]]
Line 84 ⟶ 85:
===19th century===
The [[French Revolutionary Wars]] brought [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian]]
[[File:OS-Dom.JPG|
The town's first railway line was built in 1855, connecting it with [[Löhne]]. Further rail connections appeared over the following decades, connecting Osnabrück with [[Emden]] from 1856, [[Cologne]] from 1871 and [[Hamburg]] from 1874.{{sfn|Panayi|2007|p=16-17}} In 1866, Osnabrück was annexed by Prussia after the [[Austro-Prussian War]] and administered as part of the [[Province of Hanover]]. Growth of the local economy and population was fuelled by expansion in the engineering and textile industries, with the Hammersen Weaving Mill established in 1869 and the ''Osnabrücker Kupfer- und Drahtwerk'' metallurgical firm following in 1873.{{sfn|Panayi|2007|p=16}} The later 19th century also saw growth in the number of schools and the arrival of electricity and modern sanitation.{{sfn|Panayi|2007|p=17}}
Line 95 ⟶ 96:
Politically, Osnabrück in the 1920s was a stronghold of support for the Social Democrats and the Catholic [[Centre Party (Germany)|Centre Party]]. However, in the Reichstag elections of September 1930, the [[Nazi Party]] received the greatest percentage of votes in the city (nearly 28%) – a more than seven-fold increase from their electoral performance in Osnabrück two years prior.{{sfn|Panayi|2007|p=37}} During the campaigns prior to the two federal elections in 1932, both [[Adolf Hitler]] and [[Joseph Goebbels]] made well-attended speeches in the city.{{sfn|Panayi|2007|p=44}}
[[File:Osnabrück Süden.JPG|thumb|Southern part of the inner city
Following the Nazis' seizure of power in January 1933, Osnabrück was subjected to the implementation of National Socialist economic, political, and social programmes. These resulted in economic growth for ethnic Germans who did not run afoul of the new regime, and the town went from having over 10,000 unemployed in early 1933 to actually having a labour shortage five years later.{{sfn|Panayi|2007|p=55}} However, dissenters, supporters of opposition parties and [[German Jews]] (who had experienced centuries of discrimination in the city<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11788-osnabruck|title=OSNABRÜCK |website=jewishencyclopedia.com}}</ref>) did not share in this growth and found themselves discriminated against, imprisoned or forced to close their businesses and leave town.{{sfn|Panayi|2007|p=23-24,81, 186–200}} During [[World War II]], both Jews and [[Romani people
{{anchor|Allied air attacks}}The war ended for Osnabrück on 4 April 1945, when the [[VIII Corps (United Kingdom)|XVII Corps]] of [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]] [[Bernard Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein|Bernard Montgomery's]] [[Second Army (United Kingdom)|Second Army]] entered the city with little resistance.{{sfn|Panayi|2007|p=137}} By this time, the city had been extensively bombed and required major reconstructive programmes following the war's end. Leading Nazis fled the city and the British appointed a new mayor, Johannes Petermann. However, during the [[Allied-occupied Germany|allied occupation of Germany]] a British military governor, Colonel Geoffrey Day was placed in charge of administering the city.{{sfn|Panayi|2007|p=135,137}} Relations between the occupiers and the citizens of Osnabrück were generally peaceful, though tensions existed; some minor fights broke out between British soldiers and local youths and some Osnabrückers resented the relationships that developed between the occupiers and local women.{{sfn|Panayi|2007|p=136-37}} Additionally, the British took over more than seventy homes for their own use by the middle of 1946.{{sfn|Panayi|2007|p=150-51}} Amidst shortages, the black market thrived and became one of the main focuses of police activity.{{sfn|Panayi|2007|p=153-56}}
Line 126 ⟶ 127:
==Climate==
The climate is [[Oceanic climate|''Cfb'']] (near ''[[Warm-summer humid continental climate|Dfb]]'') with warm, rainy summers and chilly to cold, dark winters.{{Weather box
| location = Osnabrück (1991–2020 normals)
| metric first = Y
Line 234:
==Main sights==
[[File:Heger-Tor-os.JPG
[[File:Neuer Graben-Schloss Osnabrueck.jpg
<!--PLEASE PUT THE DESCRIPTION OF MAIN LANDMARKS HERE-->
*[[Osnabrück Town Hall|Town Hall]]
Line 244:
*''[[Bucksturm]]'', the oldest tower in the city, and once part of the city walls. It was once used as a prison for women accused of witchcraft
*''Ruwe'' Fountain" (1985), created to mark the city's 1200th birthday
*''Gladiator 2000'' (1986), a gigantic painting measuring ({{cvt|45
*[[Felix Nussbaum Haus]], a gallery and museum dedicated to the Jewish artist and painter [[Felix Nussbaum]], who was murdered during the [[Holocaust]]. It was designed by the architect [[Daniel Libeskind]]
*''[[Kalkriese]] Museum'', situated on the battlefield of the [[Battle of the Teutoburg Forest|Battle of the Teutoburger Wald]] in the Wiehen Hills, where German tribes under [[Arminius]] destroyed three Roman legions. It exhibits artefacts unearthed on the battlefield and tells the story of the battle
* ''Osnabrücker Schloss'' (castle<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.germany.travel/en/ms/royal-heritage/where-to-go/osnabrueck.html |title=Osnabrück and Iburg Castle |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626163201/http://www.germany.travel/en/ms/royal-heritage/where-to-go/osnabrueck.html |archive-date=26 Jun 2015 |website=www.germany.travel |access-date=26 May 2015}}</ref>/palace<ref>[http://www.osnabrueck.de/fileadmin/Folder_Englisch_download.pdf] p.19. Retrieved 26 May 2015</ref>) 17th century Baroque construction, nowadays the main building of the [[University of Osnabrück]]. It is the place were [[George I of Great Britain]] died.
* [[Botanischer Garten der Universität Osnabrück]], the university's [[botanical garden]]
* Old town with its small streets and medieval buildings
Line 279:
==Districts of Osnabrück==
[[File:Osnabrueck-stadtteile.png|thumb
The city is divided into 23 districts:
{|
Line 308:
*19 [[Atter (Osnabrück)|Atter]]
*20 [[Pye (Osnabrück district)|Pye]]
*21 [[Darum
*22 [[Voxtrup]]
*23 [[Nahne]]
Line 335:
==Notable people==
[[File:Ernest August, Duke of York (1674-1728).jpg|thumb|140px|[[Ernest Augustus, Duke of York]], ca 1740]]
=== Public service & commerce ===▼
[[File:
[[File:
[[File:Christian Wulff crop.jpg|thumb|140px|[[Christian Wulff]], 2014]]
[[File:Gerke.jpg|thumb|140px|[[Friedrich Clemens Gerke]], 1840]]
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R04034, Erich Maria Remarque.jpg|thumb|140px|[[Erich Maria Remarque]], 1929]]
[[File:
*[[Benno II of Osnabrück]] ({{circa|1020}} – 1088), [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Osnabrück|Bishop of Osnabrück]] from 1068 to 1088.
*[[Albert Suho]] ({{circa|1380|1450}}), clergyman, theologian, historian
*[[Friedrich Staphylus]] (1512–1564), theologian, first a Protestant, a Catholic convert.<ref>{{cite CE1913|wstitle= Friedrich Staphylus |volume= 14 |last= Löffler |first= Klemens |author-link= |short=1}}</ref>
*[[Johann Wilhelm Petersen]] (1649–1727), evangelical theologian, [[Mysticism|mystic]], and [[Millennialism|Millennialist]].
*[[Ernest Augustus, Duke of York and Albany]] (1674–1728), brother of [[George I of Great Britain]].<ref>{{cite DNB |wstitle= Ernest Augustus (1674-1728) |volume= 17 |last= Vian |first= Alsager Richard |author-link= |page=393 |short= 1}}</ref>
*[[Sophia von Kielmansegg, Countess of Darlington]] (1675–1725), courtier and a half-sister of [[George I of Great Britain]]
*[[Justus Möser]] (1720–1794), jurist and social theorist.<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle= Möser, Justus |volume= 18 |page= 895 |short=1}}</ref>
*[[Ernst zu Münster]] (1766–1839), politician, statesman in the service of [[House of Hannover]]
*[[Justus von Gruner]] (1777-1820), a Prussian official, the first president of the [[Berlin Police]].
*[[Bernhard Rudolf Abeken]] (1780–1866), [[philologist]]
*[[Karl Fortlage]] (1806–1881), philosopher.<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle= Fortlage, Karl |volume= 10 |page= 725 |short=1}}</ref>
*[[Heinrich Abeken]] (1809–1872), evangelical theologian.<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle= Abeken, Heinrich |volume= 1 |pages= 38-39 |short=1}}</ref>
*[[Ludwig Windthorst]] (1812–1891), politician and leader of the Catholic [[Centre Party (Germany)|Centre Party]].<ref>{{cite CE1913|wstitle= Ludwig Windthorst |volume= 15 |last= Spahn |first= Martin |author-link= |short=1}}</ref>
*[[Friedrich Blass]] (1843–1907), classical scholar.<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle= Blass, Friedrich |volume= 4 |page= 44 |short=1}}</ref>
*[[Georg Thieler]] (1854–1945), jurist and mayor of [[Jena]] from 1885 to 1889.
*[[Friedrich Westmeyer]] (1873–1917), politician and trade unionist
*[[Walter Warlimont]] (1894–1976), General of the Artillery
*[[Hans Georg Calmeyer]] (1903–1972), attorney, ''[[Righteous Among the Nations]]''▼
▲*[[Hans Georg Calmeyer]] (1903–1972), attorney, ''Righteous Among the Nations''
*[[Fritz Buntrock]] (1909–1948), SS officer and war criminal
*[[Rudolf Beckmann]] (1910–1943), SS-Oberscharführer and war criminal
*[[Franz Lucas]] (1911–1994), concentration camp doctor
*[[Wilhelm Schitli]] (1912–1945?), SS officer
*[[Hubertus Brandenburg]] (1923–2009), Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Stockholm|Stockholm]]
*[[Peter van Pels]] (1926–1945) son of [[Auguste van Pels]] and [[Hermann van Pels]], occupant at the [[Anne Frank House|Secret Annex]] in Amsterdam together with [[Anne Frank]] and her family
*[[Reinhold Remmert]] (1930–2016), mathematician▼
*[[Jürgen Kühling]] (1934–2019), lawyer, former judge at the [[Federal Constitutional Court]] between 1989 and 2001
*[[Inge Schmitz-Feuerhake]] (born 1935), physicist and mathematician▼
*[[Rudolf Seiters]] (born 1937), politician (CDU), Vice-President of the Bundestag 1998–2002
*[[Paul Kirchhof]] (born 1943), former judge of the [[Federal Constitutional Court]], prof. of tax law▼
*[[Hans Huchzermeyer]] (born 1939), physician and musicologist▼
▲*[[Paul Kirchhof]] (born 1943), former judge of the Federal Constitutional Court, prof. of tax law
*[[Hans-Gert Pöttering]] (born 1945), lawyer and politician, former [[President of the European Parliament]]
*[[Ferdinand Kirchhof]] (born 1950), judge at the [[Federal Constitutional Court]], professor of tax law
*[[Thomas Bellut]] (born 1955), journalist
*[[Olaf Scholz]] (born 1958), politician (SPD) and [[Chancellor of Germany]] from 2021
*[[Christian Wulff]] (born 1959), politician and lawyer, [[President of Germany]] from 2010 to 2012
*[[Boris Pistorius]] (born 1960), politician, former [[Lord mayor]] of Osnabrück, [[
*[[Anke Hennig]] (born 1964), politician (SPD)
*[[André Berghegger]] (born 1972), politician (CDU); from 2006 to 2013, mayor of the city of [[Melle, Germany|Melle]]
*[[Sabine R. Huebner]] (born 1976), [[ancient historian]]
===Others===▼
▲*[[Peter van Pels]] (1926–1945) son of [[Auguste van Pels]] and [[Hermann van Pels]], occupant at the [[Anne Frank House|Secret Annex]] in Amsterdam together with [[Anne Frank]] and her family; Born in Osnabrück
*[[Heinrich Wenner]] (1912–2008), antiquarian bookseller▼
=== The arts ===
*[[Gerlach Flicke]] ({{circa|1500}}–1558), painter, an [[Artists of the Tudor court|artist of the Tudor court]] in London
*[[John Closterman]] (1660–1711), portrait painter, mostly of European noblemen and their families.<ref>{{cite DNB |wstitle= Closterman, John |volume= 11 |last= Fagan |first= Louis Alexander |author-link= Louis Alexander Fagan |pages= 125-126 |short= 1}}</ref>
*[[Friedrich Clemens Gerke]] (1801–1888),
*[[Alfred Runge]] (1881–1946), architect
*[[Hinnerk Scheper]] (1897-1957), mural painter and architectural colourist, monument conservator and restorer
*[[Erich Maria Remarque]] (1898–1970), novelist, he wrote ''[[All Quiet on the Western Front]]'' in 1928
*[[Friedrich Vordemberge-Gildewart]] (1899–1962), a ''[[De Stijl]]'' painter
*[[Mathias Wieman]] (1902–1969), stage-performer, silent-and-sound motion picture actor from 1925 to 1966
*[[Felix Nussbaum]] (1904–1944), a [[surrealist]] painter
*[[
*[[Benno Sterzenbach]] (1916–1985), cinema and theatre actor and director from 1948 to 1983
*[[Ursula Levy]] (
*[[Birgitta Tolksdorf]] (
*[[
*[[Evelyn Herlitzius]] (born 1963), opera singer, and a [[dramatic soprano]].
*[[Gentleman (musician)|Gentleman]] (
*[[Robin Schulz]] (
*[[Waterdown]] (1999–2012), hardcore punk band
=== Science & business ===
*[[Ludwig Clamor Marquart]] (1804–1881), pharmacist and entrepreneur, coined the term "[[anthocyanin]]"
*[[Hermann Kemper]] (1892–1977), engineer and pioneer in [[magnetic levitation]]
▲*[[Heinrich Wenner]] (1912–2008), antiquarian bookseller
*[[Wilhelm Karmann Jr.]] (1914–1998), motor industry entrepreneur with VW ([[Karmann]]).
▲*[[Reinhold Remmert]] (1930–2016), mathematician, wrote two books on [[number theory]] and [[complex analysis]]
▲*[[Inge Schmitz-Feuerhake]] (born 1935), physicist and mathematician
▲*[[Hans Huchzermeyer]] (born 1939), physician and musicologist
*[[Cathrin Brisken]] (born 1967), medical doctor, researches the [[Hormone|hormonal]] control of breast cancer
* [[Horst Borcherding]] (1930–2015), a football goalkeeper, played 254 games.
* [[Heike Nagel]] (born 1946), former swimmer, team bronze medallist at the [[1968 Summer Olympics]].
* [[Thomas Möllenkamp]] (born 1961), a retired rower, team gold medallist at the [[1988 Summer Olympics]]
* [[Volker Fried]] (born 1961), former field hockey player, team gold medallist at the [[1992 Summer Olympics]]
* [[Stefani Werremeier]] (born 1968), a rower, team silver medallist at the [[1992 Summer Olympics]]
* [[Daniel Flottmann]] (born 1984), footballer who has played over 490 games
* [[Felix Klaus]] (born 1992), footballer who has played over 330 games
* [[Carolin Schnarre]] (born 1992), a Paralympic equestrian, team silver medallist at the [[2016 Paralympic Games]]
==See also==
Line 409 ⟶ 426:
*[[Route of Megalithic Culture]], tourist route from Osnabrück to Oldenburg via some 33 megalithic sites
==General references==
==References==▼
{{reflist}}▼
* {{Citation |last=Panayi |first=P. |year=2007 |title=Life and Death in a German Town: Osnabrück from the Weimar Republic to World War II and Beyond |location=New York |publisher=Tauris Academic Studies}} {{ISBN|978-0-85771-440-4}}
* {{Citation |author=Team Strategische Stadtentwicklung und Statistik |date=August 2013 |url=http://www.osnabrück.de/images_design/Grafiken_Inhalt_Rathaus_online/Amtliche_Einwohnerzahlen_der_Stadt_Osnabrueck_und_der_angrenzenden_Gemeinden.pdf |title=02001 Amtliche Einwohnerzahlen der Stadt Osnabrück und der angrenzenden Gemeinden Stand: Volkszählung 25.5.1987 und jeweils 31.12. |publisher=City of Osnabrück |page=1 |language=de |access-date=1 January 2014}}
▲==References==
▲{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
Line 434 ⟶ 451:
*{{Official website}} {{in lang|de}}
*[http://www.panorama-cities.net/osnabrueck/osnabrueck_germany.html Panoramas and virtual Tours of Osnabrück]
*[http://www.horses-and-dreams.de/englisch/index.html ''Horses & Dreams'' Annual Horse Dressage Show] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124055038/http://www.horses-and-dreams.de/englisch/index.html |date=24 November 2018 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20021127123203/http://filmfest-os.de/ Independent Film Festival Osnabrueck official website] [[Unabhaengiges FilmFest Osnabrueck]]
*[http://www.ostensibles.org ''The Ostensibles'' English Theatre in Osnabrueck, official website]
Line 453 ⟶ 470:
[[Category:Members of the Hanseatic League]]
[[Category:Holocaust locations in Germany]]
[[Category:Urban districts of Lower Saxony]]
| |||