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{{short description|City in
{{Redirect|Osnabruck|the township in eastern Ontario, Canada|South Stormont}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox German location
|type = City
|German_name = <small> {{native name|wep|Ossenbrügge}} </small>
|image_coa = Osnabrück Wappen.svg
|image_flag = Hissflagge der Stadt Osnabrück.svg
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}}
'''Osnabrück''' ({{IPA-de|ɔsnaˈbʁʏk|-|De-Osnabrück.ogg}}; {{lang-wep|Ossenbrügge}}; archaic ''Osnaburg'') is a city in [[Lower Saxony]] in western
The founding of Osnabrück was linked to its positioning on important European trading routes. [[Charlemagne]] founded the [[Diocese of Osnabrück]] in 780. The city was also a member of the [[Hanseatic League]]. At the end of the [[Thirty Years' War]] (1618–1648), one of the treaties comprising the [[Peace of Westphalia]] was negotiated in Osnabrück (the other being in nearby [[Münster]]).<ref>[http://www.osnabrueck.de/5045.asp Friedensstadt Osnabrück: Der Westfälische Friede]</ref> In recognition of its role as the site of negotiations, Osnabrück later adopted the title ''Friedensstadt'' ("city of peace"). The city is also known as the birthplace of anti-war novelist [[Erich-Maria Remarque]], painter [[Felix Nussbaum]] and current chancellor of Germany [[Olaf Scholz]].
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[[File:OSRathaus.JPG|thumb|[[Osnabrück Town Hall|Old town hall]]]]
{{see also|Names of European cities in different languages: M–P#O|label 1=Names of European cities in different languages: Osnabrück}}
The origin of the name Osnabrück is disputed. The suffix ''-brück'' suggests a bridge over or to something (from German ''Brücke'' = bridge) but the prefix ''Osna-'' is explained in at least two different ways: the traditional explanation is that today's name is a corruption{{clarify|reason=Folk etymology? phonetic evolution? mistranslation from Low German?|date=August 2023}} of ''Ossenbrügge'' (westphalian meaning "oxen bridge"), which is etymologically and historically impossible, because the town is older than this corruption of consonants (documented in 13th century, Osnabrück was founded in 8th century), but others state that it is derived from the name of the ''Hase'' River which is arguably derived from ''Asen'' ([[Æsir]]), thus giving Osnabrück the meaning "bridge to the gods",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bne.uni-osnabrueck.de/Hase/Hasebuch1Abschnitt1|title=Environmental Education at the University of Osnabrück|publisher=Umweltbildung.uni-osnabrueck.de|language=de|access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref> and previously Tacitus named people living near the grey river (Hase) [[Chasuarii]]. It may also be noted that Osnabrück is situated on the northern end of the [[Teutoburg Forest]], which until the 19th century was known as the Osning.{{cn|date=April 2023}}
The city gave its name to the textile fabric of [[osnaburg]].
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From 1561 to 1639 there was a considerable amount of social unrest and tension in Osnabrück due to the [[Protestant Reformation]], the [[Thirty Years' War]] and also witch hunting. In 1582, during the rule of Mayor Hammacher (1565–1588), 163 women were executed as alleged witches; most of them were burned alive. In total, 276 women were executed, along with 2 men who had been charged with wizardry.
The first [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] services were held in Osnabrück in 1543. Over the next century, Lutheranism expanded in the city and several Protestant bishops were elected. However, the Catholic churches continued to operate, and the city never became completely Lutheran. After the Thirty Years' War broke out, a Catholic bishop was elected in 1623, and the city was occupied by troops of the Catholic League in 1628.<ref name="greengrass2014">{{cite book|last1=Greengrass|first1=Mark|title=Christendom Destroyed: Europe 1517–1648|date=2014|publisher=Penguin |isbn=9780698176256|quote=Both cities carried the scars o the war, but Osnabrück suffered worse, subjected to the troops of the Catholic League (1628-32) and a forcible Catholicization, and then Swedish war contributions.}}</ref> The [[Gymnasium Carolinum (Osnabrück)|Gymnasium Carolinum]] was upgraded to a [[Jesuit]] university in 1632, but the university was closed a year later when the city was [[Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War|taken by Swedish troops]] and restored to Protestant control.
[[File:Osnabrück Bischöfliche Residenz (1777)@01.JPG|thumb|The Prince-Bishop's Palace, 1777]]
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*''[[Bucksturm]]'', the oldest tower in the city, and once part of the city walls. It was once used as a prison for women accused of witchcraft
*''Ruwe'' Fountain" (1985), created to mark the city's 1200th birthday
*''Gladiator 2000'' (1986), a gigantic painting measuring ({{cvt|45
*[[Felix Nussbaum Haus]], a gallery and museum dedicated to the Jewish artist and painter [[Felix Nussbaum]], who was murdered during the [[Holocaust]]. It was designed by the architect [[Daniel Libeskind]]
*''[[Kalkriese]] Museum'', situated on the battlefield of the [[Battle of the Teutoburg Forest|Battle of the Teutoburger Wald]] in the Wiehen Hills, where German tribes under [[Arminius]] destroyed three Roman legions. It exhibits artefacts unearthed on the battlefield and tells the story of the battle
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*19 [[Atter (Osnabrück)|Atter]]
*20 [[Pye (Osnabrück district)|Pye]]
*21 [[Darum
*22 [[Voxtrup]]
*23 [[Nahne]]
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[[File:Gerke.jpg|thumb|140px|[[Friedrich Clemens Gerke]], 1840]]
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R04034, Erich Maria Remarque.jpg|thumb|140px|[[Erich Maria Remarque]], 1929]]
[[File:Europese Zwemkampioenschappen, Heike Hustede (W-Duitsland) in aktie, Bestanddeelnr 919-4607.jpg|thumb|140px|[[Heike Nagel]] (née Hustede), 1966]]
=== Public service & public thinking ===
*[[Benno II of Osnabrück]] ({{circa|1020}} – 1088), [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Osnabrück|Bishop of Osnabrück]] from 1068 to 1088.
*[[Albert Suho]] ({{circa|1380|1450}}), clergyman, theologian, historian
*[[Friedrich Staphylus]] (1512–1564), theologian, first a Protestant, a Catholic convert.<ref>{{cite CE1913|wstitle= Friedrich Staphylus |volume= 14 |last= Löffler |first= Klemens |author-link= |short=1}}</ref>
*[[Johann Wilhelm Petersen]] (1649–1727), evangelical theologian, [[Mysticism|mystic]], and [[Millennialism|Millennialist]].
*[[Ernest Augustus, Duke of York and Albany]] (1674–1728), brother of [[George I of Great Britain]].<ref>{{cite DNB |wstitle= Ernest Augustus (1674-1728) |volume= 17 |last= Vian |first= Alsager Richard |author-link= |page=393 |short= 1}}</ref>
*[[Sophia von Kielmansegg, Countess of Darlington]] (1675–1725), courtier and a half-sister of [[George I of Great Britain]]
*[[Justus Möser]] (1720–1794), jurist and social theorist.<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle= Möser, Justus |volume= 18 |page= 895 |short=1}}</ref>
*[[Ernst zu Münster]] (1766–1839), politician, statesman in the service of [[House of Hannover]]
*[[Justus von Gruner]] (1777-1820), a Prussian official, the first president of the [[Berlin Police]].
*[[Bernhard Rudolf Abeken]] (1780–1866), [[philologist]]
*[[Karl Fortlage]] (1806–1881), philosopher.<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle= Fortlage, Karl |volume= 10 |page= 725 |short=1}}</ref>
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*[[Ludwig Windthorst]] (1812–1891), politician and leader of the Catholic [[Centre Party (Germany)|Centre Party]].<ref>{{cite CE1913|wstitle= Ludwig Windthorst |volume= 15 |last= Spahn |first= Martin |author-link= |short=1}}</ref>
*[[Friedrich Blass]] (1843–1907), classical scholar.<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle= Blass, Friedrich |volume= 4 |page= 44 |short=1}}</ref>
*[[Georg Thieler]] (1854–1945), jurist and mayor of [[Jena]] from 1885 to 1889.
*[[Friedrich Westmeyer]] (1873–1917), politician and trade unionist
*[[Walter Warlimont]] (1894–1976), General of the Artillery
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*[[Boris Pistorius]] (born 1960), politician, former [[Lord mayor]] of Osnabrück, [[Federal Ministry of Defence (Germany)|Minister of Defence]] from 2023
*[[Anke Hennig]] (born 1964), politician (SPD)
*[[André Berghegger]] (born 1972), politician (CDU); from 2006 to 2013, mayor of the city of [[Melle, Germany|Melle]]
*[[Sabine R. Huebner]] (born 1976), [[ancient historian]]
=== The arts ===
*[[Gerlach Flicke]] ({{circa|1500}}–1558), painter, an [[Artists of the Tudor court|artist of the Tudor court]] in London
*[[John Closterman]] (1660–1711), portrait painter, mostly of European noblemen and their families.<ref>{{cite DNB |wstitle= Closterman, John |volume= 11 |last= Fagan |first= Louis Alexander |author-link= Louis Alexander Fagan |pages= 125-126 |short= 1}}</ref>
*[[Friedrich Clemens Gerke]] (1801–1888),
*[[Alfred Runge]] (1881–1946), architect
*[[Hinnerk Scheper]] (1897-1957), mural painter and architectural colourist, monument conservator and restorer
*[[Erich Maria Remarque]] (1898–1970), novelist, he wrote ''[[All Quiet on the Western Front]]'' in 1928
*[[Friedrich Vordemberge-Gildewart]] (1899–1962), a ''[[De Stijl]]'' painter
*[[Mathias Wieman]] (1902–1969), stage-performer, silent-and-sound motion picture actor from 1925 to 1966
*[[Felix Nussbaum]] (1904–1944), a [[surrealist]] painter
*[[Herbert Tiede]] (1915–1987), actor from 1943 to 1975.
*[[Benno Sterzenbach]] (1916–1985), cinema and theatre actor and director from 1948 to 1983
*[[Ursula Levy]] (born 1935), American author, [[child psychologist]] and Holocaust survivor
*[[Birgitta Tolksdorf]] (born 1947), German-American actress
*[[Markus Becker (pianist)|Markus Becker]] (born 1963), pianist
*[[Evelyn Herlitzius]] (born 1963), opera singer, and a [[dramatic soprano]].
*[[Gentleman (musician)|Gentleman]] (born 1974), reggae musician, real name ''Tilmann Otto''▼
▲*[[Gentleman (musician)|Gentleman]] (born 1974), reggae musician
*[[Robin Schulz]] (born 1987), musician, DJ and record producer
*[[Waterdown]] (1999–2012), hardcore punk band
=== Science & business ===
*[[Ludwig Clamor Marquart]] (1804–1881), pharmacist and entrepreneur, coined the term "[[anthocyanin]]"
*[[Hermann Kemper]] (1892–1977), engineer and pioneer in [[magnetic levitation]]
*[[Heinrich Wenner]] (1912–2008), antiquarian bookseller
*[[Wilhelm Karmann Jr.]] (1914–1998), motor industry entrepreneur with VW ([[Karmann]]).
*[[Reinhold Remmert]] (1930–2016), mathematician, wrote two books on [[number theory]] and [[complex analysis]]
*[[Inge Schmitz-Feuerhake]] (born 1935), physicist and mathematician
*[[Hans Huchzermeyer]] (born 1939), physician and musicologist
*[[Cathrin Brisken]] (born 1967), medical doctor, researches the [[Hormone|hormonal]] control of breast cancer
=== Sport ===
* [[Horst Borcherding]] (1930–2015), a football goalkeeper, played 254 games.
* [[Heike Nagel]] (born 1946), former swimmer, team bronze medallist at the [[1968 Summer Olympics]].
* [[Thomas Möllenkamp]] (born 1961), a retired rower, team gold medallist at the [[1988 Summer Olympics]]
* [[Volker Fried]] (born 1961), former field hockey player, team gold medallist at the [[1992 Summer Olympics]]
* [[Stefani Werremeier]] (born 1968), a rower, team silver medallist at the [[1992 Summer Olympics]]
* [[Daniel Flottmann]] (born 1984), footballer who has played over 490 games
* [[Felix Klaus]] (born 1992), footballer who has played over 330 games
* [[Carolin Schnarre]] (born 1992), a Paralympic equestrian, team silver medallist at the [[2016 Paralympic Games]]
==See also==
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*[[Route of Megalithic Culture]], tourist route from Osnabrück to Oldenburg via some 33 megalithic sites
==General references==
==References==▼
{{reflist}}▼
* {{Citation |last=Panayi |first=P. |year=2007 |title=Life and Death in a German Town: Osnabrück from the Weimar Republic to World War II and Beyond |location=New York |publisher=Tauris Academic Studies}} {{ISBN|978-0-85771-440-4}}
* {{Citation |author=Team Strategische Stadtentwicklung und Statistik |date=August 2013 |url=http://www.osnabrück.de/images_design/Grafiken_Inhalt_Rathaus_online/Amtliche_Einwohnerzahlen_der_Stadt_Osnabrueck_und_der_angrenzenden_Gemeinden.pdf |title=02001 Amtliche Einwohnerzahlen der Stadt Osnabrück und der angrenzenden Gemeinden Stand: Volkszählung 25.5.1987 und jeweils 31.12. |publisher=City of Osnabrück |page=1 |language=de |access-date=1 January 2014}}
▲==References==
▲{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
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*{{Official website}} {{in lang|de}}
*[http://www.panorama-cities.net/osnabrueck/osnabrueck_germany.html Panoramas and virtual Tours of Osnabrück]
*[http://www.horses-and-dreams.de/englisch/index.html ''Horses & Dreams'' Annual Horse Dressage Show] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124055038/http://www.horses-and-dreams.de/englisch/index.html |date=24 November 2018 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20021127123203/http://filmfest-os.de/ Independent Film Festival Osnabrueck official website] [[Unabhaengiges FilmFest Osnabrueck]]
*[http://www.ostensibles.org ''The Ostensibles'' English Theatre in Osnabrueck, official website]
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