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| image = Vicente Guerrero.png
| imagesize = 225px
| caption = A half-length, posthumous portrait by Anacleto Escutia (1850), [[Museo Nacional de Historia]]. An inscription on the reverse side of the painting claims it is a "copy of an original which belongs to the Excellent {{ill|Ayuntamiento of Mexico|es|Ayuntamiento de México|lt=''Ayuntamiento'' of Mexico."}}<ref>{{cite web|website=Mediateca INAH|title=Vicente Guerrero|language=es|url=https://mediateca.inah.gob.mx/islandora_74/islandora/object/pintura%3A4087|access-date=5 November 2023}}</ref>
| order = 2nd
| office = President of Mexico
| term_start =
| term_end =
| vicepresident = [[Anastasio Bustamante]]
| predecessor = [[Guadalupe Victoria]]
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| predecessor2 = [[José Castro]]
| successor2 = [[Francisco Moctezuma]]
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| office3 = [[Provisional Government of Mexico (1823–24)|Member of the Supreme Executive Power]]
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| predecessor3 = Constitutional Monarchy<br />[[Agustín I]]
| successor3 = Federal Republic<br />[[Guadalupe Victoria]]
| birth_name = Vicente Ramón Guerrero
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Tixtla]], [[Guerrero, Mexico|Kingdom of Mexico]], [[Viceroyalty of New Spain]]
| death_date = {{
| death_place = [[Cuilapan]], [[Oaxaca]], [[First Mexican Republic|Mexico]]
| death_cause = [[Execution by firing squad]]
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| commands = [[Mexican War of Independence]]
| battles = [[Battle of El Veladero]]<br />[[Siege of Cuautla]]<br />[[Battle of Izúcar]]<br />[[Siege of Huajuapan de León]]<br />[[Battle of Zitlala]]<br />[[Capture of Oaxaca (1812)|Capture of Oaxaca]]<br />[[Siege of Acapulco (1813)|Siege of Acapulco]]
| awards =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Vicente Ramón Guerrero Saldaña'''<ref>{{cite web|title=Vicente Guerrero Saldaña|publisher=Mediateca INAH|lang=es|url=https://www.inehrm.gob.mx/sitios/proceres/index.php?p=vicente|accessdate=2023-12-29}}</ref> ({{IPA
During his presidency, he abolished [[slavery]] in Mexico.<ref>Green, Stanley C. ''The Mexican Republic: The First Decade, 1823–1832''. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press 1987. p. 119.</ref> Guerrero was deposed in a rebellion by his Vice-President [[Anastasio Bustamante]].<ref>Anna, Timothy E. ''Forging Mexico, 1821–1835''. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 1998, 242.</ref>
==Early life==
Vicente Guerrero was born in [[Tixtla]], a town 100 kilometers inland from the port of [[Acapulco]], in the [[Sierra Madre del Sur]]; his parents were María Guadalupe Rodríguez Saldaña, and Juan Pedro Guerrero. His father's family included landlords, wealthy farmers, and traders with broad business connections in the south, members of the Spanish militia, and gun and cannon makers. In his youth, he worked for his father's freight business that used mules for transport, a prosperous business during this time. His travels took him to different parts of Mexico where he heard of the idea of independence. There is controversy regarding Guerrero's ethnic origin, with some authors describing him as
Vicente's father, Juan Pedro, supported [[Monarchy of Spain|Spanish rule]], whereas his uncle, Diego Guerrero, had an important position in the Spanish militia. As an adult, Vicente was opposed to the Spanish colonial government. When his father asked him for his sword in order to present it to the [[viceroy]] of [[New Spain]] as a sign of goodwill, Vicente refused, saying, "The will of my father is for me sacred, but my Fatherland is first."{{citation needed|date=May 2016}} ''"Mi patria es primero"'' is now the motto of the southern Mexican state of [[Guerrero]], named in honor of the revolutionary. Guerrero enlisted in [[José María Morelos]]'s insurgent army of the south in December 1810. He was married to María Guadalupe Hernández; their daughter María Dolores Guerrero Hernández married Mariano Riva Palacio, who was the defense lawyer of [[Maximilian I of Mexico]] in [[Querétaro]], and was the mother of late nineteenth-century intellectual [[Vicente Riva Palacio]].{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}
==Insurgent==
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In 1810, Guerrero joined in the early revolt against Spain, first fighting in the forces of secular priest [[José María Morelos]]. When the [[Mexican War of Independence]] began, Guerrero was working as a gunsmith in Tixtla.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}} He joined the rebellion in November 1810 and enlisted in a division that independence leader Morelos had organized to fight in southern Mexico. Guerrero distinguished himself in the Battle of [[Izúcar]], in February 1812, and had achieved the rank of lieutenant colonel when Oaxaca was claimed by rebels in November 1812.<ref name=richmond616>Richmond, "Vicente Guerrero", p. 616.</ref> Initial victories by Morelos's forces faltered, and Morelos himself was captured and executed in December 1815. Guerrero joined forces with [[Guadalupe Victoria]] and [[Isidoro Montes de Oca]], taking the position of "Commander in Chief" of the rebel troops. In 1816, the royal government under Viceroy Apodaca sought to end the insurgency, offering amnesty. Guerrero's father carried an appeal for his son to surrender, but Guerrero refused. He remained the only major rebel leader still at large and kept the rebellion going through an extensive campaign of guerrilla warfare. He won victories at Ajuchitán, Santa Fe, Tetela del Río, [[Huetamo]], [[Tlalchapa]], and Cuautlotitlán, regions of southern Mexico that were very familiar to him.
Hoping to extinguish the rebellion, the royal government sent [[Agustín de Iturbide]] against Guerrero's forces. Guerrero was victorious against Iturbide, who realized that there was a military stalemate. Guerrero appealed to Iturbide to abandon his royalist loyalty and to join the fight for independence.<ref>Richmond, "Vicente Guerrero", pp. 616–617.</ref> Events in Spain had changed in 1820, with Spanish liberals ousting [[Ferdinand VII]] and imposing the liberal [[Spanish Constitution of 1812|constitution of 1812]] that the king had repudiated. Conservatives in Mexico, including the Catholic hierarchy, began to conclude that continued allegiance to Spain would undermine their position and opted for independence to maintain their control. Guerrero's appeal to join the forces for independence was successful. Guerrero and Iturbide allied under the [[Plan de Iguala]] and their forces merged as the [[Army of the Three Guarantees]].
The Plan of Iguala proclaimed independence, called for a [[constitutional monarchy]] and the continued place of the Roman Catholic Church, and abolished the formal ''[[casta]]'' system of racial classification. Clause 12 was incorporated into the plan: "All inhabitants... without distinction of their European, African or Indian origins are citizens... with full freedom to pursue their livelihoods according to their merits and virtues."<ref name="The Legacy of Vincent Guerrero">{{cite book|last=Vincent|first=Theodore G.|title=The Legacy of Vicmente Guerrero, Mexico's First Black Indian President|year=2001|publisher=University of Florida Press|pages=94–96}}</ref><ref>Richmond, "Vicente Guerrero", p. 617.</ref> The Army of the Three Guarantees marched triumphantly into Mexico City on September 27, 1821.<ref name="The Mexican Wars for Independence">{{cite book|last=Henderson|first=Timothy J.|title=The Mexican Wars for Independence|url=https://archive.org/details/mexicanwarsforin00hend|url-access=registration|year=2009|publisher=Hill and Wang|isbn=978-0-8090-6923-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/mexicanwarsforin00hend/page/178 178]}}</ref>
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Guerrero set about creating a cabinet of liberals, but his government already encountered serious problems, including its very legitimacy, since president-elect Gómez Pedraza had resigned under pressure. Some traditional federalists leaders, who might have supported Guerrero, did not do so because of the electoral irregularities. The national treasury was empty and future revenues were already liened. Spain continued to deny Mexico's independence and threatened reconquest.<ref>Green, ''The Mexican Republic'', pp. 162–163.</ref>
A key achievement of his presidency was the
Guerrero called for public schools, land title reforms, industry and trade development, and other programs of a liberal nature. As president, Guerrero championed the causes of the racially oppressed and economically oppressed. Initially, the leader of the colonization of Texas, [[Stephen F. Austin]], proved enthusiastic towards the Mexican government. {{quote| "This is the most liberal and munificent Government on earth to emigrants – after being here one year you will oppose a change even to Uncle Sam"| ''Stephen Fuller Austin, 1829, letter to his sister describing Guerrero's Government of Mexico (and Texas)''}}
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==Fall and execution==
[[File:Vicente Ramón Guerrero Saldaña.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Image extracted from the book of Vicente Riva Palacio, Julio Zárate (1880).]]
[[File:Esculturas del Monumento a la Independencia 08.jpg|alt=Vicente Guerrero sculpture at Angel of Independence by Enrique Alciati, Mexico City.|thumb|Vicente Guerrero depicted at the [[Angel of Independence]] by [[Enrique Alciati]], Mexico City.]]
Guerrero was deposed in a rebellion under Vice-President [[Anastasio Bustamante]] that began on 4 December 1829. Guerrero left the capital to fight in the south, but was deposed by the Mexico City garrison in his absence on 17 December 1829. Guerrero had returned to the region of southern Mexico where he had fought during the war of independence.
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[[Category:19th-century Mexican people]]
[[Category:19th-century Mexican politicians]]
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[[Category:Executed presidents]]
[[Category:People executed by Mexico by firing squad]]
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[[Category:Politicians from Guerrero]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Guerrero]]
[[Category:
[[Category:Mexican independence activists]]
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