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| depth = {{convert|15|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=ISC-GEM/>
| location = {{Coord|15.53|S|171.87|W|display=inline,title}}<ref name=ISC-GEM/>
| type = First subevent [[Fault (geology)#Dip-slip faults|
Second and third subevent [[Megathrust earthquake|Megathrust]]<ref name="Lay et al." /><ref name=USGS/>
| countries affected = [[Samoa]] <br /> [[American Samoa]] <br /> [[Tonga]] <br /> [[Cook Islands]] <br /> [[Fiji]] <br /> [[French Polynesia]] <br /> [[New Zealand]]
| intensity = {{MMI|VI}}<ref name=USGS/>
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The '''2009 Samoa earthquake and tsunami''' took place on 29 September 2009 in the southern Pacific Ocean adjacent to the [[Kermadec-Tonga subduction zone]]. The [[submarine earthquake]] occurred in an [[Extensional tectonics|extensional]] environment and had a [[moment magnitude scale|moment magnitude]] of 8.1 and a maximum [[Modified Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of VI (''Strong''). It was the [[List of 21st-century earthquakes#2009|largest]] earthquake of 2009. The earthquake initiated with a normal-faulting event with a magnitude of 8.1.<ref name="Lay et al." /> Within two minutes of the [[earthquake rupture]], two large magnitude 7.8 earthquakes occurred on the [[subduction zone]] interface. The two magnitude 7.8 earthquakes had a combined magnitude equivalent to 8.0.<ref name="Lay et al.">{{cite journal |author1=[[Thorne Lay]] |author2=Charles J. Ammon |author3=[[Hiroo Kanamori]] |author4=Luis Rivera |author5=Keith D. Koper |author6=Alexander R. Hutko |title=The 2009 Samoa–Tonga great earthquake triggered doublet |journal=Nature |date=2010 |volume=466 |issue=7309 |pages=964–968 |doi=10.1038/nature09214 |pmid=20725038 |bibcode=2010Natur.466..964L |s2cid=205221482 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature09214}}</ref> The event can be considered a [[doublet earthquake]].
Normal and thrust faulting triggered a [[tsunami]] which caused substantial damage and loss of life in [[Samoa]], [[American Samoa]], and [[Tonga]]. The [[Pacific Tsunami Warning Center]] recorded a {{convert|3|in|adj=on}} rise in sea levels near the [[epicenter]], and New Zealand scientists determined that the waves measured {{convert|14|m}} at their highest on the Samoan coast.<ref name="NIWA">{{cite news |first=Michael |last=Field |title=Pacific tsunami four storeys high |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/science/3128083/Pacific-tsunami-four-storeys-high |work=[[stuff.co.nz]] |publisher=Fairfax NZ |date=4 December 2009 |access-date=5 December 2009}}</ref> The quake occurred on the [[Outer trench swell|outer rise]] of the Kermadec-Tonga subduction zone. This is part of the
Countries affected by the [[tsunami]], in the areas that were hit are American Samoa, Samoa and Tonga (Niuatoputapu) where more than 189 people were killed, especially children, most of them in Samoa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Search for bodies continue, death toll rises in South Pacific | NATIONAL News |url=http://tvnz.co.nz/national-news/search-continues-death-toll-rises-3045675 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006061332/http://tvnz.co.nz/national-news/search-continues-death-toll-rises-3045675 |archive-date=6 October 2009 |url-status=live |access-date=2 October 2009 }}</ref>
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==American Samoa==
[[File:Crews Damage from Tsunami American Samoa.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Crews working near the damage from the tsunami in American Samoa]]
The ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', quoting a source at the [[National Park of American Samoa]], reported that "four tsunami waves, 15 to 20 ft (4.6 to 6 m) high", and "reaching up to a mile (1.6 km) inland" hit American Samoa shortly after the earthquake.<ref name="lat">{{cite news |first=Fili|last=Sagapolutele |title=Tsunami toll expected to rise in Samoan islands|agency=Associated Press |work=Los Angeles Times |date=2 October 2009|url=
A beach village was reported to have been "wiped out", killing at least 14 people after the earthquake had sent residents fleeing for higher ground.<ref name="casualties"/> Large numbers of American Samoans were said to have been left injured or homeless.<ref name="rnzi">{{cite news |title=Samoa disaster toll soars |url=http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=49414|agency=Associated Press |publisher=[[Radio New Zealand International]] |date=30 September 2009 |access-date=29 September 2009}}</ref>
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Twenty villages on Upolu south side were reportedly destroyed, including [[Lepā, Samoa|Lepā]], the home of Samoa's Prime Minister<ref>{{cite web |url=https://windsorstar.com/news/Tsunami+smashes+Pacific+islands+over+feared+dead/2049879/story.html |title=Tsunami smashes Pacific islands, over 100 feared dead |date=29 September 2009 |publisher=windsorstar.com |access-date=30 September 2009 |author=Baris Atayman |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006123549/http://www.windsorstar.com/news/Tsunami+smashes+Pacific+islands+over+feared+dead/2049879/story.html |archive-date=6 October 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Tuila'epa Sa'ilele Malielegaoi]]. In Lepā, only the church and the village's welcome sign remained standing following the tsunami.<ref name="dt">{{cite news |first=Tamara |last=McClean |title=Searching ruins for reason to live after the tsunami |url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/searching-ruins-for-reason-to-live-after-the-tsunami/story-e6freuy9-1225781822624 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)]]|date=2 October 2009 |access-date=5 October 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091012113345/http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/searching-ruins-for-reason-to-live-after-the-tsunami/story-e6freuy9-1225781822624| archive-date= 12 October 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref> The hardest hit areas in Samoa appear to be [[Fagaloa Bay]] on the east coast of [[Upolu]], [[Lalomanu]] on the south east coast, and along the rest of the southern coast of the island,<ref name="nzh"/> with one hospital in Apia reporting it had received 79 bodies.<ref name="theage"/> The village of [[Poutasi]] on the south west coast of Upolu was reported with extensive damage in a [[TVNZ]] news item, along with its neighbouring Villages of Satalo and Salani being completely wiped out.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvnz.co.nz/world-news/tsunami-sirens-wail-again-in-samoa-3041553/video |title=Samoa tsunami toll may exceed 100 |date=29 September 2009 |publisher=tvnz.co.nz |access-date=30 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312013028/http://tvnz.co.nz/world-news/tsunami-sirens-wail-again-in-samoa-3041553/video |archive-date=12 March 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
A mother at the Taufua Beach Fales in Lalomanu watched her three young children swept away by the tsunami.<ref>{{cite news|title='All three of them gone' – mother sees children swept away
A number of tourist resorts are located on Upolu's south coast. These include Coconuts Beach Resort<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.coconutsbeachclubsamoa.com/ |title=Samoa Earthquake/Tsunami – #Update 1 |date=29 September 2009 |publisher=coconutsbeachclubsamoa.com |access-date=30 September 2009}}</ref> and Sinalei Reef Resort and Spa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sinalei.ws/ |title=Talofa Lava – Welcome to Sinalei Reef Resort & Spa |date=29 September 2009 |publisher=sinalei.ws |access-date=30 September 2009}}</ref> in the village of [[Siumu]]. Both resorts published tsunami updates on their websites. The Sa'Moana Resort is in the village of [[Salamumu]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.samoa-hotels.ws/Sa_Moana_Resort__Upolu/accm_location |title=Sa'Moana Resort, South Coast, Upolu Island |date=29 September 2009 |publisher=samoa-hotels.ws |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091003000819/http://www.samoa-hotels.ws/Sa_Moana_Resort__Upolu/accm_location |archive-date=3 October 2009 |url-status=dead |access-date=26 March 2012 }}</ref>
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The eastern part of the island remains without power or water supplies after the earthquake.<ref name="theage">{{Cite news|first=Brendan |last=Nicholson |title=Two Australians dead, grave fears for others as Samoan tsunami toll rises |url=http://www.theage.com.au/world/two-australians-dead-grave-fears-for-others-as-samoan-tsunami-toll-rises-20090930-gba7.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121231062952/http://www.theage.com.au/world/two-australians-dead-grave-fears-for-others-as-samoan-tsunami-toll-rises-20090930-gba7.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 December 2012 |work=The Age |date=30 September 2009 |access-date=30 September 2009 |location=Melbourne }}</ref>
A Red Cross worker reported to [[Radio New Zealand]] that waves {{convert|10|ft|0}} high had flattened beachside resorts on Upolu,<ref>''[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/01/world/asia/01tsunami.html?_r=1&ref=global-home Scores Die as Tsunami Hits Samoa Islands]'',
Power outages were reported, and phone lines were jammed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kgmb9.com/main/content/view/21527/76/ |title=Tsunami Sweeps Through Pago Pago;63 Dead |date=29 September 2009 |publisher=kgmb9.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004103111/http://kgmb9.com/main/content/view/21527/76/ |archive-date=4 October 2009 |url-status=dead |access-date=26 March 2012}}</ref> Samoan officials confirmed the runway at [[Faleolo International Airport]] on Upolu was safe by early afternoon (30 September 2009).
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The Prime Minister made his first address to the nation, after the tsunami, on 1 October.<ref name="NZ_Herald_10600881">{{cite news |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10600881 |title=Samoa's Prime Minister in grief as nation mourns |author=Cherelle Jackson |date=2 October 2009 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |access-date=10 September 2011}}</ref>
The Government of Samoa estimates the damage at US$147.25 million.<ref name="reliefweb.int">{{cite web|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900SID/RMOI-7WHMXB?OpenDocument# |title=Samoa: Samoa/Tonga: Tsunami OCHA Situation Report No. 5
On 2 October 2009, an estimated
The Samoa government and the people of Samoa held a national funeral at Apia Park for tsunami victims on 8 October 2009 (Samoa local time).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pacificeyewitness.org/2009/10/09/samoa-stands-still-for-national-funeral-at-apia-park/ |title=pacificeyewitness.org |publisher=pacificeyewitness.org |date=27 January 2012 |access-date=5 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314214226/http://pacificeyewitness.org/2009/10/09/samoa-stands-still-for-national-funeral-at-apia-park/ |archive-date=14 March 2012 }}</ref>
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''[[The Guardian]]'' reported 189 deaths; 149 in Samoa, 31 American Samoa, 9 Tonga (2 October 2009).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/oct/02/surfer-rode-samoa-tsunami-waves|title=Surfer survived Samoa tsunami by riding out the waves|author=Toni O'Loughlin|work=The Guardian |location=London |date=2 October 2009|access-date=3 October 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091006024129/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/oct/02/surfer-rode-samoa-tsunami-waves| archive-date= 6 October 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref>
==Tsunami
Following the 1st anniversary of February [[2011 Christchurch earthquake|2011 earthquake memorial]] in [[Christchurch]], a memorial dedicated to the tsunami victims was erected in the village of [[Leone, American Samoa]] on 25 February 2012. Leone, a small village on a bay was, particularly hard-hit. The monument is called the [[Leone Healing Garden|Healing Garden]].<ref>{{cite web|title=American Samoa remembers 2009 tsunami|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/255588/american-samoa-remembers-2009-tsunami|website=Radio New Zealand|date=26 September 2014
==International aid==
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The US Army Corps of Engineers, Army Geospatial Center, prepared an emergency webpage for geological, hydrological and trafficability information for relief engineering and humanitarian aid.
Australia sent teams of paramedics, doctors, nurses and search and rescue specialists with essential supplies like tents and medicine.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tsunami toll could have been worse: Samoan PM
Other aid came from concerned individuals and groups throughout the world, namely New Zealand, Australia, the United States and Canada.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.samoaobserver.ws/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=14671:aid-from&catid=1:latest-news&Itemid=50 |title=Aid from far-off Canada |work=Samoa Observer |date=26 October 2009 |access-date=6 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305030103/http://www.samoaobserver.ws/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=14671:aid-from&catid=1:latest-news&Itemid=50 |archive-date=5 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
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*[[List of earthquakes in 2009]]
*[[List of earthquakes in Samoa]]
*[[2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai eruption and tsunami]]▼
*[[2018 Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami]]▼
*[[List of tsunamis]]
▲*[[2018 Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami]]
==References==
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==External links==
{{commons category|2009 Samoan Islands tsunami}}
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8281616.stm Deadly tsunami strikes in Pacific
* [http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/dbc.nsf/doc108?OpenForm&emid=TS-2009-000209-ASM&rc=5 South Pacific: Tsunami – Sep 2009] – [[ReliefWeb]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120324083545/http://www.3news.co.nz/A-family-devastated-by-the-tsunami---full-interview/tabid/417/articleID/123606/cat/1032/Default.aspx/ A family devastated by the tsunami – full interview] – ''[[3 News]]''
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