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{{use American English|date=July 2021}}
{{use mdy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2021}}<!--lots of paragraphs without citations-->
{{Infobox islands
|name = Hawaiian Islands
|native_name = {{native name|haw|Mokupuni o Hawai‘iHawai{{okina}}i|paren=omit}}
|native_name_link = Hawaiian language
|native_name_lang = haw
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|country_largest_city = [[Honolulu]]
|country_admin_divisions_title_1=Unincorporated territory|country_admin_divisions_1=[[Midway Atoll]]}}
The '''Hawaiian Islands''' ([[Hawaiian language{{lang-haw|Hawaiian]]:Mokupuni Nā Moku o Hawai‘iHawai{{okina}}i}}) are an [[archipelago]] of eight major [[volcanic island]]s, several [[atoll]]s, and numerous smaller [[islet]]s in the [[Pacific Ocean|North Pacific Ocean]], extending some {{convert|1500|mi|km|abbr=off|sp=us}} from the [[Hawaii (island)|island of HawaiʻiHawai{{okina}}i]] in the south to northernmost [[Kure Atoll]]. Formerly called the '''Sandwich Islands''',{{efn|The old name came from British naval officer [[James Cook]], who chose it in honor of the [[John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich|4th Earl of Sandwich]], the then [[First Lord of the Admiralty]]. Cook came across the islands by chance when crossing the Pacific Ocean on his [[Third voyage of James Cook|Third Voyage]] in 1778, on board [[HMS Resolution (1771)|HMS ''Resolution'']]; he was later killed on the islands on a return visit.}} by Europeans (not by [[Native Hawaiians|Kānaka Maoli]], the people native to the islands), the present name for the archipelago is derived from the name of its largest island, HawaiʻiHawai{{okina}}i.
 
The archipelago sits on the [[Pacific Plate]]. The islands are exposed peaks of a great undersea mountain range known as the [[Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain]], formed by [[volcano|volcanic activity]] over a [[Hotspot (geology)|hotspot]] in the [[Earth's mantle]]. The islands are about {{convert|1860|mi|km|-2}} from the nearest continent and are part of the [[Polynesia]] subregion of [[Oceania]].
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{{Main|History of Hawaii}}
 
The date of the first settlements of the Hawaiian Islands is a topic of continuing debate.<ref name="PearcePearce2010">{{cite book |first1=Charles E.M. |last1=Pearce |first2=F. M. |last2=Pearce |title=Oceanic Migration: Paths, Sequence, Timing and Range of Prehistoric Migration in the Pacific and Indian Oceans |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=rhQxc4GW8soC |page=167}} |year=2010 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media| isbn=978-90-481-3826-5 |page=167}}</ref> [[Archaeology|Archaeological]] evidence seems to indicate a settlement as early as 124 AD.<ref name="Whittaker1986">{{cite book |first=Elvi W. |last=Whittaker |title=The Mainland Haole: The White Experience in Hawaii |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=JNM-A-QJ_o4C |page=3}}|date=1986|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-05316-7|page=3}}</ref>{{dubious|reason=Nowhere near even the earliest estimates mentioned in the [[History of Hawaii]] article. The two articles should be reconciled|date=February 2024}}
 
[[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] [[James Cook]], [[Royal Navy|RN]], visited the islands on January 18, 1778,<ref>{{cite book |author1=Rayson, Ann |author2=Bauer, Helen |title=Hawaii: The Pacific State |year=1997 |publisher=Bess Press |isbn=1573060968 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eTxD9Yzk_YQC&q=%22james+cook%22+lands+hawaiian+islands&pg=PA26 |page=26 |access-date=October 25, 2020 |archive-date=January 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118063803/https://books.google.com/books?id=eTxD9Yzk_YQC&q=%22james+cook%22+lands+hawaiian+islands&pg=PA26 |url-status=live }}</ref> and named them the "Sandwich Islands" in honor of [[John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich|The 4th Earl of Sandwich]], who as the [[First Lord of the Admiralty]] was one of his sponsors.<ref>{{Cite book |title= A Voyage to the Pacific Ocean: Undertaken, by the Command of His Majesty, for Making Discoveries in the Northern Hemisphere, to Determine the Position and Extent of the West Side of North America, Its Distance from Asia, and the Practicability of a Northern Passage to Europe: Performed Under the Direction of Captains Cook, Clerke, and Gore, in His Majesty's Ships the Resolution and Discovery, in the Years 1776, 1777, 1778, 1779, and 1780 |author= [[James Cook]] and [[James King (Royal Navy officer)|James King]] |volume= 2 |year= 1784 |page= 222 |publisher= Nicol and Cadell, London |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=O5AqNKtDqX0C&pg=PA222 |access-date= October 25, 2020 |archive-date= January 18, 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230118063803/https://books.google.com/books?id=O5AqNKtDqX0C&pg=PA222 |url-status= live }}</ref> This name was in use until the 1840s, when the local name "Hawaii" gradually began to take precedence.<ref>{{cite web |last=Clement |first=Russell |title=From Cook to the 1840 Constitution: The Name Change from Sandwich to Hawaiian Islands |url=http://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10524/495/JL14054.pdf?sequence=2 |publisher=University of Hawai'i at Manoa Hamilton Library |access-date=June 17, 2012 |archive-date=March 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311132343/https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10524/495/JL14054.pdf?sequence=2 |url-status=live }}</ref>
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[[File:ISS-38 Hawaiian Island chain.jpg|thumb|Hawaiian Islands from space.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=82975|title=Hawaii : Image of the Day|work=nasa.gov|date=January 29, 2014|access-date=4 June 2015|archive-date=January 10, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110044108/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=82975|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
[[File:2003-3d-hawaiian-islands-usgs-i2809.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.35|3-D perspective view of the southeastern Hawaiian Islands, with the white summits of [[Mauna Loa]] ({{convert|4170|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} high) and [[Mauna Kea]] ({{convert|4207.3|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} high). The islands are the tops of massive volcanoes, the bulk of which lie below the sea surface. Ocean depths are colored from violet ({{convert|5750|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} deep northeast of [[Maui]]) and indigo to light gray (shallowest). Historical lava flows are shown in red, erupting from the summits and rift zones of Mauna Loa, [[Kilauea]], and [[Hualalai]] volcanoes on [[Hawaii|Hawaiʻi]].]]
[[File:Diamond Head Hawaii - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Lēʻahi or [[Diamond Head, Hawaii|Diamond Head]], Oʻahu ]]
The state of Hawaii counts 137 "islands" in the Hawaiian chain.<ref>{{Cite web| url= http://hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/economic/library/facts/Facts_and_Figures_State_and_Counties.pdf | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081022150920/http://hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/economic/library/facts/Facts_and_Figures_State_and_Counties.pdf | url-status= dead | archive-date= 2008-10-22 | title= Hawai'i Facts & Figures |work= state web site |publisher= State of Hawaii Dept. of Business, Economic Development & Tourism |date=December 2009 | access-date=2010-05-23 }}</ref> This number includes all minor islands (small islands), [[islet]]s (even smaller islands) offshore of the major islands (listed above), and individual islets in each atoll. These are just a few:
* [[Kaʻula]]
* [[Kāohikaipu]]
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===Partial islands, atolls, reefs===
[[File:NASA Hawaiian Islands full quality.png|thumb|right|upright=1.35|A composite satellite image from [[NASA]] of the Hawaiian Islands taken from [[outer space]]. Click on the image for a larger view that shows the main islands and the extended [[archipelago]].]]
Partial islands, atolls, reefsreefs—those (west of Niʻihau are [[Uninhabited island|uninhabited]] except Midway Atoll) formAtoll—form the [[Northwestern Hawaiian Islands]] (Leeward Islands):
* [[Nihoa]] (Mokumana)
* [[Necker Island (Northwestern Hawaiian Islands)|Necker]] (Mokumanamana)
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{{Main|List of earthquakes in Hawaii}}
 
The Hawaiian Islands have many [[Earthquake|earthquakes]], generally triggered by and related to volcanic activity. Seismic activity, as a result, is currently highest in the southern part of the chain. Both historical and modern earthquake databases have correlated higher magnitude earthquakes with flanks of active volcanoes, such as Mauna Loa and Kilauea. The combination of erosional forces, which cause slumping and landslides, with the pressure exerted by rising magma put a great amount of stress on the volcanic flanks. The stress is released when the slope fails, or slips, causing an earthquake. This type of seismicity is unique because the forces driving the system are not always consistent over time, since rates of volcanic activity fluctuate. Seismic hazard near active, seaward volcanic flanks is high, partially duebecause toof the especially unpredictable nature of the forces that trigger earthquakes, and partially because these events occur at relatively shallow depths. Flank earthquakes typically occur at depths ranging from 5 to 20 km, increasing the hazard to local infrastructure and communities. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=crossref |title=Chooser |url=https://chooser.crossref.org/ |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=chooser.crossref.org |language=en |doi=10.1785/0120000060 |archive-date=August 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826192842/https://chooser.crossref.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Earthquakes and landslides on the island chain have also been known to cause [[Tsunami|tsunamis]].
 
Most of the early earthquake monitoring took place in [[Hilo, Hawaii|Hilo]], by missionaries [[Titus Coan]], and Sarah J. Lyman and her family. Between 1833 and 1896, approximately 4 or 5 earthquakes were reported per year.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/hawaii/history.php |title= Hawaii Earthquake History |access-date= 2009-12-09 |work= Earthquake Hazards Program |publisher= [[United States Geological Survey]] |year= 1972 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090419112209/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/hawaii/history.php |archive-date= 2009-04-19 }}</ref> Today, earthquakes are monitored by the [[Hawaiian Volcano Observatory]] run by the [[United States Geological Survey|USGS]].
 
Hawaii accounted for 7.3% of the United States' reported earthquakes with a [[Richter magnitude scale|magnitude]] 3.5 or greater from 1974 to 2003, with a total 1533 earthquakes. Hawaii ranked as the state with the third most earthquakes over this time period, after [[Alaska]] and [[California]].<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/top_states.php |title= Top Earthquake States |access-date= 2009-12-09 |work= Earthquake Hazards Program |publisher= [[United States Geological Survey]] |year= 2003 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090831032740/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/top_states.php |archive-date= 2009-08-31 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
 
[[2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake|On October 15, 2006, there was an earthquake]] with a magnitude of 6.7 off the northwest coast of the island of Hawaii, near the [[Kona District, Hawaii|Kona]] area of the big island. The initial earthquake was followed approximately five minutes later by a magnitude 5.7 [[aftershock]]. Minor- to- moderate damage was reported on most of the Big Island. Several major roadways became impassable from rock slides, and effects were felt as far away as [[Honolulu]], Oahu, nearly {{convert|150|mi|km}} from the [[epicenter]]. Power outages lasted for several hours to days. Several water mains ruptured. No deaths or life-threatening injuries were reported.
 
On May 4, 2018, there was a [[2018 Hawaii earthquake|6.9 earthquake]] in the zone of volcanic activity from [[Kīlauea]].
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{{See also|Endemism in the Hawaiian Islands|List of animal species introduced to the Hawaiian Islands|List of invasive plant species in Hawaii}}
 
The islands are home to a multitude of [[endemism|endemic]] species. Since human settlement, first by [[Polynesians]], non native trees, plants, and animals were introduced. These included species such as rats and pigs, that have preyed on native birds and invertebrates that initially evolved in the absence of such predators. The growing population of humans, especially through European and American colonisation and development, has also led to [[deforestation]], [[forest degradation]], treeless grasslands, and [[environmental degradation]].<ref name="Shih 2019">{{cite thesis |last=Shih |first=Ashanti Ke Ming |title=Invasive Ecologies: Science and Settler Colonialism in Twentieth-Century Hawai'i |degree=PhD |date=December 2019 |website=ProQuest |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/bd612ff460936a2025f6fe8f5b09b020/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y |access-date=2024-05-08}}</ref> As a result, many species which depended on forest habitats and food became extinct—with many current species facing extinction. As humans cleared land for farming with the importation of industrialized farming practices through European and American encroachment, [[Monoculture|monocultural crop production]] replaced [[Polyculture|multi-species systems]].{{Citation needed|date<ref name=January"Shih 2018}}2019"/>
[[File:Molokai Creeper.jpg|thumb|'I'iwi (''Drepanis coccinea'') and other endemic species have been heavily impacted by human activity, such as invasive species and habitat loss.]]
The arrival of the [[Ethnic groups in Europe|Europeans]] had a more significant impact, with the promotion of large-scale single-species export agriculture and livestock grazing. This led to increased clearing of forests, and the development of towns, adding many more species to the [[list of extinct animals of the Hawaiian Islands]]. {{As of|2009}}, many of the remaining endemic species are considered [[Endangered species|endangered]].<ref>{{Cite book |title= Agroforestry Guides for Pacific Islands |editor= Craig R. Elevitch |editor2=Kim M. Wilkinson |url= http://www.agroforestry.net/afg/ |isbn= 0-9702544-0-7 |publisher= Permanent Agriculture Resources |year= 2000 |access-date= 2005-09-26 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060112211047/http://www.agroforestry.net/afg/ |archive-date= 2006-01-12 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
 
==National Monument==
On June 15, 2006, President [[George W. Bush]] issued a public proclamation creating [[Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument]] under the [[Antiquities Act]] of 1906. The Monument encompasses the northwestern Hawaiian Islands and surrounding waters, forming the largest<ref name="Expansion 2016">{{cite magazine|last1=Barnett|first1=Cynthia|title=Hawaii Is Now Home to an Ocean Reserve Twice the Size of Texas|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/08/obama-creates-world-s-largest-park-off-hawaii/?sf34386404=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116042747/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/08/obama-creates-world-s-largest-park-off-hawaii/?sf34386404=1|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 16, 2018|access-date=September 2, 2016|magazine=National Geographic|date=August 26, 2016}}</ref> marine wildlife reserve in the world. In August 2010, [[UNESCO]]'s [[World Heritage Committee]] added Papahānaumokuākea to its [[List of World Heritage Sites in Oceania|list]] of [[World Heritage Site]]s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/21_sites_added_to_Unesco_World_Heritage_list|title=21 sites added to Unesco World Heritage list – Wikinews, the free news source|newspaper=Wikinews|date=August 5, 2010|language=en|access-date=2017-03-28|archive-date=March 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329045919/https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/21_sites_added_to_Unesco_World_Heritage_list|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://intransit.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/08/04/unesco-adds-21-sites-to-world-heritage-list|title=Unesco Adds 21 Sites to World Heritage List|last=Saltzstein|first=Dan|date=2010-08-04|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2017-03-28|language=en|archive-date=October 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001033243/https://intransit.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/08/04/unesco-adds-21-sites-to-world-heritage-list/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/647|title=World Heritage Committee inscribes a total of 21 new sites on UNESCO World Heritage List|date=2010-08-02|website=whc.unesco.org|language=en|access-date=2017-03-28|archive-date=December 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201123432/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/647/|url-status=live}}</ref> On August 26, 2016, former President [[Barack Obama]] greatly expanded Papahānaumokuākea, quadrupling it from its original size.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.staradvertiser.com/2016/08/25/breaking-news/ige-tells-obama-he-supports-expansion-of-papahanaumokuakea/|title=Obama expands Papahanaumokuakea marine reserve; plans Oahu trip|last=Cocke|first=Sophie|date=2016-08-25|website=Honolulu Star Advertiser|access-date=2017-03-28|archive-date=March 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329051523/http://www.staradvertiser.com/2016/08/25/breaking-news/ige-tells-obama-he-supports-expansion-of-papahanaumokuakea/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/08/26/fact-sheet-president-obama-create-worlds-largest-marine-protected-area|title=Fact Sheet: President Obama to Create the World's Largest Marine Protected Area|date=2016-08-26|work=whitehouse.gov|access-date=2017-03-28|language=en|archive-date=January 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120220151/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/08/26/fact-sheet-president-obama-create-worlds-largest-marine-protected-area|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/08/obama-creates-world-s-largest-park-off-hawaii/|title=Hawaii Is Now Home to an Ocean Reserve Twice the Size of Texas|last=Barnett|first=Cynthia|date=2016-08-26|work=NationalGeographic.com|access-date=2017-03-28|archive-date=August 29, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829145038/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/08/obama-creates-world-s-largest-park-off-hawaii/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
==Climate==
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