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[[File:Highland Games-Opening ceremonies in Canmore.jpg|thumb|Opening ceremonies of 2004 [[Canmore, Alberta|Canmore]] Highland games]]
{{Culture of Scotland}}
 
'''Highland games''' ({{lang-gd|geamannan Gàidhealach}}) are events held in spring and summer in [[Scotland]] and other countries with a large [[Scottish diaspora]], as a way of celebrating Scottish and [[Celt]]ic culture, especially that of the [[Scottish Highlands]]. Certain aspects of the games are so well known as to have become emblematic of Scotland, such as the [[bagpipes]], the [[kilt]], and the heavy events, especially the [[caber toss]] and [[Keg-tossing#Strongman competitions|weight over bar]]. While centred on competitions in piping and drumming, dancing, and Scottish heavy athletics, the games also include entertainment and exhibits related to other aspects of Scottish and [[Gaels|Gaelic]] cultures.
 
The [[Cowal Highland Gathering]], better known as the Cowal Games, is held in [[Dunoon]], [[Scotland]], every August. It is the largest Highland games in the worldScotland,{{efn|Cowal Highland Gathering can be verified as the world's largest highland games on the Official Scottish Tourist Board Website at VisitScotland.com.}} attracting around 3,500 competitors and somewhere in the region of 23,000 spectators<ref name="CHG1">{{cite web |title = Cowal Highland Gatcitationhering |url = http://www.cowalgathering.com/spectators.php |access-date=10 July 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120809091943/http://www.cowalgathering.com/spectators.php |archive-date=9 August 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.cowalgathering.com|title= Cowal Highland Gathering|work= cowalgathering.com|access-date=13 October 2019}}</ref> from around the globe. Worldwide, however, it is exceeded in terms of spectators by three gatherings in the United States: the estimated 30,000<ref>{{cite web |title = Grandfather Mountain Highland Games Fast Facts |date = 12 July 2010 |url = http://www.grandfather.com/about-grandfather-mountain/media/highland-games-press-room/gmhg-fast-facts }}</ref> that attend [[Grandfather Mountain]] in [[North Carolina]]; the New Hampshire Highland Games & Festival, which attracts over 35,000 annually; and the even larger Northern California gathering—the largest in the Northern Hemisphere<ref name="Scottish Games Draw Record Crowds">{{cite web |title = Scottish Games Draw Record Crowds |url = http://www.independentnews.com/scottish-games-draw-record-crowds/collection_bd18c91c-5751-11e5-9720-afdde78f41b4.html |website = The Independent |access-date = 20 September 2015}}</ref>—that has taken place every year since 1866.<ref>{{cite web |title = 150th Scottish Highland Gathering & Games |url = http://thescottishgames.com |website = thescottishgames.com |access-date = 20 September 2015 }}</ref> This event, the Scottish Highland Gathering and Games, is currently held on Labor Day weekend in [[Pleasanton, California]]; the sesquicentennial event held on 5–6 September 2015 attracted record crowds close to 50,000.<ref name="Scottish Games Draw Record Crowds" />
 
The games are claimed to have influenced [[Baron Pierre de Coubertin]] when he was planning the [[1896 Summer Olympics#Reviving the Games|revival of the Olympic Games]]. De Coubertin saw a display of Highland games at the [[Paris Exhibition of 1889]].<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/scotland/article7107301.ece |title = Highland games were the model for modern Olympics |date = 25 April 2010 |work = The Times |access-date = 3 May 2010 |location = London, England |first = Marc |last = Horne }}</ref>{{efn|The website of the International Wrestling Association reports rather more expansively on the role of the 1889 Paris event and its effect on the development of the Olympics, considering it to have had a "huge impact" on world sport. An article published in 2004 in the ''Christian Science Monitor'' points to two other events, including that of Much Wenlock, a small English village in Shropshire.}}
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The first historical reference to the type of events held at Highland games in Scotland was made during the time of King [[Malcolm III of Scotland|Malcolm III]] ({{lang-gd|Máel Coluim}}, c. 1031 – 13 November 1093) when he summoned men to race up Craig Choinnich overlooking Braemar with the aim of finding the fastest runner in Scotland to be his royal messenger.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}} There is a document from 1703 summoning the [[Scottish clan|clan]] of the Laird of Grant, [[Clan Grant]]. They were to arrive wearing Highland coats and "also with [[long gun|gun]], [[sword]], [[pistol]] and [[dirk]]".{{efn|As quoted on the history page of the Aboyne Highland Gathering website.}} From this letter, it is surmised that the competitions would have included feats of arms.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}
 
There are also thought to have been events where the strongest and bravest soldiers in Scotland would be tested. Musicians and dancers were encouraged to reveal their skill and talents and so be a great credit to the clan that they represented.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}} Some modern sources suggest more these games would originate from the deer hunts that the inhabitants of the Highlands engaged in.<ref>Antonioli, Marina; "The Highland Games - guida ai giochi scozzesi"; ''CelticPedia''.{{unreliable source?|date=July 2023}}</ref>
 
Attempts have been made to discover earlier traditions of games, although evidence is thin. The primary sources are from the bardic traditions of both contests between clans and of tests to select retainers for clan chiefs.
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[[File:Pipeband circle.JPG|thumb|Highland Pipeband Competition Circle (Prince Charles Pipe Band 2008)]]
 
For many Highland games festival attendees, the most memorable of all the events at the games is the massing of the pipe bands. Normally held in conjunction with the opening and closing ceremonies of the games, as many as 20 or more pipe bands will march and play together. The result is a thunderous rendition of ''[[Scotland the Brave]]'' or ''[[Amazing Grace]]'', and other crowd-pleasing favorite'sfavorites.
 
The music of the [[great Highland bagpipe]] has come to symbolize music at the games and of [[Scotland]] itself. In addition to the massed bands (when all the attending pipe bands play together), nearly all Highland games gatherings feature a wide range of piping and drumming competition, including solo piping and drumming, small group ensembles and full the pipe bands.
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[[File:2005 Tacoma Highland Games.jpg|thumb|Assembling for the parade of clans at the 2005 Tacoma Highland Games]]
 
At modern-day Highland Games events, a wide variety of other activities and events are generally available. Foremost among these are the [[Scottish Clan|clan]] tents and vendors of Scottish related goods. The various clan societies make the Highland games one of the main focus of their seasonal activities, usually making an appearance at as many such events as possible. Visitors can find out information about the Scottish roots and can become active in their own clan society if they wish. These are more common at Highland Games held outside of Scotland as there is less of a demand for them in Scotland, which is not to say that they do not pop up from time to time.
 
At modern games, armouries will display their collections of swords and armour, and often perform mock battles. Various vendors selling Scottish memorabilia are also present selling everything from [[Irn-Bru]] to the stuffed likeness of the [[Loch Ness Monster]].
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Various food vendors will also offer assorted types of traditional Scottish refreshment and sustenance.
 
==In literature and popular culture==
Also there are people running around the place of the heavy Events and even people from outside can join in the Event.
The Highland games phenomenon is satirised by [[Neil Munro (writer)|Neil Munro]] in his Erchie MacPherson story, "Duffy's Day Off", first published in the ''[[Glasgow Evening News]]'' on 22nd22 August 1904.<ref>Munro, Neil, "Duffy's Day Off", in Osborne, Brian D. & Armstrong, Ronald (eds.) (2002), ''Erchie, My Droll Friend'', [[Birlinn Limited]], Edinburgh, pp. 258 - 261, {{isbn|978-1-84158202-3}}</ref>
 
==In literature and popular culture==
The Highland games phenomenon is satirised by [[Neil Munro (writer)|Neil Munro]] in his Erchie MacPherson story, "Duffy's Day Off", first published in the ''[[Glasgow Evening News]]'' on 22nd August 1904.<ref>Munro, Neil, "Duffy's Day Off", in Osborne, Brian D. & Armstrong, Ronald (eds.) (2002), ''Erchie, My Droll Friend'', [[Birlinn Limited]], Edinburgh, pp. 258 - 261, {{isbn|978-1-84158202-3}}</ref>
 
== Major events in Scotland ==
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|-
|[[Alva, Clackmannanshire|Alva]], Clackmannanshire
|Alva Highland Games
|TheJohnstone firstPark, Alva Highlandat Games<brthe />werefoot of the Ochil Hills. First held in summer 1856.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.alloaadvertiser.com/news/16331485.walk-past-history-famous-alva-games/ |title=A Walk in the Past: The history of the Famous Alva Games |first=Valerie |last=Forsyth |work=Alloa Advertiser |date=4 July 2018 |access-date=6 November 2021}}</ref>
|Johnstone park Alva at the foot of the Ochil Hills.
|-
|[[Blair Atholl]], Perthshire
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|[[Brodick]], Isle of Arran
|Brodick Highland Games
|First held in 1886.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.whatsonglasgow.co.uk/event/085172-brodick-highland-games/ | title=Brodick Highland Games, Brodick }}</ref>
|-
|[[Burntisland]], Fife
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|[[Daylesford, Victoria]]
|[http://daylesfordhighland.com/ Highland Gathering]
|-
|[[Maclean, New South Wales|Maclean, NSW]]
|[https://www.macleanhighlandgathering.com.au/ Maclean Highland Gathering]
|}
 
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|-
|[[Montreal, Quebec]]
|[[Montreal Highland Games]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://montrealhighlandgames.qc.ca|title=Montreal Highland Games|work=montrealhighlandgames.qc.ca|access-date=19 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140516194722/http://montrealhighlandgames.qc.ca/|archive-date=16 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|August
|-
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|Fehraltdorf, Zurich
|Highland-Games Fehraltdorf<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highland-games.ch/ |title=Highland-Games |access-date=20 March 2014}}</ref>
|-
|Ingenbohl, Schwyz
|Highland Games Innerschweiz<ref>{{cite web |last=Benz |first=Marco |date=1 June 2024 |title=Highland Games Innerschweiz |url=http://www.hgis.ch/ |access-date=1 June 2024 |website=Highland Games Innerschweiz}}</ref>
|}
 
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|-
|[[Palmer, Alaska]]
|Alaska Scottish Highland Games<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.alaskanscottish.org|title=Alaska Scottish Highland Games|website=alaskanscottish.org}}</ref>|-
|-
|[[Phoenix, Arizona]]
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|Pipes in the Valley<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pipesinthevalley.com/|title=Pipes in the Valley|work=elizabethcelticfestival.com|access-date=26 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908183432/http://pipesinthevalley.com/|archive-date=8 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[ScotlandBrooklyn, Connecticut]]
|Scotland Connecticut Highland Games<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scotlandgames.org/|title=Scotland Connecticut Highland Games|access-date=15 August 2022}}</ref>
|-
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|Stone Mountain Highland Games and Scottish Festival<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smhg.org/|title=Stone Mountain Highland Games|access-date=19 February 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[Honolulu]], Hawaii]]
|Hawaiian Scottish Festival and Highland Games<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hawaiianscottishassociation.org/|title=Hawaiian Scottish Festival and Highland Games|access-date=10 March 2017}}</ref>
|-
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|Columbus Scottish Festival and Highland Games<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scottishfestival.org|title=Columbus Scottish Festival|work=scottishfestival.org|access-date=19 February 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[Indianapolis]], Indiana]]
|Indianapolis Scottish Highland Games and Festival<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indyscotgamesandfest.com|title=Indianapolis Scottish Highland Game and Festival|work=indyscotgamesandfest.com|access-date=12 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
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|Grapevine Celtic Heritage Festival and Highland Games
|-
|[[Houston]], Texas]]
|Houston Celtic Festival and Highland Games<ref>{{cite web|url=http://houstonhighlandgames.com|title=Houston Highland Games Association|work=houstonhighlandgames.com|access-date=19 February 2015}}</ref>
|-
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* [[World Highland Games Championships]]
 
== Notes References==
'''Informational notes'''
{{Notelist}}
 
'''Citations'''
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
 
== '''Bibliography =='''
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite thesis |last=Armstrong |first=Fiona Kathryne |type=PhD |title=Highlandism: Its value to Scotland and how a queen and two aristocratic women promoted the phenomenon in the Victorian age |date=31 August 2017 |publisher=University of Strathclyde |doi=10.48730/2m47-md74 |url= https://stax.strath.ac.uk/concern/theses/j098zb08p |access-date=28 May 2023 |ref=AFK}}