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{{redirect|King Abdel-Aziz|the passenger ship|MV King Abdelaziz}}
{{Family name hatnote|lang=Arabic|[[Al Saud]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=MayJuly 2024}}
{{Ibn Saud infobox}}
'''Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud''' ({{lang-ar|عبد العزيز بن عبد الرحمن آل سعود|translit=ʿAbd al ʿAzīz bin ʿAbd ar RaḥmanRaḥmān Āl Suʿūd}}; 15 January 18751876<ref group="note">Ibn Saud's birth year has been a source of debate. It is generally accepted as 18751876, although a few sources give it as 1880. According to British author [[Robert Lacey]]'s book ''The Kingdom'', a leading Saudi historian found records that show Ibn Saud in 1891 greeting an important tribal delegation. The historian reasoned that a 10 or 11-year-old child (as given by the 1880 birth date) would have been too young to be allowed to greet such a delegation, while an adolescent of 15 or 16 (as given by the 18751876 date) would likely have been allowed. When Lacey interviewed one of Ibn Saud's sons prior to writing the book, the son recalled that his father often laughed at records showing his birth date to be 1880. Ibn Saud's response to such records was reportedly that "I swallowed four years of my life." p. 561"</ref> – 9 November 1953), known in the WestWestern world mononymously as '''Ibn Saud''' ({{lang-ar|ابن سعود}}; ''Ibn Suʿūd''),<ref group="note">''Ibn Saud'', meaning "son of Saud" (see [[Arabic name#Nasab|Arabic name]]), was a sort of title borne by previous heads of the [[House of Saud]], similar to a [[Scottish clan]] chief's title of "the MacGregor" or "the MacDougal". When used without comment it refers solely to Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman, although prior to the capture of [[Riyadh]] in 1902 it referred to his father, [[Abdul Rahman bin Faisal]] {{harv|Lacey|1982|pp=15,65}}.</ref> was an Arab political and religious leader who founded [[Saudi Arabia]] – the third Saudi state – and reigned as its first [[King of Saudi Arabia|king]] from 23 September 1932 until his death in 1953. He had ruled parts of the kingdom since 1902, having previously been [[Emirate of Riyadh|Emir]], [[Sultanate of Nejd|Sultan]], and [[King of Nejd]], and [[King of Hejaz]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Ibn Saud|author=John B. Glubb|author-link=John Bagot Glubb|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ibn-Saud|date=5 November 2021|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref>
 
Ibn Saud was the son of [[Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, Emir of Nejd]], and [[Sara bint Ahmed Al Sudairi]]. The family were exiled from their residence in the city of [[Riyadh]] in 1890. Ibn Saud reconquered Riyadh in 1902, starting three decades of conquests that made him the ruler of nearly all of central and north Arabia. He consolidated his control over the [[Nejd]] in 1922, then conquered the [[Hejaz]] in 1925. He extended his dominions into what later became the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932. Ibn Saud's victory and his support for [[Islamic revival]]ists would greatly bolster [[pan-Islamism]] across the [[Islamic world]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=Muhamad Ali|title=Islam and Colonialism: Becoming Modern in Indonesia and Malaya|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-1-4744-0920-9|location=Tun
|page=150|chapter=Controlling Politics and Bureaucratising Religion}}</ref> Concording with [[Wahhabi Islam|Wahhabi]] beliefs, he ordered the demolition of several shrines, the [[Al-Baqi Cemetery]] and the [[Jannat al-Mu'alla]].{{sfn|Shahi|2013|p=51}} As King, he presided over the [[History of the oil industry in Saudi Arabia|discovery of petroleum in Saudi Arabia]] in 1938 and the beginning of large-scale oil production after [[World War II]]. He fathered [[Descendants of Ibn Saud|many children]], including 45 sons, and all of the subsequent kings of Saudi Arabia as of {{CURRENTYEAR}}.
 
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Following the capture of Riyadh, many former supporters of the House of Saud rallied to Ibn Saud's call to arms. He was a charismatic leader and kept his men supplied with arms. Over the next two years, he and his forces recaptured almost half of the Nejd from the Rashidis.<ref name=mai/>
 
In 1904, [[Abdulaziz bin Mutaib Al Rashid]] appealed to the Ottoman Empire for military protection and assistance. The Ottomans responded by sending troops into Arabia. On 15 June 1904, Ibn Saud's forces suffered a major defeat at the hands of the combined Ottoman and Rashidi forces. His forces regrouped and began to wage [[guerrilla warfare]] against the Ottomans. Over the next two years, he was able to disrupt their supply routes, forcing them to retreat. However, in February 1905 Ibn Saud was named [[qaimmaqam]] of southern Nejd by the Ottomans<ref>{{cite journal|author=Peter Sluglett|title=The Resilience of a Frontier: Ottoman and Iraqi Claims to Kuwait, 1871–1990|journal=[[The International History Review]]|date=December 2002|volume=24|issue=4|page=792|doi=10.1080/07075332.2002.9640981|jstor=40111134|s2cid=153471013}}</ref> which he held until 1913 when an Anglo-Ottoman agreement was signed.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Camille Lyans Cole|display-authors=et. al.|title=Mapping Tribes: Ottoman Spatial Thinking in Iraq and Arabia, c. 1910|journal=Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association|date=Fall 2022|volume=9|page=226|issue=2|url=https://www.muse.jhu.edu/article/902202}}</ref> Ibn Saud's victory in [[Battle of Rawdat Muhanna (1906)|Rawdat Muhanna]], in which Abdulaziz Al Rashid died, ended the Ottoman presence in Nejd and [[Al-Qassim Region|Qassim]] by the end of October 1906. This victory also weakened the alliance between Mubarak Al Sabah, ruler of Kuwait, and Ibn Saud due to the former's concerns about the increase of Saudi power in the region.<ref>{{cite thesis|author=Abdulkarim Mohamed Hamadi|title=Saudi Arabia' Territorial Limits: A Study in Law and Politics
|location=[[Indiana University]]|page=60|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/303155302|degree=PhD|year=1981|id={{ProQuest|303155302}}}}</ref>
|s2cid=153471013}}</ref> which he held until 1913 when an Anglo-Ottoman agreement was signed.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Camille Lyans Cole|display-authors=et. al.|title=Mapping Tribes: Ottoman Spatial Thinking in Iraq and Arabia, c. 1910|journal=Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association|date=Fall 2022|volume=9|page=226|issue=2|url=https://www.muse.jhu.edu/article/902202}}</ref> Ibn Saud's victory in [[Battle of Rawdat Muhanna (1906)|Rawdat Muhanna]], in which Abdulaziz Al Rashid died, ended the Ottoman presence in Nejd and [[Al-Qassim Region|Qassim]] by the end of October 1906. This victory also weakened the alliance between Mubarak Al Sabah, ruler of Kuwait, and Ibn Saud due to the former's concerns about the increase of Saudi power in the region.<ref>{{cite thesis|author=Abdulkarim Mohamed Hamadi|title=Saudi Arabia' Territorial Limits: A Study in Law and Politics|location=[[Indiana University]]|page=60|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/303155302
 
|degree=PhD|year=1981|id={{ProQuest|303155302}}}}</ref>
[[File:Ikhwan.jpg|thumb|The Ikhwan army during [[Ikhwan Revolt|their revolt]] against the alliance of the [[British Empire]], [[Kuwait]] and Ibn Saud]]
Ibn Saud completed his conquest of the Nejd and the eastern coast of Arabia in 1912.<ref name=kahtani/> He then founded the [[Ikhwan]], a military-religious brotherhood, which was to assist in his later conquests, with the approval of local [[Salafi]] [[ulema]].<ref name=kahtani/> In the same year, he instituted an [[agrarian policy]] to settle the [[nomadic pastoralist]] bedouins into colonies and to replace their tribal organizations with allegiance to the Ikhwan.<ref name=kahtani/>
 
In May 1914, Ibn Saud made a secret agreement with the Ottomans as a result of his unproductive attempts to get protection from the British.<ref name=gerd>{{cite journal|author=Gerd Nonneman|author-link=Gerd Nonneman|title=Saudi–European relations 1902–2001: a pragmatic quest for relative autonomy|journal=[[International Affairs (journal)|International Affairs]]|year=2002|volume=77|issue=3|page=638|doi=10.1111/1468-2346.00211}}</ref> However, due to the outbreak of [[World War I]], this agreement which made Ibn Saud the wali or governor of Najd was not materialized, and because of the Ottomans' attempt to develop a connection with Ibn Saud the British government soon established diplomatic relations with him.<ref name=gerd/> The British agent, Captain [[William Shakespear (explorer)|William Shakespear]], was well received by the Bedouin.<ref>Robert Wilson and [[Zahra Freeth]]. (1983). ''The Arab of the Desert''. London: Allen & Unwin. pp. 312–13. Print.</ref> Similar diplomatic missions were established with any Arabian power who might have been able to unify and stabilize the region. The British entered into the [[Treaty of Darin]] in December 1915, which made the lands of the House of Saud a British [[protectorate]] and attempted to define the boundaries of the developing Saudi state.<ref>[[John C. Wilkinson]]. (1993). ''Arabia's Frontiers: the Story of Britain's Boundary Drawing in the Desert''. London u.a.: Tauris, pp. 133–39. Print</ref> In exchange, Ibn Saud pledged to again make war against Ibn Rashid, who was an ally of the Ottomans.
 
The British Foreign Office had previously begun to support [[Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca]] and Emir of the Hejaz, by sending [[T. E. Lawrence]] to him in 1915. The Saudi Ikhwan began to conflict with Hussein in 1917, just as his sons [[Abdullah I of Jordan|Abdullah]] and [[Faisal I of Iraq|Faisal]] entered Damascus. The Treaty of Darin remained in effect until superseded by the [[Jeddah]] conference of 1927 and the Dammam conference of 1952, during both of which Ibn Saud extended his boundaries past the Anglo-Ottoman Blue Line. After Darin, he stockpiled the weapons and supplies which the British provided him, including a 'tribute' of £5,000 per month.<ref>{{cite web|author=Abdullah Mohammad Sind|title=The Direct Instruments of Western Control over the Arabs: The Shining Example of the House of Saud|access-date=10 January 2013
|url=https://seenthis.net/messages/307026|work=Social Sciences}}</ref> After World War I Ibn Saud received further support from the British, including a glut of surplus munitions. He launched his campaign against the Al Rashidi in 1920; by 1922 they had been all but destroyed.
 
The defeat of the Al Rashidi doubled the size of Saudi territory because, after the war of Ha'il, Ibn Saud sent his army to occupy Al Jouf and the army led by [[Eqab bin Mohaya]], the head of the Talhah tribe. This allowed Ibn Saud the leverage to negotiate a new and more favorable treaty with the British in 1922, signed at Uqair. He met [[Percy Cox]], British High Commissioner in Iraq, to draw boundaries<ref name=ibnsaud>[http://www.ibnsaud.info/main/3101.htm Ibn Saud meets Sir Percy Cox in Uqair to draw boundaries] ibnsaud.info {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108124401/http://www.ibnsaud.info/main/3101.htm|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> and the treaty saw Britain recognize many of Ibn Saud's territorial gains. In exchange, Ibn Saud agreed to recognize British territories in the area, particularly along the Persian Gulf coast and in Iraq. The former of these were vital to the British, as merchant traffic between [[British India]] and the United Kingdom depended upon coaling stations on the approach to the [[Suez Canal]].<ref name=ibnsaud/>▼
 
▲The defeat of the Al Rashidi doubled the size of Saudi territory because, after the war of Ha'il, Ibn Saud sent his army to occupy Al Jouf and the army led by [[Eqab bin Mohaya]], the head of the Talhah tribe. This allowed Ibn Saud the leverage to negotiate a new and more favorable treaty with the British in 1922, signed at Uqair. He met [[Percy Cox]], British High Commissioner in Iraq, to draw boundaries<ref name=ibnsaud>[http://www.ibnsaud.info/main/3101.htm Ibn Saud meets Sir Percy Cox in Uqair to draw boundaries] ibnsaud.info {{webarchivecite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108124401/http://www.ibnsaud.info/main/3101.htm|archive-date=8 January 2016}}</ref> and the treaty saw Britain recognize many of Ibn Saud's territorial gains. In exchange, Ibn Saud agreed to recognize British territories in the area, particularly along the Persian Gulf coast and in Iraq. The former of these were vital to the British, as merchant traffic between [[British India]] and the United Kingdom depended upon coaling stations on the approach to the [[Suez Canal]].<ref name=ibnsaud/>
|url=http://www.ibnsaud.info/main/3101.htm|title=Ibn Saud meets Sir Percy Cox in Uqair to draw boundaries|website=ibnsaud.info}}</ref> and the treaty saw Britain recognize many of Ibn Saud's territorial gains. In exchange, Ibn Saud agreed to recognize British territories in the area, particularly along the Persian Gulf coast and in Iraq. The former of these were vital to the British, as merchant traffic between [[British India]] and the United Kingdom depended upon coaling stations on the approach to the [[Suez Canal]].<ref name=ibnsaud/>
[[File:IbnSaudInJeddah.jpg|thumb|Ibn Saud sitting with Abdullah Ali Reda on the day he entered [[Jeddah]] in 1925]]
In 1925, Ibn Saud's forces captured the holy city of Mecca from Sharif Hussein, ending 700 years of [[Hashemite]] rule. Following this he issued the first decree which was about the collection of [[zakat]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Anthony B. Toth|title=Control and Allegiance at the Dawn of the Oil Age: Bedouin, Zakat and Struggles for Sovereignty in Arabia, 1916–1955|journal=[[Middle East Critique]]|year=2012|page=66
|volume=21|issue=1|s2cid=144536155|doi=10.1080/19436149.2012.658667}}</ref> On 8 January 1926, the leading figures in Mecca, Medina and Jeddah proclaimed Ibn Saud the King of Hejaz<ref>{{cite book|author=Clive Leatherdale|isbn=978-0-7146-3220-9|title=Britain and Saudi Arabia, 1925-1939: The Imperial Oasis|year=1983|publisher=Psychology Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lt0-U4cUj9sC&pg=PR9|location=London; Totowa, NJ|page=9}}</ref> and the [[bayaa]] (oath of allegiance) ceremony was held in the [[Great Mosque of Mecca]].<ref>{{cite thesis|degree=PhD
|author=Alexander Blay Bligh|title=Succession to the throne in Saudi Arabia. Court Politics in the Twentieth Century|degree=PhD|page=56|year=1981
|location=[[Columbia University]]|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/303101806|year=1981|id={{ProQuest|303101806}}}}</ref>
 
Ibn Saud raised Nejd to a kingdom as well on 29 January 1927.<ref>Joseph Kostiner. (1993). ''The Making of Saudi Arabia, 1916–1936: From Chieftaincy to Monarchical State'' Oxford University Press US, {{ISBN|0-19-507440-8}}, p. 104</ref> On 20 May 1927, the British government signed the [[Treaty of Jeddah (1927)|Treaty of Jeddah]], which abolished the Darin protection agreement and recognized the independence of the Hejaz and Nejd, with Ibn Saud as their ruler. For the next five years, Ibn Saud administered the two parts of his dual kingdom as separate units. He also succeeded his father, Abdul Rahman, as Imam.<ref>{{cite thesis|author=Isadore Jay Gold|title=The United States and Saudi Arabia, 1933–1953: Post-Imperial Diplomacy and the Legacy of British Power|page=18|degree=PhD|location=[[Columbia University]]|id={{ProQuest|303285941}}|year=1984
|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/303285941}}</ref>
 
[[File:Ibn Saud.founded Saudi Arabia 1932.jpg|thumb|Letter of Ibn Saud to the UK head of Persian Gulf 1930]]
With international recognition and support, Ibn Saud continued to consolidate his power. By 1927, his forces had overrun most of the central [[Arabian Peninsula]], but the alliance between the Ikhwan and the Al Saud collapsed when Ibn Saud forbade further raiding. The few portions of central Arabia that had not been overrun by the Saudi-Ikhwan forces had treaties with London, and Ibn Saud was sober enough to see the folly of provoking the British by pushing into these areas. This did not sit well with the Ikhwan, who had been taught that all non-Wahhabis were infidels. In order to settle down the problems with the Ikhwan leaders, including [[Faisal al-Duwaish|Faisal Al Duwaish]], [[Sultan bin Bajad Al Otaibi|Sultan bin Bajad]] and [[Dhaydan bin Hithlain]], Ibn Saud organized a meeting in Riyadh in 1928, but none of them attended the meeting.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Abdulaziz Al Fahad|title=The 'Imama vs. the 'Iqal: Hadari-Bedouin Conflict and the Formation of the Saudi State
|journal=EUI Working Papers|year=2002|volume=11|page=23|hdl=1814/1769|issn=1028-3625|url=http://hdl.handle.net/1814/1769}}</ref> Tensions finally boiled over when the [[Ikhwan Revolt|Ikhwan rebelled]]. After two years of fighting, they were suppressed by Ibn Saud in the [[Battle of Sabilla]] in March 1929.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Abdullah F. Alrebh|title=Covering the Building of a Kingdom: The Saudi Arabian Authority in The London Times and The New York Times, 1901–1932|journal=[[Digest of Middle East Studies|DOMES: Digest of Middle East Studies]]|issue=2
|date=September 2015|volume=24|issue=2|pages=187–212|doi=10.1111/dome.12073}}</ref> [[File:Ikhwan.jpg|thumb|The Ikhwan army during [[Ikhwan Revolt|their revolt]] against the alliance of the [[British Empire]], [[Kuwait]] and Ibn Saud]]
 
On 23 September 1932, Ibn Saud formally united his realm into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, with himself as its king.<ref>{{cite thesis
|degree=PhD|author=Odah Sultan|url=http://usir.salford.ac.uk/id/eprint/14829|title=Saudi–American Relations 1968–78: A study in ambiguity
|year=1988|location=[[University of Salford]]}}</ref> He transferred his court to [[Murabba Palace]] from the [[Masmak Fort]] in 1938<ref>{{cite web|title=Murabba Palace Historical Centre|url=http://www.simbacom.com/riyadh-ksa/historic/murabba.html|work=Simbacom|access-date=22 July 2013
|archive-date=19 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619024845/http://www.simbacom.com/riyadh-ksa/historic/murabba.html
|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the palace remained his residence and the seat of government until his death in 1953.<ref>{{cite journal
|title=Rebirth of a historic center|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/files/PDF/Publications/Magazine/1999-Spring/rebirth.htm|date=Spring 1999
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807161001/http://www.saudiembassy.net/files/PDF/Publications/Magazine/1999-Spring/rebirth.htm
|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 August 2013|date=Spring 1999|journal=Saudi Embassy Magazine}}</ref>
 
Ibn Saud had to first eliminate the right of his own father in order to rule, and then distance and contain the ambitions of his five brothers, particularly his brother Muhammad, who had fought with him during the battles and conquests that gave birth to the state.<ref name=mai>{{cite journal|author=Mai Yamani|author-link=Mai Yamani|title=From fragility to stability: a survival strategy for the Saudi monarchy|volume=2
|issue=1|journal=Contemporary Arab Affairs|date=January–March 2009|pages=90–105|doi=10.1080/17550910802576114}}</ref>
 
==Oil discovery and his rule==
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|location=New York|isbn=9780671799328|pages=289–292,300}}</ref> Through his advisers [[St John Philby]] and [[Ameen Rihani]], Ibn Saud granted substantial authority over Saudi oil fields to American oil companies in 1944. Beginning in 1915, he signed a "friendship and cooperation" pact with Britain to keep his militia in line and cease any further attacks against their protectorates for whom they were responsible.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}
 
Ibn Saud's newly found oil wealth brought a great deal of power and influence that he would use to advantage in the Hejaz. He forced many nomadic tribes to settle down and abandon "petty wars" and vendettas. He began widespread enforcement of the new kingdom's ideology, based on the teachings of [[Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab]]. This included an end to traditionally sanctioned rites of pilgrimage, recognized by the orthodox schools of jurisprudence, but at odds with those sanctioned by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab. In 1926, after a caravan of EgyptiansEgyptian pilgrims on the way to Mecca were beaten by his forces for playing bugles, he was impelled to issue a conciliatory statement to the Egyptian government. In fact, several such statements were issued to Muslim governments around the world as a result of beatings suffered by the [[pilgrim]]s visiting the holy cities of Mecca and Medina.{{citation needed|date=January 2012}} With the uprising and subsequent suppression thereafter of the Ikhwan in 1929, the 1930s marked a turning point. With his rivals eliminated, Ibn Saud's ideology was in full force, ending nearly 1,400 years of accepted religious practices surrounding the [[Hajj]], the majority of which were sanctioned by a millennium of scholarship.<ref>{{cite journal|year=2017
|author=Cameron Zargar|title=Origins of Wahhabism from Hanbali Fiqh|doi=10.5070/N4161038736|journal=Journal of Islamic and Near Eastern Law
|volume=16|year=2017|doi-access=free}}</ref>
 
Ibn Saud established a Shura Council of the Hejaz as early as 1927. This council was later expanded to 20 members and was chaired by Ibn Saud's son [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|Prince Faisal]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Anthony H. Cordesman|author-link=Anthony Cordesman|date=30 October 2002
|title=Saudi Arabia enters the 21st century: III. Politics and internal stability|journal=[[Center for Strategic and International Studies]]
|url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/saudi-arabia-enters-21st-century-iii-politics-and-internal-stability|access-date=5 February 2021}}</ref>
 
==Foreign wars==
Ibn Saud was able to gain loyalty from tribes near Saudi Arabia, such as those in Jordan. For example, he built very strong ties with [[Rashed Al-Khuzai]] from the Al Fraihat tribe, one of the most influential and royally established families during the Ottoman Empire. Prince Rashed and his tribe had dominated eastern Jordan before the arrival of Sharif Hussein. Ibn Saud supported Rashed and his followers in rebellion against Hussein.<ref name="noonptm.com">{{cite web|author=المجلة المصرية نون|url=http://www.noonptm.com//modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=951
|title=المجلة المصرية نون – سيرة حياة الأمير المناضل راشد الخزاعي|work=Noonptm|access-date=25 October 2011|archive-date=11 September 2011
|archive-date=11 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911013106/http://www.noonptm.com//modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=951|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
In 1934 Saudi Arabia defeated Yemen in the [[Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)|Saudi-Yemeni War]].<ref name=kst34/> This was the first modern war – the Saudis had British [[Rolls-Royce Armoured Car|Rolls-Royce armoured cars]] and French [[Renault FT|Renault FT-17]] tanks – between Arab states.<ref name=kst34>{{Cite journal|author=K S Twitchell|author-link=Karl Twitchell|year=1934|title=The Operations in the Yemen|journal=Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society|volume=21|issue=3|pages=445–49|doi=10.1080/03068373408725322}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=May Darwich
Line 93 ⟶ 105:
|jstor=26390311}}</ref>
 
In 1935 Prince Rashed supported [[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam]]'s defiance, which led him and his followers into rebellion against Abdullah I of Jordan. In 1937, when they were forced to leave Jordan, Prince Rashed Al Khuzai, his family, and a group of his followers chose to move to Saudi Arabia where Prince Rashed lived for several years under Ibn Saud's hospitality.<ref name="noonptm.com"/><ref>{{cite web|work=ANN TV|date=19 November 1935|url=http://anntv.tv/new/showsubject.aspx?id=17145|title=الشيخ عز الدين القسام أمير المجاهدين الفلسطينيين|access-date=25 October 2011
|archive-date=11 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811132850/http://anntv.tv/new/showsubject.aspx?id=17145|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://alrai.com/pages.php?news_id=284850|title=جريدة الرأي ; راشد الخزاعي.. من رجالات الوطن ومناضلي الأمة
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008072744/http://alrai.com/pages.php?news_id=284850|archive-date=8 October 2011|work=Al Rai
|access-date=25 October 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asharqalarabi.org.uk/ruiah/b-sharq-115.htm|title=مركز الشرق العربي ـ برق الشرق |work=Asharq Al Arabi|access-date=25 October 2011}}</ref>
 
==Charity works==
Line 107 ⟶ 122:
Ibn Saud positioned Saudi Arabia as neutral in World War II, but was generally considered to favor the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]].<ref name="A Country Study">''A Country Study: Saudi Arabia''. Library of Congress Call Number DS204 .S3115 1993. Chapter 5. "World War II and Its Aftermath"</ref> However, in 1938, when an attack on a main British pipeline in the [[Kingdom of Iraq]] was found to be connected to the German Ambassador, [[Fritz Grobba]], Ibn Saud provided Grobba with refuge.<ref>''Time'', 26 May 1941</ref> It was reported that he had been disfavoring the British as of 1937.<ref>''Time'', 3 July 1939</ref>
 
In the last stage of the war, Ibn Saud met significant political figures. One of these meetings, which lasted for three days, was with U.S. president [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] on 14 February 1945.<ref name=rudy9/> The meeting took place on board {{USS|Quincy|CA-71|6}} in the [[Great Bitter Lake]] segment of the Suez Canal.<ref name=rudy9>{{cite news|author=Rudy Abramson|title=1945 Meeting of FDR and Saudi King Was Pivotal for Relations|url=httphttps://articleswww.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-08-09/news/-mn-388_1_king388-saudstory.html|access-date=22 July 2013|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=9 August 1990|location=Washington DC}}</ref> The meeting laid down the basis of the [[Saudi Arabia–United States relations|future relations between the two countries]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Bahgat Gawdat|title=Saudi Arabia and the War on Terrorism|journal=Arab Studies Quarterly|date=Winter 2004|volume=26|issue=1|pages=51–63|jstor=41858472}}</ref> The other meeting was with British prime minister [[Winston Churchill]] in the Grand Hotel du Lac on the shores of the Fayyoun Oasis, fifty miles south of [[Cairo]], in February 1945.<ref name=resource>{{cite web|title=Ibn Saud meets British Prime Minister Winston Churchill|work=King Abdulaziz Information Resource|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130722081550/http://sacmclubs.org/king_abdulaziz/main/3665.htm|archive-date=22 July 2013|access-date=22 July 2013|url-status=dead|url=http://sacmclubs.org/king_abdulaziz/main/3665.htm}}</ref> Saudis report that the meeting heavily focused on the Palestine problem and was unproductive in terms of its outcomes, in contrast to that with Roosevelt.<ref name=resource/>
 
After naming his son Saud as [[Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia|crown prince]], the King left most of his duties to him, and he spent most of his time in [[Taif]].<ref name="kingdt">{{cite magazine|issue=20|title=King of the Desert|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=16 November 1953
|volume=6|url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,819242,00.html}}</ref> His first flight was between [[Afif]] and Taif in September 1945.<ref name=qdl>{{cite web|title=File 11/44 Leading Personalities in Iraq, Iran & Saudi Arabia|publisher=[[Qatar Digital Library]] |url=https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100061134244.0x00004c|access-date=18 August 2023|date=13 January 1948}}</ref> Ibn Saud met with [[Farouk of Egypt|King Farouk]] during his ten-day state visit to Egypt from 10 to 22 January 1946.<ref name="qdl" /> Ibn Saud's first official visit to the Saudi Arabia's oil fields occurred between 21 and 29 January 1947 which was organized by the Arabian American Oil Company.<ref name=qdl/>
 
Ibn Saud participated in the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]], but Saudi Arabia's contribution was generally considered token.<ref name="A Country Study" /> The Saudis deployed 800 to 1,200 troops against Israel, including volunteers, who were attached to the Egyptians.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 December 2017 |title=King Abdulaziz archives reveal film about Saudi Army in Palestine |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1214996/saudi-arabia |access-date=24 June 2024 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> He actively attempted to resolve the dispute between the Kingdom of Egypt and the United Kingdom in the early 1952 and developed a proposal for a settlement between two countries.<ref>{{cite news|title=Saudi Arabian move for a settlement|issue=52217|date=24 January 1952
|url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CS70078008/TTDA?u=wikipedia&sid=bookmark-TTDA&xid=0337d7d0|access-date=2 November 2023|work=[[The Times]]}}</ref>
 
While most of the royal family desired luxuries such as gardens, splendid cars, and palaces, Ibn Saud wanted a royal railway from the [[Persian Gulf]] to Riyadh and then an extension to Jeddah. His advisors regarded this as an old man's folly. Eventually, [[ARAMCO]] built the railway, at a cost of $70 million, drawn from the King's oil royalties. It was completed in 1951 and was used commercially after the King's death. It enabled Riyadh to grow into a relatively modern city. But when a paved road was built in 1962, the railway lost its traffic.<ref>{{cite journal
|author=Michel G. Nehme|title=Saudi Arabia 1950–80: Between Nationalism and Religion|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|year=1994|volume=30
|volume=30|issue=4|pages=930–943|jstor=4283682|doi=10.1080/00263209408701030}}</ref>
 
==Personal life==
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|location=University of Kansas|date=December 1981}}</ref><ref name=amin>{{cite web|author=Amin K. Tokumasu|title=Cultural Relations between Saudi Arabia and Japan from the Time of King Abdulaziz to the Time of King Fahd|url=http://www.darah.info/bohos/Data/15/13.htm|work=Darah
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708081440/http://darah.info/bohos/Data/15/13.htm|archive-date=8 July 2013|access-date=2 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=richard>{{cite news|author=Richard Halliburton|title=Ibn Saud, King of Arabia, Goes out from Mecca to Grant an Interview|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/657021218/?terms=prince%20khalid%20al%20saud&match=1|access-date=27 September 2020
|work=The Kansas City Star|date=24 June 1935}}</ref> He survived the attack unhurt, and the three assassinsattackers were arrested.<ref name=amin/><ref name=richard/> Another assassination attempt occurred in 1951 when [[Captain (military rank)|Captain]] Abdullah Al Mandili, a member of [[Royal Saudi Air Force]], tried to bomb the King's camp from an airplane.<ref name=rosb/> The attempt was unsuccessful, and Al Mandili escaped to Iraq with the help of tribes.<ref name=rosb>{{cite journal|author=Rosie Bsheer|title=A Counter-Revolutionary State: Popular Movements and the Making of Saudi Arabia|journal=[[Past & Present (journal)|Past & Present]]|date=February 2018|volume=238|issue=1|page=247
|doi=10.1093/pastj/gtx057}}</ref>
 
===Successor===
Ibn Saud's eldest son [[Turki I bin Abdulaziz Al Saud|Turki]], who was the crown prince of the Kingdoms of Nejd and Hejaz, died at age 18, predeceasing his father. Had Turki not died, he would have been the crown prince.<ref name=kingsofk/> Instead, Ibn Saud appointed his second son, [[Saud of Saudi Arabia|Prince Saud]], heir to the Saudi throne in 1933. He had many quarrels with his brother Muhammad bin Abdul Rahman as to who should be appointed heir. Muhammad wanted his son [[Khalid bin Muhammad Al Saud|Khalid]] to be designated the heir.<ref name="A Country Study"/>
 
Ibn Saud's eldest son [[Turki I bin Abdulaziz Al Saud|Turki]], who was the crown prince of the Kingdoms of Nejd and Hejaz, died at age 18, predeceasing his father. Turki's younger full-brother Saud was appointed crown prince. Had Turki not died, he would have been the crown prince.<ref name=kingsofk/>
 
When the King discussed succession before his death, he favoured Prince Faisal as a possible successor over Crown Prince Saud due to Faisal's extensive knowledge, as well as his years of experience. Since Faisal was a child, Ibn Saud recognised him as the most capable of his sons and often tasked him with responsibilities in war and diplomacy. In addition, Faisal was known to embrace a simple Bedouin lifestyle. "I only wish I had three Faisals", Ibn Saud once said when discussing who would succeed him.<ref>{{cite news|title=Faisal, Rich and Powerful, Led Saudis Into 20th Century and to Arab Forefront|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/03/26/archives/faisal-rich-and-powerful-led-saudis-into-20th-century-and-to-arab.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=26 March 1975|access-date=6 April 2021|author=Paul L. Montgomery|author-link=Paul L. Montgomery}}</ref> However, he made the decision to keep Prince Saud as crown prince in thefor fear that doing otherwise would lead to decreased stability.<ref name=mai/>
 
==Views==
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==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons-inline|Ibn Saud}}
* {{Cite EB1922|wstitle=Ibn Sa'ud |short=x}}
* {{PM20|FID=pe/008447}}
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[[Category:1875 births]]
[[Category:1953 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century kings of Saudi kingsArabia]]
[[Category:Arab people from the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Burials at Al Oud cemetery]]
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[[Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:People from Riyadh]]
[[Category:People of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War]]
[[Category:Saudi Arabian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Sultans]]
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