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→Party political preferences: The section refers to political parties, so the form used should be "political party preferences." The only common use of the phrase "party political" seems to be to be in the context of "party political broadcast" in the UK. |
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| name = Departments of France<br />{{small|{{native name|fr|Départements}}}}
| alt_name = {{show|head-align=right|content-align=center|1=|2= {{native name|br|Departamant gall}} <br>{{native name|frp|Dèpartament francês}} <br> {{native name|oc|Departament francés}} <br> {{native name|eu|Frantziako departamendu}} <br> {{native name|ca|Departament francès}}}}
| map = [[File:France maximale.svg|300px]]
| category =
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| legislation_end =
| end_date =
| current_number = 101 (not including [[Metropolis of Lyon]])
| number_date = January 2021
| type = [[Metropolitan France|Metropolitan Departments]]
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{{Administrative divisions of France}}
{{Politics of France}}
In the [[administrative divisions of France]], the '''department''' ({{lang-fr|département}}, {{IPA-fr|depaʁtəmɑ̃|pron|LL-Q150 (fra)-Poslovitch-département.wav}}) is one of the three levels of government under the national level ("[[territorial collectivity|territorial collectivities]]"), between the [[Regions of France|administrative regions]] and the [[Communes of France|communes]]. 96 departments are in [[metropolitan France]], with an additional five constituting [[Overseas department and region|overseas departments]], which are also classified as overseas regions. Departments are further subdivided into 333 [[Arrondissements of France|arrondissements]] and 2,054 [[Cantons of France|cantons]] (as of 2023).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Code officiel géographique au 1er janvier 2021 {{!}} Insee|url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/information/5057840|access-date=2021-11-09|website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> These last two levels of government have no political autonomy, instead serving as the administrative basis for the local organisation of police, fire departments as well as, in certain cases, elections.▼
▲In the [[administrative divisions of France]], the '''department''' ({{lang-fr|département}}, {{IPA
Each department is administered by an elected body called a [[departmental council (France)|departmental council]] ({{lang|fr|conseil départemental}} [sing.], {{lang|fr|conseils départementaux}} [plur.]). From 1800 to April 2015, these were called general councils ({{lang|fr|conseil général}} [sing.] {{lang|fr|conseils généraux}} [plur.]).<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Presse/Dossiers-de-presse/Dossier-de-presse-des-elections-departementales-2015/Les-elections-departementales-comprendre-ce-qui-change|title=Les élections départementales : comprendre ce qui change|author=Ministère de l'intérieur|access-date=2015-07-30|language=fr|archive-date=10 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810133431/http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Presse/Dossiers-de-presse/Dossier-de-presse-des-elections-departementales-2015/Les-elections-departementales-comprendre-ce-qui-change|url-status=dead}}</ref> Each council has a president. Their main areas of responsibility include the management of a number of social and welfare allowances, of [[secondary education in France#Collège|junior high school ({{lang|fr|collège|nocat=y}})]] buildings and technical staff, and local roads and school and rural buses, and a contribution to municipal infrastructures.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Quelles sont les compétences des départements ?|url=https://www.vie-publique.fr/fiches/19620-quelles-sont-les-competences-exercees-par-les-departements|access-date=2021-11-05|website=Vie publique.fr|language=fr}}</ref> Local services of the state administration are traditionally organised at departmental level, where the [[prefect (France)|prefect]] represents the government; however, regions have gained importance since the 2000s, with some department-level services merged into region-level services.▼
▲Each department is administered by an elected body called a [[departmental council (France)|departmental council]] ({{singular}} {{lang|fr|conseil départemental}}
The departments were created in 1790 as a rational replacement of [[Ancien Régime]] [[Provinces of France|provinces]] with a view to strengthen national unity;<ref>{{Citation|title=83 départements sont créés en France|url=https://www.gouvernement.fr/partage/9898-83-departements|language=fr|access-date=2021-11-05}}</ref> the title "department" is used to mean a part of a larger whole.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rey|first=Alain|url=|title=Dictionnaire Historique de la langue française|date=2011-10-25|publisher=NATHAN|isbn=978-2-321-00013-6|language=fr}}</ref> Almost all of them were named after physical geographical features (rivers, mountains, or coasts), rather than after historical or cultural territories, which could have their own loyalties, or after their own administrative seats. The division of France into departments was a project particularly identified with the French revolutionary leader the [[Abbé Sieyès]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sous le Sénat de l'Empire
Most French departments are assigned a two-digit number, the Official Geographical Code, allocated by the {{lang|fr|[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (France)|Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques]]}} ({{lang|fr|Insée}}).<ref>{{Cite web|title=🔎 Code INSEE : définition et explications|url=https://www.techno-science.net/definition/5937.html|access-date=2021-11-05|website=Techno-Science.net|language=fr-FR}}</ref> Overseas departments have a three-digit number. The number is used, for example, in the [[postal codes in France|postal code]] and was until recently used for all [[vehicle registration plates of France|vehicle registration plates]]. Residents commonly use the numbers to refer to their own department or a neighbouring one, for example inhabitants of [[Loiret]] may refer to their department as "the 45". More distant departments are generally referred to by their names, as few people know the numbers of all the departments.
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{{Main|Territorial evolution of France}}
[[File:
[[File:Départements et provinces de France.svg|thumb|French [[Provinces of France|provinces]] before 1790 (color) and today's departments (black borders)]]
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The reorganisation of Île-de-France in 1968 and the division of [[Corsica]] in 1975 added six more departments, raising the total in Metropolitan France to 96. By 2011, when the [[overseas collectivity]] of [[Mayotte]] became a department, joining the earlier [[overseas department and region|overseas departments]] of the Republic (all created in 1946) – [[French Guiana]], [[Guadeloupe]], [[Martinique]] and [[Réunion]] – the total number of departments in the French Republic had become 101. In 2015 the [[Urban Community of Lyon]] was split from [[Rhône (department)|Rhône]] to form the [[Lyon Metropolis|Métropole de Lyon]], a ''sui generis'' entity, with the powers of both an intercommunality and those of a department on its territory, formally classified as a "territorial collectivity with particular status" ({{lang-fr|collectivité territoriale à statut particulier}}) and as such not belonging to any department. As of 2019 [[Corse-du-Sud]] and [[Haute-Corse]] are still administrative departments, although they no longer have the status of departmental "[[Territorial collectivity|territorial collectivities]]": region and department functions have been managed by a "[[single territorial collectivity]]" since 2018.
Despite the intention to avoid the old nomenclature, often the names of pre-1790 provinces remained in use. For example, the name of [[Berry, France|Berry]], though no longer having an official status, remains in widespread use in daily life.
==General characteristics==
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[[File:Carte démographique de la France.svg|thumb|Population density in the departments (2007). The broken lines mark the approximate boundaries of the [[empty diagonal]]. The solid line is the Le Havre-Marseille line, to the east of which lives 60% of the French population.]]
In continental France ([[metropolitan France]], excluding [[Corsica]]), the [[median]] land area of a department is {{convert|5965|km2|abbr=on}}, which is two-and-a-half times the median land area of the [[ceremonial counties of England]] and the [[preserved counties of Wales]] and slightly more than three-and-half times the median land area of a [[county (United States)|county of the United States]]. At the 2001 census, the median population of a department in continental France was 511,000 inhabitants, which is 21 times the median population of a United States county, but less than two-thirds of the median population of a ceremonial county of England and Wales. Most of the departments have an area of between 4,000 and 8,000 km<sup>2</sup> (1500 to 3000 sq. mi.), and a population between 320,000 and 1 million. The largest in area is [[Gironde]] ({{convert|10,000
=== Numbering ===
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These maps cannot be used as a useful resource of voter preferences, because Departmental Councils are elected on a two-round system, which drastically limits the chances of fringe parties, if they are not supported on one of the two rounds by a moderate party. After the 1992 election, the left had a majority in only 21 of the 100 departments; after the 2011 election, the left dominated 61 of the 100 departments. (Mayotte only became a department after the election.)
<gallery>
File:Cantonales_1998(dom).png|Party affiliation of the General Council Presidents of the various departments in the cantonal elections of 1998
File:Cantonales 2001.svg|Party affiliation of the General Council Presidents of the various departments in the elections of 2001
File:Cantonales 2004.svg|Party affiliation of the General Council Presidents of the various departments in the elections of 2004
File:Conseils généraux 2008.svg|Party affiliation of the General Council Presidents of the various departments in the elections of 2008
File:Conseils généraux 2011.png|Party affiliation of the General Council Presidents of the various departments in the elections of 2011
File:Presidents of French departments current.svg|Party affiliation of the General Council Presidents of the various departments in the elections of 2015
</gallery>
Key to the parties:
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|[[File:Blason département fr Vienne.svg|22x20px|Coat of arms of department 86]]
|26 February 1790
|[[Vienne (department)|Vienne]]
|[[Poitiers]]
|{{flag|Nouvelle-Aquitaine}}
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|
[[File:Départements de France English.svg|right|thumb|Regions and departments of metropolitan France; the numbers are those of the first column (except for Corsica, which shows the division of the island until 2018, and the division of the Metropolis of Lyon from Rhône is not shown).]]
[[File:Petite couronne-2.svg|right|thumb|The departments in the immediate vicinity of Paris; the numbers are those of the first column.]]
|}
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|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|–
|[[
|[[Bastia]]
|1790–1793
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|1793–1811
|[[Golo (river)]]
|Reunited with [[Liamone]] into [[
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|–
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|1793–1811
|[[Liamone (river)]]
|Reunited with [[Golo (department)|Golo]] into [[
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|–
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|1792–1815
|[[Mont Blanc]] mountain
|Formed from part of the [[Duchy of Savoy]], a territory of the [[Kingdom of Sardinia|Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia]] which was restored to its former status
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|–
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|1798–1814
|[[Lake Geneva]]
|Formed when the
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|–
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|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|20
|[[
|[[Ajaccio]]
|1811–1975
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[[File:Algérie fr.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The three Algerian departments in 1848]]
[[File:Map showing the Départements of Algeria from 1962-1968 and 1968-1974.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Departments of French Algeria from 1957 to 1962]]
Unlike the rest of the [[
{|style="background:none;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|-valign="top"
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|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[Jemmape (department)|Jemmape]]
| [[Mons, Belgium|Mons]]
|[[Battle of Jemappes]]
| rowspan="2" | Belgium
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:[[Imperial Free City|Free]] [[Hanseatic League|Hanseatic]] City of [[Hamburg]]
:[[Electorate of Hanover]]
:[[Imperial Free City|Free]] [[Hanseatic League|Hanseatic]] City of [[Lübeck]]{{
| 1811–1814
|-
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[[Category:Departments of France| ]]
[[Category:Administrative divisions in Europe|France 2]]
[[Category:Lists of subdivisions of France|Departments]]
[[Category:Second-level administrative divisions by country|Departments, France]]
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