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{{for|the river by the same name in Western Australia|Glenelg River (Western Australia)}}
{{Use Australian English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=
{{Short description|River in Victoria and South Australia}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Glenelg
|
|tag1=und |name1=Bochara<ref name=pn>{{cite web|url=http://parkweb.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/315670/Park-note-Lower-Glenelg-NP-Discovery-Bay-CP-1.pdf|type=PDF|title=Lower Glenelg National Park, Discovery Bay Coastal Park: Visitor Guide|work=Parks Victoria|publisher=Government of Victoria|date=June 2014|access-date=20 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221133652/http://parkweb.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/315670/Park-note-Lower-Glenelg-NP-Discovery-Bay-CP-1.pdf|archive-date=21 February 2014|url-status=dead}}|paren1=omit</ref>
|tag2=und |name2=Worrewurnin<ref name=vicnames>{{cite web|url=https://services.land.vic.gov.au/vicnames/historicalInformation.html?method=edit&id=3719|title=Glenelg River: 3050: Traditional Name: Worrewurnin|work=Vicnames|publisher=[[
|tag3=und |name3=Bugara<ref name=vicnames1>{{cite web|url=https://services.land.vic.gov.au/vicnames/historicalInformation.html?method=edit&id=3717|title=Glenelg River: 3050: Traditional Name: Bugara|work=Vicnames|publisher=[[
|tag4=und |name4=Temiangandgeen<ref name=vicnames2>{{cite web|url=https://services.land.vic.gov.au/vicnames/historicalInformation.html?method=edit&id=3718|title=Glenelg River: 3050: Traditional Name: Temiangandgeen|work=Vicnames|publisher=[[
|tag5=und |name5=Wurri-wurri<ref name=vicnames3>{{cite web|url=https://services.land.vic.gov.au/vicnames/historicalInformation.html?method=edit&id=236|title=Glenelg River: 3050: Traditional Name: Wurri-wurri|work=Vicnames|publisher=[[
|tag6=und |name6=Barrawy<ref name=vicnames4>{{cite web|url=https://services.land.vic.gov.au/vicnames/historicalInformation.html?method=edit&id=3716|title=Glenelg River: 3050: Traditional Name: Barrawy|work=Vicnames|publisher=[[
|tag7=und |name7=Barker<ref name=vicnames5>{{cite web|url=https://services.land.vic.gov.au/vicnames/historicalInformation.html?method=edit&id=82|title=Glenelg River: 3050: Traditional Name: Barker|work=Vicnames|publisher=[[
|tag8=und |name8=Wurru-wurru<ref name=vicnames6>{{cite web|url=https://services.land.vic.gov.au/vicnames/historicalInformation.html?method=edit&id=3720|title=Glenelg River: 3050: Traditional Name: Wurru-wurru|work=Vicnames|publisher=[[
|paren8=omit}}
|
| name_other =
| name_etymology = In honour of the Colonial Secretary, [[Charles Grant, 1st Baron Glenelg|Baron Glenelg, Charles Grant]]<ref name=mitchell/>
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| subdivision_name1 = [[Australia]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[States and territories of Australia|States]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Victoria (
| subdivision_type3 = Region
| subdivision_name3 = [[Victorian Midlands]], [[Naracoorte Coastal Plain (biogeographic region)|Naracoorte Coastal Plain]] [[Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia|(IBRA)]], [[Western District (Victoria)|Western Victoria]], [[Limestone Coast]], South Australia
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<!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->
| source1 = [[Grampian Ranges]]
| source1_location = [[Grampians National Park]], [[Victoria (
| source1_coordinates= {{coord|37|20|57|S|142|15|57|E|display=inline}}
| source1_elevation = {{convert|759|m|abbr=on}}
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| custom_label = [[National park]]s
| custom_data = [[Grampians National Park|Grampians]], [[Lower Glenelg National Park|Lower Glenelg]]
| extra =
}}
The '''Glenelg River''', a [[perennial river]] of the Glenelg [[Hopkins River|Hopkins]] catchment, is located in the [[Australia]]n states of [[Victoria
The river rises in the [[Grampian Mountains (Australia)|Grampian Ranges]] and flows generally north, then west, then south, for over {{convert|350|km}},<ref name=ghcma/> making the river the longest river in south-west Victoria and third longest overall. A short stretch of the lower end winds through southeastern South Australia before returning to Victoria to enter [[Discovery Bay (Australia)|Discovery Bay]] at [[Nelson, Victoria|Nelson]]. The Glenelg River is a central feature of the [[Lower Glenelg National Park]].
The river was named after [[Charles Grant, 1st Baron Glenelg|Colonial Secretary Baron Glenelg, Charles Grant]], by [[Thomas Mitchell (explorer)|Major Thomas Mitchell]] in August 1836.<ref name=mitchell>{{Citation |last=Mitchell |first=Thomas |author-link=Thomas Mitchell (explorer) |title=Three Expeditions into the interior of Eastern Australia |place=London |publisher=Boone |year=1838 |volume= 2 |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13033 |format=e-book }}</ref><ref name=bird>{{cite web |last=Bird |first=Eric |date=12 October 2006 |title=Place Names on the Coast of Victoria |publisher=The Australian National Placename Survey (ANPS) |url=http://www.anps.org.au/documents/VIC_coastal.pdf |access-date=23 July 2008 |archive-url=https://
Large amounts of [[water]] diverted from the upper reaches of the river for agricultural purposes, including [[irrigation]] and town water demands. The [[estuary]] is listed under the {{Cite Legislation AU|VIC|act||Heritage Rivers Act, 1992}} and is a nationally important [[wetland]].
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===Aboriginal history===
The Glenelg was important to [[Indigenous Australia]]ns. It formed the traditional tribal boundaries for the [[Bungandidj people|Bungandidj]] people (western bank) and [[Gunditjmara]] people (eastern bank) people from two distinct language groups. Little archeological evidence has been found of Bunganditj inhabitation along the banks of the river, including in regional caves. However, there is strong evidence of their presence further towards the coastal areas.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://parkweb.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/313339/Lower-Glenelg-National-Park-Management-Plan.pdf|type=PDF|title=Lower Glenelg National Park Management Plan|date=May 1991|work=Department of Conservation & Environment|publisher=[[
===European history===
Major Thomas Mitchell was the first European to visit and cross the river in August 1836, noting its width and its suitability for boating, naming it for
A punt built in 1848 by Henry Kellett at Nelson was the first permanent crossing of the river. In 1860 a body of Mr Hunt and his wife were discovered under a bridge at Casterton, after which Mr Waines was subsequently tried and hanged for the murder.<ref name="Glenelg River in History" /> On 1 July 1861, at Chetwynd station, a large tornado occurred reportedly killing a man.<ref name="Glenelg River in History"/><ref>{{cite news|title=THE TORNADO AT CHETWYND STATION ON 1 JULY 1861|newspaper=Bell's Life in Sydney and Sporting Chronicle|date=15 February 1862}}</ref> In 1866, one of the earliest artists depictions of the river by engraver Frederick Grosse "View of the River Glenelg, South Australia" was published depicting boating among its steep limestone cliffs.<ref>{{Cite news|author1=Grosse, Frederick| title=VIEW ON THE RIVER GLENELG SOUTH AUSTRALIA|publication-date=1866|publisher=Ebenezer and David Syme|url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/167553367|access-date=5 June 2014 }}</ref> The earliest crossings over the Glenelg were at Casterton. The first crossing over the wider reaches of the lower Glenelg was constructed out of wood in 1893 in Nelson. It was replaced by the current steel cantilever bridge in 1963.
==Location and features==
The Glenelg River rises at an elevation of {{convert|760|m}} [[Australian Height Datum|above sea level]] below The Chimney Pots within the Grampians National Park, on the eastern slopes of the Victoria Range, and west of the Serra Range, within the Grampian Range. The river flows north through swampland before heading west, transversed by the [[Henty Highway]], and then south where the river is impounded by the [[Rocklands Reservoir]], formed by a concrete{{endash}}walled [[gravity dam|gravity]] [[dam]] with embankment sections constructed in 1953. The [[reservoir (water)|reservoir]] has a maximum capacity of {{convert|348300|ML|impgal USgal}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gwmwater.org.au/information/information-reservoir-levels/rocklands-reservoir|title=Rocklands Reservoir|publisher=GWMWater|date=4 June 2014|access-date=4 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306143828/http://www.gwmwater.org.au/information/information-reservoir-levels/rocklands-reservoir|archive-date=6 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ancold>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancold.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Dams-Australia-2010-v1-for-website.xls|format=Excel (requires download)|title=Register of Large Dams in Australia
===Communities and significant crossings along the river===
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There are many crossings over the Glenelg River, including road, rail and pedestrian. Some additional roads allow passage through shallow sections of the river when the water levels are low.
{| class="wikitable"
! Location
! Bridge name
! Comments/use
! Image
|-
| Kanagulk || || Natimuk Hamilton Road ||align="center"|
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=== Glenelg River Canoe Trail ===
The Glenelg River Canoe Trail can be found through the lower reaches of the river. Starting in Dartmoor, there is a stretch of flat water approximately 75 kilometres long, eventually ending in Nelson.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glenelg River Canoe Trail|url=http://www.parks.vic.gov.au/places-to-see/parks/lower-glenelg-national-park/where-to-stay/glenelg-river-canoe-trail|access-date=2021-12-09|website=
== Flora and fauna ==
The [[Glenelg freshwater mussel|Glenelg River mussel]], once plentiful but now [[endangered species|critically endangered]],<ref name="Jones 2014 p. ">{{cite journal | last1=Jones | first1=Hugh A. |last2 =Klunzinger|first2 =M.| title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species | journal=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species | date=13 April 2014 | url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/58609631/58628791 | access-date=30 October 2020 }}</ref> lives in small populations along the river. Work is being done to improve its habitat, after it was further threatened by the [[2019-2020 Australian bushfire season|bushfires in 2019-2020]].<ref name=abc>{{cite web | last=Whiteside | first=Grace | title=Funding to protect critically endangered Glenelg River mussels
Populations of a local fish known as the tupong (''[[Pseudaphritis urvillii]]'') started to recover in the 2010s, after the health of the river had been significantly improved after more than a century of [[environmental degradation]] caused by the introduction of [[agriculture]]. Two [[Australian grayling]] were observed in early 2021, the first recorded sighting since 1899, and scientists are hopeful that they will make a similar comeback.<ref>{{cite web | last=Johnson | first=Sian |
==See also==
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==External links==
* {{cite web|url=http://www.ghcma.vic.gov.au/|title=Glenelg Hopkins Catchment Management Authority|publisher=[[
* {{cite web|url=http://www.ghcma.vic.gov.au/media/uploads/glenelg_estuary_managment_plan.pdf|title=Glenelg Estuary Management Plan|work=Glenelg Hopkins Catchment Management Authority|publisher=[[
* {{cite map|url=http://parkweb.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/543099/Map-Grampians-NP.pdf|title=Camping in the Grampians National Park|work=[[Parks Victoria]]|publisher=[[
{{Rivers of the Glenelg Hopkins catchment
{{Rivers of Victoria}}
{{Rivers of South Australia|state=autocollapse}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Glenelg Hopkins catchment]]
[[Category:Rivers of Barwon South
[[Category:Rivers of Grampians (region)]]
[[Category:Rivers of South Australia]]
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