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{{Short description|1961 trial of Adolf Eichmann}}
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{{use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox court case
[[File:Adolf Eichmann is sentenced to death at the conclusion of the Eichmann Trial USHMM 65289.jpg|thumb|260px|Adolf Eichmann (inside glass booth) is sentenced to death by the [[Supreme Court of Israel]] at the conclusion of the trial]] ▼
| name = {{noitalic|Trial of Adolf Eichmann}}
In 1960, the major [[Holocaust]] perpetrator [[Adolf Eichmann]] was captured in Argentina by Israeli agents and brought to Israel to stand trial.{{sfn|Bazyler|Scheppach|2012|p=438}} His trial, which opened on 11 April 1961, was televised and broadcast internationally, intended to educate about the crimes committed against Jews, which had been secondary to the [[Nuremberg trials]].{{sfn|Bazyler|Scheppach|2012|p=439}} Prosecutor [[Gideon Hausner]] also tried to challenge the portrayal of Jewish functionaries that had emerged in the earlier trials, showing them at worst as victims forced to carry out Nazi decrees while minimizing the "gray zone" of morally questionable behavior.{{sfn|Porat|2019|p=173}} Hausner later wrote that available archival documents "would have sufficed to get Eichmann sentenced ten times over"; nevertheless, he summoned more than 100 witnesses, most of them who had never met the defendant, for didactic purposes.{{sfn|Porat|2019|p=174}} Defense attorney [[Robert Servatius]] refused the offers of twelve survivors who agreed to testify for the defense, exposing what they considered immoral behavior by other Jews.{{sfn|Porat|2019|p=180}} Political philosopher [[Hannah Arendt]] reported on the trial in her book ''[[Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil]]''.▼
| image = Adolf Eichmann is sentenced to death at the conclusion of the Eichmann Trial USHMM 65289.jpg
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| court = Jerusalem District court
| date decided = {{start and end date|1961|12|11|1961|12|12}} (verdict)<br />{{start date|1961|12|15}} (sentence)
| full name = Criminal Case 40/61
| judge = {{plainlist|[[Moshe Landoy]] (presiding)
*[[Benjamin Halevy]]
*[[Yitzhak Raveh]]}}
| number of judges = 3
| italic title = no
}}
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Eichmann was charged with fifteen counts of violating the
== Background ==
[[File:Adolf Eichman in Ramle Prison1961.jpg|thumb|Eichmann in the yard at [[Ayalon Prison|Ramla Prison]] in 1961]]From 1933 to 1945, the [[History of the Jews in Europe|Jews in Europe]] faced systematic persecution and [[genocide]] at the hands of the [[Nazi Germany|Nazis in Germany]] and their [[Collaboration with
Eichmann played a major part in the execution of the Holocaust. He fled to Argentina at the end of the [[World War II|Second World War]], but was abducted by Israeli [[Mossad]] agents in 1960, and transported to Jerusalem to stand trial.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dear|first=I. C. B.|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198604464.001.0001/acref-9780198604464-e-539|title=The Oxford Companion to World War II|last2=Foot|first2=M. R. D.|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-172760-3|location=Oxford, England|chapter=Eichmann, Adolf}}</ref> Eichmann was held at a fortified [[police station]] in [[Yagur]] in northern Israel for nine months prior to his trial.{{Sfn|Cesarani|2005|pp=237–240}}
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===Charges===
Counts 1–4 were for crimes against the Jewish people:{{sfn|Bazyler|Scheppach|2012|p=443}}
#Killing Jews, via the systematic deportation of millions of Jews to the [[
#Placing Jews in living conditions calculated to bring about their physical destruction, by imprisoning them in concentration and [[Extermination camp|extermination camps]]{{sfn|Bazyler|Scheppach|2012|pp=443–444}}
#Causing serious bodily or mental harm to Jews{{sfn|Bazyler|Scheppach|2012|pp=443–444}}
#Preventing births against Jews, with an order for [[forced abortion]]s in [[Theresienstadt Ghetto]]{{sfn|Bazyler|Scheppach|2012|pp=443–444}}
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#Persecuting Jews on national, religious, or political grounds{{sfn|Bazyler|Scheppach|2012|pp=444–445}}
#The systematic plunder of the property of millions of Jews. Theft of property was not enumerated in the law as a crime against humanity (it was counted as a war crime), but the prosecution argued that it fit the criteria of "any other inhuman act committed against any civilian population" as stipulated in the law. Since Eichmann founded the [[Central Office for Jewish Emigration]], which confiscated the property of deported Jews, and the court determined that the purpose of such confiscation was in part to instill terror and facilitate the deportation and murder of Jews, it found him guilty on this count.{{sfn|Bazyler|Scheppach|2012|pp=445–446}}
Count 8 was for war crimes, based on Eichmann's role in the systematic persecution and murder of Jews during World War II.{{sfn|Bazyler|Scheppach|2012|p=447}}
Counts 9–12 related to crimes against humanity against non-Jews:{{sfn|Bazyler|Scheppach|2012|p=443}}
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#Participation in the [[Romani genocide]] by the systematic forced deportation of [[Romani people]]. Although the court did not find evidence that Eichmann knew that the Romani victims were sent to extermination camps, it nevertheless found him guilty on that count.{{sfn|Bazyler|Scheppach|2012|pp=446–447}}
#Participation in the [[Lidice massacre]]; he was found guilty for deportation of part of the population of [[Lidice]], but not the massacre itself.{{sfn|Bazyler|Scheppach|2012|pp=446–447}}
Counts 13–15 charged Eichmann with membership in enemy organizations, respectively the ''[[Schutzstaffel|Schutzstaffeln der NSDAP]]'' (SS), ''[[Sicherheitsdienst|Sicherheitsdienst des
== See also ==
* [[Corpse-like obedience]]
* In 2024, [[David Serero (singer)|David Serero]] adapted the Trial of Eichmann as a theater play at the [[Center for Jewish History]], New York, also playing the part of [[Gideon Hausner]].<ref>https://www.timesofisrael.com/israels-landmark-eichmann-trial-depicted-in-limited-run-nyc-production/#:~:text=Based%20on%20victim%20testimony%20and,several%20years%20in%20the%20making. {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref><ref>https://www.sun-sentinel.com/2024/07/15/director-producer-david-serero-presents-the-world-premiere-of-the-trial-of-adolf-eichmann/ {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref><ref>https://www.jns.org/just-following-orders/ {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref><ref>https://filmdaily.co/news/the-trial-of-adolf-eichmann-was-a-historical-trial-now-its-a-masterpiece-theater-play/ {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref>
== References ==
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* {{cite journal |last1=Bazyler |first1=Michael|author-link=Michael Bazyler |last2=Scheppach |first2=Julia |title=The Strange and Curious History of the Law Used to Prosecute Adolf Eichmann |journal=Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review |date=2012 |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=417–461 |url=https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/ilr/vol34/iss3/7/ |issn=0277-5417}}
*{{Cite book|last=Cesarani|first=David|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/224240952|title=Eichmann: His Life and Crimes|date=2005|publisher=Vintage|isbn=978-0-09-944844-0|oclc=224240952|location=London, England}}
* {{cite journal | last = Green | first = L.C. | title = Legal issues of the Eichmann trial | journal = [[Tulane Law Review]] | volume = 37 | year = 1962 | pages = 641–683 | url = http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/tulr37&div=44 | access-date = 25 November 2013 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Porat |first1=Dan|author-link=Dan Porat|title=Bitter Reckoning: Israel Tries Holocaust Survivors as Nazi Collaborators |date=2019 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-24313-2 |language=en}}
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* [https://www.life.com/history/adolf-eichmann-in-israel-photos-nazi-war-criminal/ "Adolf Eichmann in Israel: Portraits of a Nazi War Criminal", life.time.com]
* ''[https://www.docaviv.co.il/2022-en/films/the-devils-confession-the-lost-eichmann-tapes/ The Devil's Confession: The Lost Eichmann Tapes]''—Official Web site of a documentary film {{In lang|en|he}}
{{The Holocaust}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1961 in case law]]
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[[Category:1962 in case law]]
[[Category:1962 in Israel]]
[[Category:1960s trials]]
[[Category:Adolf Eichmann]]
[[Category:Argentina–Israel relations]]
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