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{{Short description|Guerrilla war for land between settlers and landowners, in Brazil}}
{{essay|date=October 2012}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=November 2014}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| image = Aviação na Guerra do Contestado.jpg
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| casus = Social unrest, Religious Fanaticism, Proclamation of the Republic
| date = October, 1912 – August, 1916
| place = [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]] and [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]],
| result = Government victory
| combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Bandeira do Contestado.svg|border}} Celestial Monarchy Comune
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| commander1 = {{plainlist |
*{{flagicon image|Bandeira do Contestado.svg|border}} [[José Maria de Santo Agostinho|José M. Agostinho]]{{KIA}}
*{{flagicon image|Bandeira do Contestado.svg|border}} {{
*{{flagicon image|Bandeira do Contestado.svg|border}} Adeodato{{surrendered}}
}}
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*{{flagicon|Brazil|1889}} [[Hermes da Fonseca]]
*{{flagicon|Brazil|1889}} [[Carlos Frederico de Mesquita|Carlos de Mesquita]]
*{{flagicon|Brazil|1889}} {{
*{{flagicon|Brazil|1889}} [[Francisco Raul Estillac Leal|Francisco Estillac]]
*{{flagicon|Brazil|1889}} [[Tertuliano Potiguara]]
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| casualties2 = 800–1,000 dead, wounded, deserted or disappeared
}}
The '''Contestado War''' ({{lang-pt|Guerra do Contestado}}), broadly speaking, was a guerrilla war for land between settlers and landowners, the latter supported by the Brazilian state's police and military forces, that lasted from October 1912 to August 1916.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Welch |first=Cliff |title=Fifty years of peasant wars in Latin America
It was fought in an inland southern region of the country, rich in wood and [[yerba mate]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Pinheiro Machado |first=Roberto |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/on1007557996 |title=Brazilian history: culture, society, politics 1500-2010
==Background==
===Societal prominence of monks===
The Contestado War is often considered
The second monk also adopted the alias of João Maria, although his real name was [[Atanás Marcaf]], probably of [[Syria]]n origin. He appeared to the public during the [[Federalist Revolution]] of 1893; where he belonged to the [[Maragato (Brazil)|Maragato]] faction, and projected a firm and even messianic stature. He even made prophecies about the political events of his time. He was active in the region between the [[Rio Iguaçu|Iguaçu]] and [[Uruguay River|Uruguay]] rivers.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}} In addition to his religious activities, he would also gain a reputation as a healer before disappearing from the region in 1908.<ref name=":0" />
In 1912, A third monk came to the notice of the public in the region. He was initially known as an herbal healer, having presented himself under the name of José Maria de Santo Agostinho.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Diacon |first=Todd A. |title=Millenarian vision, capitalist reality: Brazil's Contestado rebellion, 1912-1916
Due in part to his claimed association with the regionally known figure of João Maria, the anonymity of his past, and his conduct as a herbal healer, José Maria soon became a respected and influential figure in the region. He would soon amass a religious following from the locals, and it would be claimed he performed a number of miracles, one of the most prominent being the claimed resurrection of another individual.<ref name=":1" /> He was also said to have cured the colonel Francisco de Almeida's wife of a previously uncurable illness. After this event the monk won even more fame and trust by declining the land and significant quantity of gold that the grateful colonel offered him.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}
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[[Image:08 tory railtrack ubt.jpeg|right|thumb|300px|The railroad, one of the causes of the Contestado War]]
At the same time, the concession guaranteed that another associated company of the trust, the Southern Brazil Lumber & Colonization, would have the rights to extract lumber and later resell the land.<ref name=":2" />
It was estimated that 8000 men had worked for the railroad at the time;<ref name=":3" /> with the workers coming largely from the urban populations of cities Rio de Janeiro and Pernambuco.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Siegel |first=Bernard J. |date=Jul 1,
However, by the time the construction work was finished a large number of people were left without work or a place to go (as much land around the railroad was legally owned by the Trust) adding to
==The conflict start==
'''Thousands of the''' workers that were laid off once the railroad construction work was finished, joined with '''A large portion of''' local peasants '''that had been evicted from the land they had lived on, led by José Maria.'''<ref name=":4" />
[[Image:VeluweTreeTrunk.jpg|thumb|300px|Lumber, one of the commodities extracted by the railroad company during the Contestado uprising]]
The "holy monk" José Maria rose against the recently created Republic of Brazil (1889), effectively declaring his community to be ruled by an independent government. He also declared the Republic to be "the devil's law".<ref>Diacon, ''Millenarian Vision,'' 116</ref> He appointed an illiterate farmer to be "Emperor of Brazil", founded the community of Quadro Santo and created a personal guard corps of 12 men, in an allusion to [[Charlemagne]]'s knights.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}
Peasants followed him around, founding more communities, each one with an assigned patron saint in hopes of creating a "heavenly monarchy" similar to Antonio Conselheiro (the messianic leader from the [[Canudos]] rebellion in [[Bahia]] during the late 1890s).
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The federal government sent in 200 federal troops on December 29, 1913, in order to deal with the rebellion. Once again, the government was upset by the fierce opposition. For some historians, this is considered to be the official beginning of the war, despite the initial confrontations back in 1912.
==
On February 8, 1914, the federal and state governments sent 700 men to Taquaruçu, supported by artillery and machine guns. Caraguatá was a more remote location where 2,000 other people had already settled. The followers in Caraguatá were led by Maria Rosa, a 15-year-old girl who led the 6000-strong armed rebellion after the death of José Maria.
[[File:Contestado tropa Exército.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Army soldiers defending sawmill during rebel attack in Três Barras (SC).]]
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