Warburg: Difference between revisions

{{about|the town in Germany||}}

|type = Stadt

|image_coa = Stadtwappen der Stadt Warburg.svg

|coordinates = {{coord|51|30|00|N|09|10|11|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}

|image_plan = Warburg in HX.svg

|state = Nordrhein-Westfalen

|district = Höxter

|elevation = 230

|area = 168.71

|postal_code = 34414

|area_code = 0 56 41

|licence = HX

|Gemeindeschlüssel = 05 7 62 036

|divisions = 16

}}

 

== Geography ==

 

=== Constituent communities ===

Warburg consists of the following 16 centres:

* Bonenburg (1,107 inhabitants)

 

== History ==

|native_name = ''Freie Reichsstadt Warburg''

|conventional_long_name = Imperial Free City of Warburg

|common_name = Warburg

|

|era = Middle Ages

|status = City-state

|

|event_start = Old Town founded

|event2 = [[Imperial immediacy]]

|date_event2 = 1180

 

The name Warburg was first mentioned in a document sometime around 1010, although [[archaeology|archaeological]] finds have established that there were already people living in what is now Warburg by [[protohistory|protohistoric]] times. The first definite documentary mention came in 1036.

In the 11th century there was on the ''Warburger Burgberg'' ("Castle Mountain") the "Wartburg", under whose protection people came and settled. The castle was at first owned by Count Dodiko, whose estate, according to documents, passed in 1020 to the [[Bishop of Paderborn]] when the Count's only son met his end in an accident. Eventually, sometime between 1021 and 1033, the Emperor further granted to the bishop the Count's rights. About 1180, the Old Town was granted town rights.

 

[[File:Gipsabdruck Warburger Neustadt, Der Grote Breff von 1436.jpg|thumb|left|Plaster stamp of the seal of Warburg New Town under the constitutional document "Der Grote Breff" from 1436]]

The two towns, the Old Town and the New Town, joined in 1436 into one town. In ''Der Grote Breff'' ("The Great Letter"), the newly united town's constitution was precisely framed and sealed. Both former towns' seals are to be seen on the Great Letter. On the cast seal (in the picture), two defensive towers with a double wall are to be seen. Under the town gate stands the Bishop of Paderborn with a staff. The circumscription reads: ''"Sigillium burgensium in wartborch"''. The Great Letter is written in [[Middle Low German]], the Hanseatic League's language, and stands as a substantial legal document.

Hitherto, the Old Town's and the New Town's council meetings had each been taking place in their respective town halls, each on their respective marketplaces. Now, however, there were two [[mayor]]s. This was solved by allowing each mayor to head the unified town for half the year. Furthermore, both town halls were used for council meetings, again, each for half the year. However, the problem of having two town halls was not fully resolved until 132 years after the two former towns had merged. Only then, in 1568, was the new ''Rathaus Zwischen den Städten'' – Town Hall Between the Towns – built.

 

On 5 June 1695, [[Johann Conrad Schlaun]] was born in Nörde near Warburg (now one of Warburg's constituent communities).

 

On 31 July 1760, during the [[Seven Years' War]], Warburg was the scene of a battle that now bears its name. Twenty-four thousand [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian]], [[Electorate of Hanover|Hanoverian]], Hessian and [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] troops fought under Prince [[Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick|Ferdinand of Brunswick]] and the [[Crown Prince]] of [[Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel|Hesse-Kassel]] (or Hesse-Cassel) against a [[France|French]] army of 21,500 soldiers led by Lieutenant-General Le Chevalier du Muy and the [[Victor-François, 2nd duc de Broglie|Duke of Broglie]]. The Prussians and their allies won, killing 8,000 French soldiers while losing only 1,500 themselves, leaving them free to sack the town. A tower on the Desenberg recalls the [[Battle of Warburg]].

 

About 1246, the Counts of Everstein founded the Wormeln [[Cistercian Convent]] of the "Nuns of the Grey Order" [[Cistercians]]. On 16 September 1810, [[Jérôme Bonaparte]], King of Westphalia in Napoleonic times, decreed the convent's dissolution.

 

<small>(each time at 31 December)</small>

*1998 – 24,130

*2003 – 24,292

*2004 – 24,380

 

 

During the [[Saxon Wars]] in the 8th century the area round the Diemel was incorporated into the [[Frankish realm]]. Beside other places Warburg is presumed to be the location were the [[Irminsul]], an old Saxon sacred pillar. The Austrian abbot [[Saint Sturm|Sturm]]ius proselytized the area around the Diemel and [[Weser]] in 774. So the area around Warburg was Christianized from 774 on.

 

As most of Warburg's inhabitants are Catholic it is part of the center zone of the [[Catholic Archdiocese of Paderborn]]. Many theologians as Otto Beckmann, Anton Corvinus or Julius Dammann, office bearers of the church like Johann Conrad Schlaun or Arnold Güldenpfennig and church artists like Josef Kohlschein come from Warburg.

 

 

[[File:Jüdischer Friedhof, Warburg.JPG|thumb|The Jewish cemetery in Warburg]]

Warburg had in bygone days an important [[Jew]]ish community. Around the year 1800, roughly 200 of Warburg's 2,000 townsfolk were Jewish, and about 1900, some 300 of the 5,000 people in the town were. The sharp upswing in the population as a whole was due to migration from the countryside, industries setting up shop in town, and railway operations.

 

 

Another well known Warburg Jewish family were the Oppenheims, among whom was [[Hermann Oppenheim]], a famous German [[neurologist]]. Yet another famous townsman was Emil Herz, a publisher at the [[Ullstein-Verlag]] (until the [[Nazis]] forced him out as the company's director in 1934, after he had worked there for 30 years), who described in his book something of Jewish life in Warburg.

=== Buildings ===

[[File:Eckmaenneken-Haus, erbaut 1471, Warburg.JPG|thumb|The ''Eckmänneken-Haus'' (Corner figure house), built in 1471]]

*Historic Old and New towns

*Town Hall "between the towns"

*Ev. Church 'Maria-in-vinea / Maria-im-Weinberg'.

*Second [[Gothic Revival architecture|neo-Gothic]] Dominican cloister 'St.-Maria-Himmelfahrt'; built in 1906–1915, since 1995 a cloister from the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]]

*Marianum School (1828)

*[[Warburg station|Railway station]] from the year 1849 ([[Royal Westphalian Railway Company]])

 

==== Medieval fortification ====

In the Middle Ages, the castle was mostly surrounded by a double wall ring, through which the old and new city gates lead to the breachstone. The old town's citizens first erected the connection wall of the castle to the ''Johannistor-Tower''. Because of height of the castle mountain the ''Chattenturm'' was constructed. The round ''Sackturm'' (Saxon tower) next to the ''Sacktor'' (Saxon Gate) was erected in 1443 while the ''Sacktor'' was built around 1300. Until 1830, the town castle had about ten city towers and nine city gates. In the walls of the old town, there were five gates and four in the new town, of which only the ''Sacktor'' and the ''Johannistor'' have been preserved. Between 1801 and 1840, the other gates were taken down.

 

=== Theatre and cinema ===

* Theater in Warburg, Pädagogisches Zentrum

* Kino Cineplex Warburg, Oberer Hilgenstock 30

 

=== Museums ===

* Museum im Stern, Sternstraße 35

* Bäckerei-Museum (private bakery museum) in Warburg's Old Town, Lange Straße 6

* ''Schützenfest'' (shooting festival, every two years)

* Christmas Market, at both marketplaces during [[Advent]] (yearly)

 

== Politics ==

 

=== Town council ===

* [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|FDP]] 1 seat

 

=== Coat of arms ===

Warburg's oldest town seals are from 1254 and 1257, and show a bishop – likely the Bishop of Paderborn – standing in a gateway. The [[fleur-de-lis]] charge seen in today's arms originally appeared on [[coin]]s minted in the town, beginning in 1227. Smaller town seals in the 14th century also showed the lis, with the gateway only appearing on the greater seal.

 

 

=== Town friendships ===

* {{Flagicon|Belgium}} [[Ledegem]]-Sint-Eloois-Winkel, [[Belgium]], since 1998

 

 

=== Established businesses ===

* August Lücking GmbH & Co. KG (district Bonenburg)

 

* Jugenddorf Petrus Damian, youth help institution

* Kath. [[Primary school|Grundschule]] Warburg

* Musikschule Warburg

 

The following personalities were born in Warburg:

*[[Antonius Corvinus]], [[theologian]]

*[[Lorenz Humburg]] (1906–1994), painter, worked as an art teacher at Warburg [[Gymnasium (school)|Gymnasien]]

*[[Christoph Cardinal Schönborn]] (born 1945), Archbishop of [[Vienna]], joined the Domican Order in Warburg in 1963

 

==See also==

 

== External links ==

 

{{Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle}}

{{Towns and municipalities in Höxter district}}

{{Authority control}}

 

[[Category:States and territories established in the 10th century]]

[[Category:Höxter (district)]]

[[Category:Holocaust locations in Germany]]