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{{About|the static visual art form|performing arts practiced outdoors|Street performance|and|Street theatre}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox art movement
| name = Street art
| image = Pierre Brossolette - C215 (cropped).jpg
| alt =
| yearsactive = 1980s–present
| location =
| majorfigures = {{Plainlist|
* [[Banksy]]
* [[John Fekner]]
* [[Keith Haring]]
}}
| influences = [[Graffiti]]
| influenced =
}}
'''Street art''' is [[visual art]] created in [[public art|public locations]] for public visibility. It has been associated with the terms "independent art", "post-graffiti", "neo-graffiti" and [[guerrilla art]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brooks |first=Raillan |date=2013-12-06 |title=Aerosol Art
▲[[File:Pierre Brossolette - C215 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Street art by [[C215 (street artist)|C215]] on a postbox in the [[5th arrondissement of Paris]] honoring [[French Resistance]] hero [[Pierre Brossolette]] in a partnership with the [[Centre des monuments nationaux]] around the [[Panthéon]]<ref>[https://www.beauxarts.com/expos/autour-du-pantheon-la-chasse-aux-portraits-est-ouverte/ "Autour du Panthéon, la chasse aux portraits est ouverte !"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003005202/https://www.beauxarts.com/expos/autour-du-pantheon-la-chasse-aux-portraits-est-ouverte/ |date=3 October 2021 }}, ''BeauxArts'' (in French), 11 July 2018</ref>]]
▲'''Street art''' is [[visual art]] created in public locations for public visibility. It has been associated with the terms "independent art", "post-graffiti", "neo-graffiti" and [[guerrilla art]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brooks |first=Raillan |date=2013-12-06 |title=Aerosol Art |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/08/books/review/city-as-canvas-and-the-world-atlas-of-street-art-and-graffiti.html |access-date=2022-10-16 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127200809/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/08/books/review/city-as-canvas-and-the-world-atlas-of-street-art-and-graffiti.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Street art has evolved from the early forms of defiant [[graffiti]] into a more commercial form of art, as one of the main differences now lies with the messaging. Street art is often meant to provoke thought rather than rejection among the general audience through making its purpose more evident than that of graffiti. The issue of permission has also come at the heart of street art, as graffiti is usually done illegally, whereas street art can nowadays be the product of an agreement or even sometimes a commission. However, it remains different from traditional art exposed in public spaces by its explicit use of said space in the conception phase.
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==Background==
[[File:Berlinermauer.jpg|thumb|Germany's [[Berlin Wall]] (shown 1986) was a target of artists during its existence (1961–1989).]]
Street art is a form of artwork that is displayed in public on surrounding buildings, on streets, trains and other publicly viewed surfaces. Many instances come in the form of guerrilla art, which is intended to make a personal statement about the society that the artist lives within. The work has moved from the beginnings of graffiti and vandalism to new modes where artists work to bring messages, or just beauty, to an audience.<ref name=Antonova2014>Antonova, Maria. 2014. "Street Art
Some artists may use "smart vandalism" as a way to raise awareness of social and political issues,<ref>{{cite web|title=Student art project is vandalism for a cause |url=http://www.whas11.com/news/local/Student-art-project-is-vandalism-for-a-cause-86760522.html |work=The Herald-Times |access-date=4 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320000018/http://www.whas11.com/news/local/Student-art-project-is-vandalism-for-a-cause-86760522.html |archive-date=20 March 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref> whereas other artists use urban space as an opportunity to display personal artwork.
Whereas traditional [[graffiti]] artists have primarily used [[aerosol paint|spray paint]] to produce their work, "street art" can encompass other media, such as [[LED art]], [[mosaic]] tiling, [[stencil graffiti
New media forms such as video projections onto large city buildings are an increasingly popular tool for street artists—and the availability of cheap hardware and software allows such artwork to become competitive with corporate advertisements. Artists are thus able to create art from their personal computers for free, which competes with companies' profits.<ref>Geek Graffiti: A Study in Computation, Gesture and Graffiti Analysis</ref>
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[[File:Larmee Street Art NYC 1985.jpg|thumb|upright=0.80|Street art by [[Kevin Larmee]], SoHo, New York City (1985)]]
Slogans of protest and political or social commentary graffiti on walls are the precursor to modern graffiti and street art, and continue as one aspect of the genre. Street art in the form of text or simple iconic graphics of corporate icons can become well-known yet enigmatic symbols of an area or an era.<ref name="Village Voice Mott"/> Some credit the ''[[Kilroy Was Here]]'' graffiti of the World War II era as one such early example; a simple line-drawing of a long-nosed man peering from behind a ledge. Author [[Charles Panati]] indirectly touched upon the general appeal of street art in his description of the "Kilroy" graffiti as "outrageous not for what it said, but where it turned up".<ref name="Kilroy"/> Much of what can now be defined as modern street art has well-documented origins dating from [[New York City]]'s [[Graffiti in the United States|graffiti boom]], with its infancy in the 1960s, maturation in the 1970s, and peaking with the [[spray paint art|spray-painted]] full-car subway train murals of the 1980s centered in [[the Bronx]].
As the 1980s progressed, a shift occurred from text-based works of early in the decade to visually conceptual street art such as [[Richard Hambleton|Hambleton]]'s shadow figures.<ref>Robinson, David (1990) ''Soho Walls – Beyond Graffiti'', Thames & Hudson,
===Early iconic works===
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''IATBA'' murals were often defaced, only to be repainted by René.<ref name="NYPress" /><ref name="SoHo2" />
[[Franco the Great]], also known as the "Picasso of Harlem" is another world famous street artist internationally known also for his New Art form. There were riots in the streets when [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] [[Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.|was assassinated in 1968]]. [[Harlem]] business owners retaliated by installing drab-looking metal gates on their
==Commercial crossover==
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===Legality and ethics===
Street art can have legal problems. The parties involved can include the artist, the city or municipal government, the intended recipient and the owner of the structure or the medium where the work was displayed. One example is a case in 2014 in Bristol, England, which illustrates the legal, moral and ethical questions that can occur. The ''Mobile Lovers'' by [[Banksy]] was painted on plywood on a public doorway, then cut out by a citizen who in turn was going to sell the piece to garner funds for a boys' club. The city government in turn confiscated the artwork and placed it in a museum. Banksy, hearing of the conundrum, then bequeathed it to the original citizen, thinking his intentions were genuine. In this case, as in others, the controversy of ownership and public property, as well as the issues of trespassing and vandalism, are issues to be resolved legally.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Salib|first=Peter|date=Fall 2015|title=The Law of Banksy: Who Owns Street Art?|journal=University of Chicago Law Review|volume=
===Copyright===
Under United States law, works of street art should be able to find copyright protection as long as they are legally installed and can fulfil two additional conditions; originality in the work, and that it is fixed in a tangible medium.<ref>17 U.S.C. § 102</ref> This copyright would then survive for the lifespan of the artist plus 70 years.<ref>17 U.S. Code § 302</ref> In case there is a collaboration between two artists, both would hold joint ownership in the copyright.<ref>17 U.S. Code § 201</ref> Street artists also hold [[moral rights]] in their work, independent of economic rights arising from copyright. These include the right to integrity and the right to attribution.<ref>"moral, adj.". OED Online. September 2011. Oxford University Press. 25 October 2011.</ref> Recently, street art has started to gain recognition among art critics, and some major companies have found themselves in trouble for using this art without permission for advertising. In such a case, [[H&M]], a [[fast fashion]] retailer used street art by Jason "Revok" Williams in an advertisement series.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Voon |first=Claire |date=2018-03-15 |title=H&M Lawsuit Against Street Artist Could Change Copyright Law |url=http://hyperallergic.com/432709/hm-lawsuit-street-artist-revok-copyright-law/ |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=Hyperallergic |language=en-US |archive-date=6 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006233344/https://hyperallergic.com/432709/hm-lawsuit-street-artist-revok-copyright-law/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In response to Williams' '[[Cease and Desist]]' notice, however, H&M filed a lawsuit, alleging that since the work is a "product of criminal conduct", it cannot be protected by copyright. This view has been taken earlier too, in the cases of ''Villa v. Pearson Education''<ref>Villa, 2003 WL 22922178{{full citation needed|date=July 2024}}</ref> and [[Moschino]] and Jeremy Tierney.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.thefashionlaw.com/home/graffiti-cannot-be-copyright-protected-claims-moschino-jeremy-scott|url-status=dead|title=Graffiti Cannot be Copyright Protected, Claims Moschino|author=Jeremy Scott|date=20 April 2016|magazine=The Fashion Law|access-date=29 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301074553/http://www.thefashionlaw.com/home/graffiti-cannot-be-copyright-protected-claims-moschino-jeremy-scott|archive-date=1 March 2019}}</ref> In all three cases, before the judge could make a ruling on the issue of the illegality of the art, settlements were reached.<ref name=HHRArtLaw /> These companies typically settle out of court to avoid costly, time-consuming litigation.
When it comes to the question of the destruction of street art, the United States has applied the [[Visual Artists Rights Act|Visual Artists Right Act (VARA)]]<ref>17 U.S.C. § 106A</ref> to introduce moral rights into copyright law. In ''English v. BFC & R East 11th Street LLC'' and ''Pollara v. Seymour'', it was held that this Act was inapplicable to works of art placed illicitly. A distinction was also made between the removable and
In a case where a group of artists was awarded $6.7 million, the judge held that the art was not made without permission of the owner of the building, and that an important factor was that the demolition was done ahead of the intended date, indicating willful thought.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Finn |first=Robin |date=2011-08-27 |title=Writing's on the Wall (Art Is, Too, for Now)
==Street art, guerrilla art and graffiti==
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While both of these types of art have many differences, there are more similarities than their origins. Both graffiti and street art are works of art that are created with the same intent. Most artists, whether they are working anonymously, creating an intentionally incomprehensible message, or fighting for some greater cause are working with the same ambitions for popularity, recognition and the public display or outpouring of their personal thoughts, feelings and passions.<ref name=Bloch2015/>
The term street art is described in many different ways, one of which is the term "guerrilla art". Both terms describe these public works that are placed with meaning and intent. They can be done anonymously for works that are created to confront taboo issues that will result in a backlash, or under the name of a well-known artist. With any terminology, these works of art are created as a primary way to express the artist's thoughts on many topics and issues.<ref name=Campos2015>Campos, Ricardo. 2015. "Youth, Graffiti, and the Aestheticization of Transgression
As with graffiti, an initial trait or feature of street art is that it is often created on or in a public area without or against the permission of the owner.<ref name=Bacharach2015/> A main distinction between the two comes in the second trait of street art or guerrilla art, where it is made to represent and display a purposefully uncompliant act that is meant to challenge its surrounding environment.<ref name=Bacharach2015/> This challenge can be granular, focusing on issues within the community or broadly sweeping, addressing global issues on a public stage.
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This is how the term "guerrilla art" was associated with this type of work and behavior. The word ties back to guerrilla warfare in history where attacks are made wildly, without control and with no rules of engagement. This type of warfare was dramatically different from the previously formal and traditional fighting that went on in wars normally. When used in the context of street art, the term guerilla art is meant to give a nod to the artist's uncontrolled, unexpected and often unnamed attack on societal structure or norms.<ref name="Sisko2015"/>
Some have asked if it is sufficient to place art in the street to make street art; Nicholas Riggle looks more critically at the border between graffiti and street art and states
=== Guerilla sculpture ===
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An example is the overnight appearance of an unsanctioned sculpture of [[Edward Snowden]] onto a column in [[Fort Greene Park]] in New York City.<ref name="Sisko2015">{{Cite journal|last=Sisko|date=Summer 2015|title=Guerilla Sculpture: Free Speech and Dissent|journal=Sculpture Review|volume= 64|issue= 2|pages=26–35}}</ref> In other cases, the sculptures integrate two-dimensional backdrops with a three-dimensional component, such as one by Banksy titled ''[[Spy Booth]]'' (2014). The backdrop was painted on a wall in Cheltenham, England and featured [[Cold War|Cold-War]] spy characters adorned in trench coats and fedoras, with spy accoutrements, microphones and reel-to-reel tape decks. These characters appeared to be [[Phone tap|tapping into]] a broken telephone booth.<ref name="Sisko2015"/>
On 15 July 2020, a month after the statue of [[Edward Colston]] was pulled down during [[Black Lives Matter]] protests in [[Bristol]], artist [[Marc Quinn]] used the empty plinth to display his sculpture ''[[A Surge of Power (Jen Reid) 2020|A Surge of Power (Jen Reid)]]''. The life-sized piece, created from black resin and steel,<ref>{{Cite
A deviation from the unsanctioned street sculpture is "institutionalized guerilla sculpture", which is sanctioned by civic authorities and can be commercialized. One such artist from the Netherlands is [[Florentijn Hofman]], who in 2007 created ''[[Rubber Duck (sculpture)|Rubber Duck]]'', a colossal rendition of the childhood tub-toy.
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==Public acceptance==
Although street art may be ubiquitous around the world, the popularity of its artistic expression is relatively recent. Street art has undergone a major transformation in public opinion to become socially accepted and respected in some public places.<ref name="Bacharach2015">{{Cite journal |last=Bacharach |first=Sondra |date=4 January 2016 |title=Street Art and Consent |url=https://academic.oup.com/bjaesthetics/article/55/4/481/2195110?searchresult=1 |journal=British Journal of Aesthetics |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=481–495 |doi=10.1093/aesthj/ayv030 |doi-access=free |access-date=22 January 2022 |archive-date=22 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122161247/https://academic.oup.com/bjaesthetics/article/55/4/481/2195110?searchresult=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In the beginning, graffiti was the only form of street art that there was and it was widely considered to be a delinquent act of territorial marking and crude messaging. Initially, there were very clear divisions between the work of a street artist and the act of tagging a public or private property, but in recent years where the artists are treading the line between the two, this line has become increasingly blurred.<ref name=Bacharach2015 />
Perhaps contrary to earlier anti-museum and ticket sale sentiments of some street artists; a dedicated exhibition to Street Art under the title 'Urban' opened in [[Peterborough Museum and Art Gallery|Peterborough Museum]], United Kingdom, on the 11th December 2021. With tickets for the preview evening selling at £5 GDP and subsequent entry being charged at £8 per person. The exhibition has been promoted as being of 'major national [UK] importance' and celebrating artists such as Banksy, [[Damien Hirst]], My Dog Sighs, the Connor Brothers, Pure Evil and [[Blek le Rat]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=ITV News|date=December 10, 2021|title=Banksy and other street art goes on display at Peterborough Museum|work=ITV|url=https://www.itv.com/news/anglia/2021-12-10/banksy-and-other-street-art-goes-on-display-at-peterborough-museum|access-date=January 10, 2022|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110115527/https://www.itv.com/news/anglia/2021-12-10/banksy-and-other-street-art-goes-on-display-at-peterborough-museum|url-status=live}}</ref> While street art and sculpture has been on display at [[Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery|Bristol Museum]] since a [[Banksy]] 'takeover' in 2009.<ref>{{Cite news|last=C. Gogarty and D. Clensy|date=March 28, 2019|title=A look back at when Banksy took over Bristol Museum in 2009|work=Bristol Post|url=https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/look-back-banksy-took-over-2693637|access-date=January 10, 2022|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111091823/https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/look-back-banksy-took-over-2693637|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Beautification movement==
Given the various benefits and sometimes high return on investment<ref>{{cite
A ''[[The Washington Post]]'' article written by Sydney Page has stated that according to a safety study produced by Bloomberg Philanthropies in partnership with the consulting firm Sam Schwartzentitled "Asphalt Art Safety Study", crosswalks painted with murals have been found to significantly reduce the frequency of accidents occurring at such sites.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/2022/06/08/crosswalk-art-safety-bloomberg |date=8 June 2022 |title=Art painted on crosswalks makes streets safer, group says |access-date=8 June 2022 |publisher=[[The Washington Post]] United States |author=Sydney Page |archive-date=5 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205013350/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/2022/06/08/crosswalk-art-safety-bloomberg/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
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==== United States ====
[[File:Tylicki street art war graffiti New York 1982.jpg|thumb|Early Street art by [[Jacek Tylicki]], [[Lower East Side]],
[[File:Chelsea Street Art.jpg|thumb|Street Art in Manhattan, New York City, 15 September 2017]]
[[New York City]] attracts artists from around the world.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rojo | first1=Jaime | last2=Harrington | first2=Steven P. |title=Street Art New York |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=391sQgAACAAJ |year= 2010 |publisher=Prestel Pub |isbn=978-3-7913-4428-7}}</ref> In [[Manhattan]], "post-graffiti" street art grew in the 1980s from the then largely vacant neighborhoods of [[SoHo]] and the [[Lower East Side]]. The [[Chelsea, Manhattan|Chelsea]] art district became another locale, with area galleries also hosting formal exhibitions of street artist's work. In [[Brooklyn]], the [[Williamsburg, Brooklyn|Williamsburg]] and [[Dumbo, Brooklyn|Dumbo]] neighborhoods—especially near the waterfront—are recognized street art sites.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kugel |first=Seth |date=2008-03-09 |title=To the Trained Eye, Museum Pieces Lurk Everywhere|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/09/travel/09weekend.html |access-date=2022-10-16|archive-date=11 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411005447/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/09/travel/09weekend.html |url-status=live }}</ref> New York City's unofficial mural district is in [[Bushwick, Brooklyn]], with curatorial gatekeeping by a non-profit organization called The [[Bushwick Collective]].
[[Chicago]] has many forms of street art emerging but some of the most popular artists that can be seen everywhere in Chicago is Sentrock, Jc Rivera (The Bear Champ), and Hebru Brantley.
Programs in the [[Pennsylvania]] cities of [[Philadelphia]] and [[Pittsburgh]] provide funding to agencies who employ street artists to decorate city walls. The [[Mural Arts Program]] established in 1984 has helped Philadelphia earn praise as the "City of Murals".
The project was initiated to encourage graffiti artists toward a more constructive use of their talents. Murals backed by [[The Sprout Fund]] in Pittsburgh were named the "Best Public Art" by the ''[[Pittsburgh City Paper]]'' in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://muralarts.org/about/history |title=History | Mural Arts Program |publisher=Muralarts.org |access-date=7 July 2012 |archive-date=10 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910154828/https://www.muralarts.org/about/history/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| last = Hoff| first = Al| title = Best Public Art: Sprout Fund Murals| newspaper = [[Pittsburgh City Paper]]| date = 14 December 2006| url = http://www.pittsburghcitypaper.ws/gyrobase/Content?oid=oid%3A20486| access-date = 2 April 2013| archive-date = 26 January 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210126070712/http://www.pittsburghcitypaper.ws/gyrobase/Content?oid=oid%3A20486| url-status = live}}</ref>
[[File:Juan Pineda (May 2017) 01.jpg|thumb|Street art by Juan Pineda in Washington, D.C., with Juan Pineda in photo]]
[[Street art in Atlanta]] centers on the [[Old Fourth Ward]] and [[Reynoldstown]] neighborhoods, the [[Krog Street Tunnel]], and along the 22-mile [[BeltLine]] railway corridor which circles the inner city. Atlanta established a Graffiti Task Force in 2011. Although the city selected a number of murals that would not be targeted by the task force, the selection process overlooked street art of the popular Krug Street Tunnel site. Art created in conjunction with the [[Living Walls (conference)|Living Walls]] street art conference, which Atlanta hosts annually, was spared. Some actions were taken by the unit, including arrests of artists deemed vandals, caused community opposition; some considered the city's efforts as "misdirected" or "futile".<ref>{{cite web |last=Wheatley |first=Thomas |url=
[[Sarasota]], Florida, hosts an annual street art event, the [[Sarasota Chalk Festival]], founded in 2007. An independent offshoot known as ''Going Vertical'' sponsors works by street artists, but some have been removed as controversial.<ref>Smith, Jessi, [http://www.thisweekinsarasota.com/get-a-ringside-seat-mto-is-not-pulling-any-punches-in-his-latest-mural/ ''Get a ringside seat: MTO is not pulling any punches in his latest mural''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001170135/http://www.thisweekinsarasota.com/get-a-ringside-seat-mto-is-not-pulling-any-punches-in-his-latest-mural/ |date=1 October 2013 }}, ''This Week in Sarasota'', 20 December 2012</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-03-20 |title=An 'Unpremeditated Cultural Clash' |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/mto-knock-out_b_2897681 |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=HuffPost |language=en |archive-date=16 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016142340/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/mto-knock-out_b_2897681 |url-status=live }}</ref>▼
[[Los Angeles]]'s [[Arts District, Los Angeles|Arts District]] is known for its high concentration street murals.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Graham |first1=Jefferson |title=Photo tour: Graffiti steals the show in L.A.'s burgeoning Arts District |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/destinations/2018/06/01/los-angeles-graffiti-arts-district/606491002/ |access-date=4 December 2019 |work=USA Today |date=1 June 2018 |archive-date=5 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205052117/https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/destinations/2018/06/01/los-angeles-graffiti-arts-district/606491002/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
▲An independent offshoot known as ''Going Vertical'' sponsors works by street artists, but some have been removed as controversial.<ref>Smith, Jessi, [http://www.thisweekinsarasota.com/get-a-ringside-seat-mto-is-not-pulling-any-punches-in-his-latest-mural/ ''Get a ringside seat: MTO is not pulling any punches in his latest mural''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001170135/http://www.thisweekinsarasota.com/get-a-ringside-seat-mto-is-not-pulling-any-punches-in-his-latest-mural/ |date=1 October 2013 }}, This Week in Sarasota, 20 December 2012</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-03-20 |title=An 'Unpremeditated Cultural Clash' |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/mto-knock-out_b_2897681 |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=HuffPost |language=en |archive-date=16 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016142340/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/mto-knock-out_b_2897681 |url-status=live }}</ref>
San Francisco's [[Mission District, San Francisco|Mission District]], center of the [[Mission School]] movement, has densely packed street art along Mission Street, and along both [[Clarion Alley|Clarion]] and [[Balmy Alley]]s.<ref>''[[San Francisco Bay Guardian]]'', 18–24 January 2012, p. 22</ref> Streets of [[Hayes Valley, San Francisco|Hayes Valley]], [[South of Market, San Francisco|SoMa]], [[Bayview-Hunters Point, San Francisco|Bayview-Hunters Point]] and the [[Tenderloin, San Francisco|Tenderloin]] have also become known for street art.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Veltman |first=Chloe |date=2010-05-09 |title=Street Art Moves Onto Some New Streets
▲[[Los Angeles]]'s [[Arts District, Los Angeles|Arts District]] is known for its high concentration street murals.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Graham |first1=Jefferson |title=Photo tour: Graffiti steals the show in L.A.'s burgeoning Arts District |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/destinations/2018/06/01/los-angeles-graffiti-arts-district/606491002/ |access-date=4 December 2019 |work=USA Today |date=1 June 2018 |archive-date=5 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205052117/https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/destinations/2018/06/01/los-angeles-graffiti-arts-district/606491002/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The neighborhood of [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]] and streets such as [[Sunset Boulevard]], [[La Brea Avenue|La Brea]], [[Beverly Boulevard]], [[La Cienega Boulevard|La Cienega]], and [[Melrose Avenue]] are among other key locations.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/05/13/lab-art-los-angeles-_n_861545.html#s278367&title=Masked_George_Washington | work=The Huffington Post | first=Nicole | last=Larson | title=PHOTOS: Largest Street Art Collection Debuts At LAB ART LA | date=13 May 2011 | access-date=18 February 2020 | archive-date=5 April 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405061731/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/05/13/lab-art-los-angeles-_n_861545.html#s278367&title=Masked_George_Washington | url-status=live }}</ref> [[LAB ART Los Angeles]], opened in 2011, devotes its 6,500 square feet of gallery space to street art. Artwork by locals such as [[Alec Monopoly]], [[Annie Preece]], [[Smear (Cristian Gheorghiu)|Smear]] and [[Morley (artist)|Morley]] are among the collection.
▲Streets of [[Hayes Valley, San Francisco|Hayes Valley]], [[South of Market, San Francisco|SoMa]], [[Bayview-Hunters Point, San Francisco|Bayview-Hunters Point]] and the [[Tenderloin, San Francisco|Tenderloin]] have also become known for street art.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Veltman |first=Chloe |date=2010-05-09 |title=Street Art Moves Onto Some New Streets |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/09/arts/design/09sfculture.html |access-date=2022-10-16 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=26 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426141320/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/09/arts/design/09sfculture.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Machado Mural in Chula Vista, CA.jpg|thumb|Mural by Ground Floor Murals in Chula Vista, California]]
[[San Diego]]'s East Village, Little Italy, North Park, and South Park neighborhoods contain street artwork of [[VHILS]], [[Shepard Fairey]], Tavar Zawacki a.k.a. [[above (artist)|ABOVE]], [[Invader (artist)|Space Invader]], [[Os Gêmeos]], among others. Murals by various Mexican artists can be seen at [[Chicano Park]] in the [[Barrio Logan]] neighborhood. [[Chicano Park]], which was a part of people’s land takeover in 1970, celebrated its 52nd anniversary in 2022. The more than 80 murals depict many aspects of Latino culture from [[Lowrider|lowrider culture]] to [[Aztec warfare|Aztec warriors]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Karlamangla |first=Soumya |date=2022-04-19 |title=San Diego's Chicano Park Celebrates Its Anniversary
[[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]], Virginia has over 100 murals created by artists, many of whom are alumni of [[Virginia Commonwealth University's School of the Arts]] or current students there. Some of the murals are privately commissioned by individuals and businesses, some are created by solo street artists, and some are collaborative group fund-raising projects.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Unknown, Underrated Street Art of Richmond, Virginia (Photo Essay)|url=http://www.packslight.com/street-art-richmond-va/|website=Packs Light|access-date=11 April 2017|date=19 January 2016|archive-date=12 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412035313/http://www.packslight.com/street-art-richmond-va/|url-status=live}}</ref>
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===South America===
[[Buenos Aires]] has developed a reputation for its large scale murals and artworks in many subway stations and public spaces. The first graffiti artists started painting in the street in the Argentine capital in the mid-1990s after visiting other countries in Europe and South America. One of the first recognized street artists in Argentina is Alfredo Segatori, nicknamed 'Pelado', who began painting in 1994 and holds the record for the largest mural in Argentina<ref>{{cite web|title = Colorful mural might be world's longest
An abundance of buildings slated for demolition provides blank canvases to a multitude of artists, and the authorities cannot keep up with removing artists' output. "Population density" and "urban anxiety" are common motifs expressed by "Grafiteiros" in their street art and ''[[pichação]]'', rune-like black graffiti, said to convey feelings of class conflict.
Influential Brazilian street artists include Claudio Ethos, [[Os Gêmeos]], Vitche, Onesto, and Herbert Baglione.<ref>[[Simon Romero|Romero, Simon]] (29 January 2012) [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/29/world/americas/at-war-with-sao-paulos-establishment-black-paint-in-hand.html "At War With São Paulo's Establishment, Black Paint in Hand"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501104326/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/29/world/americas/at-war-with-sao-paulos-establishment-black-paint-in-hand.html |date=1 May 2017 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]''</ref><ref name="Claudio Ethos"/>
[[Bogotá]] has a lot of walls dedicated to street art and a powerful artistic movement. The tourist can appreciate several wall performances: {{interlanguage link|Avenida El Dorado (TransMilenio)|es|Avenida Eldorado (Bogotá)}}, {{interlanguage link|Avenida Suba|es|Avenue Suba (Bogotá)}} and the historical neighborhood [[La Candelaria, Bogotá|La Candelaria]]. Also, there is the Distrito graffiti (graffiti district), that is a dedicated place with gubernatorial curatory with more than 600 pieces of Colombian and international artists.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bogotadistritografiti.gov.co/index.php/bienvenida |title=Distrito graffiti (graffiti district) |access-date=30 March 2022 |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518164447/https://www.bogotadistritografiti.gov.co/index.php/bienvenida |url-status=live }}</ref>
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File:Graffiti Perú.jpg|Graffiti in [[Lima]], Peru (2014)
File:Os Gêmeos.jpg|Work of Brazilian artists [[Os Gêmeos]], in [[Lisbon, Portugal|Lisbon]], Portugal (2011)
File:Los feos somos mas toxicomano.png|alt=Toxicomano|
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[[Ostend, Belgium]], hosts an international street art festival. In 2018, US art magazine Juxtapoz described The Crystal Ship as "an art festival that is quickly becoming one of the major annual street art events in the world". Today, it is just that. Having seen the light of day in 2016, every year, The Crystal Ship paints the town of Ostend red (and blue, and green, and yellow, and quite possibly every other colour you can imagine) by inviting a host of acclaimed street artists to get inspired by its people, landscape, and heritage. Curator Bjorn Van Poucke is the driving force behind this street art walhalla, where the work of artists like Axel Void (USA), Paola Delfín (Mexico), Escif (ES), Miss Van (FR), Sebas Velasco (ES), Elian (AR) and Wasted Rita (PT) transform the city.
[[Paris]] has an active street art scene that is home to artists such as [[Invader (artist)|Space Invader]], [[Jef Aérosol]], [[SP 38]] and [[Zevs (artist)|Zevs]]. Some connect the origins of street art in France to [[Lettrism]] of the 1940s and [[Situationist International|Situationist]] slogans painted on the walls of Paris starting in the late 1950s. [[Nouveau Réalisme|Nouveau realists]] of the 1960s, including [[Jacques de la Villeglé]], [[Yves Klein]] and [[Arman]] interacted with public spaces but, like [[pop art]], kept the traditional studio-gallery relationship. The 1962 street installation ''Rideau de Fer'' (Iron Curtain) by [[Christo and Jeanne-Claude]] is cited as an early example of unsanctioned street art. In the 1970s, the site-specific work of [[Daniel Buren]] appeared in the Paris subway. [[Blek le Rat]] and the [[Figuration Libre]] movement became active in the 1980s.{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mymodernmet.com/stencil-art/|title=10 Stencil Artists Changing the Way We Look at the City|date=2017-05-22|work=My Modern Met|access-date=2018-07-10|language=en-US|archive-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710195252/https://mymodernmet.com/stencil-art/|url-status=live}}</ref> The 13 arrondissement is actively promoting street art through the Street Art 13 project. That includes two remarkable frescos by D*Face from London: "Love will not tear us apart" and "Turncoat".<ref name=ParisDigest>{{Cite web |url=https://www.parisdigest.com/paris-news/street-art-13-arrondissement.htm |title=Street Art in 13 Arrondissement |year=2018 |publisher=Paris Digest |access-date=2018-10-22 |archive-date=22 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022232458/https://www.parisdigest.com/paris-news/street-art-13-arrondissement.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Between October 2014 and March 2015, Fondation EDF hosted [[Jérôme Catz]]'s exhibition "#STREET ART, L'INNOVATION AU CŒUR D'UN MOUVEMENT", which featured new technologies integrated with pieces by artists including Shepard Fairey, JR, Zevz, and Mark Jenkins. The exhibition became the second most-visited exhibit at EDF since it opened in 1990.<ref>{{Cite press release|title=
[[Berlin wall graffiti art|Street art on the Berlin Wall]] was continuous during the time [[Germany]] was divided, but street art in [[Berlin]] continued to thrive even after reunification and is home to street artists such as [[Thierry Noir]] Tavar Zawacki a.k.a. [[above (artist)|ABOVE]] and [[SP 38]]. Post-communism, cheap rents, and ramshackle buildings gave rise to street art in areas such as [[Mitte]], [[Prenzlauer Berg]], [[Kreuzberg]], and [[Friedrichshain]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}} In 2016, [[StreetArtNews]] initiated an urban artwork in the name of [[Urban Nation Berlin]], in which several famous artists participated.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lepores |first1=Domingos |title=Berlin Street Art Museum
The second largest city in Estonia, [[Tartu]], has been called the Estonian street art capital.<ref>Karsten Kaminski. [http://kultuur.postimees.ee/3162979/tanavakunst-tartus-rohkem-kui-ainult-kunst "Tänavakunst Tartus: rohkem kui ainult kunst"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423044558/http://kultuur.postimees.ee/3162979/tanavakunst-tartus-rohkem-kui-ainult-kunst |date=23 April 2016 }} Postimees Kultuur, 26 April 2015 [in Estonian]</ref> While [[Tallinn]] has been against graffiti, Tartu is known for the street art festival Stencibility and for being home to a wide range of works from various artists.<ref>Marika Agu & Sirla. [https://blog.vandalog.com/2014/07/street-art-in-tartu-estonia/ Street art in Tartu, Estonia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421224159/https://blog.vandalog.com/2014/07/street-art-in-tartu-estonia/ |date=21 April 2016 }} Vandalog, 8 July 2014</ref>
The street art scene in [[Greece]] has been active since the late 1980s but gained momentum in [[Athens]] leading up to the country's 2011 financial crisis, with a number of artists raising voices of resistance, creating allegorical works and social commentary in the historic city center and [[Exarhia]] district.
[[File:Barcelona street art 06.jpg|thumb|right|Street art in Barcelona]]
In
[[File:Chalk artist on a street, Florence, Italy.jpg|thumb|right|Street artist (chalks) in [[Florence]], Italy]]
[[Italy]] has been very active in street art since the end of the 1990s; some of the most famous street artists include [[Blu (artist)|BLU]], [[108 artist|108]], and [[Sten Lex]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Stewart|first1=Jessica|title=Street Art Stories Roma|date=1 January 2013|publisher=Mondo Bizzarro|isbn=978-8896850152|pages=128}}</ref>
Street art in [[Amsterdam]] has a long history. In the mid-1960s, the counterculture movement named the [[provo (movement)|provos]] already used the street as a canvas. Member [[Robert Jasper Grootveld]] wrote things like "Klaas komt" (English: "Klaas is Coming!") throughout the whole city. At the end of the 1970s, young artists from the [[punk culture]] wrote on the decayed city. Well-known artists from this 'No Future-generation' are [[Ivar Vičs|Dr. Rat]] and Hugo Kaagman, the [[stencil art]] pioneer who made his first stencil back in 1978.<ref>[https://streetart.today/2017/10/17/15-dutch-street-artists-you-must-know/ 15 Dutch Street Artists you must Known] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112132446/https://streetart.today/2017/10/17/15-dutch-street-artists-you-must-know/ |date=12 November 2019 }}, Street Art Today</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lebowskipublishers.nl/boek/Dr-Rat-Godfather-van-de-Nederlandse-graffiti-T2516.html |title=Dr. Rat, Godfather van de Nederlandse graffiti |publisher=Lebowski |access-date=2014-04-05 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927104232/https://lebowskipublishers.nl/boek/Dr-Rat-Godfather-van-de-Nederlandse-graffiti-T2516.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Yaki Kornblit brought New York graffiti artists like Blade, [[DONDI|Dondi]], [[Futura (graffiti artist)|Futura 2000]] and [[Rammellzee]] to Amsterdam to exhibit in his gallery in the early 80s. This inspired the youth, from which a new generation style writers emerged that was later recorded in the documentary [[Kroonjuwelen]] (2006). Names as Delta, Shoe, Jaz, Cat22, [[Sven Westendorp|High]], Again and Rhyme left their mark on the city. In the early 1990s, Amsterdam became the epicenter of the graffiti movement, with a focus on its Metro system, bringing writers such as Mickey, Zedz and Yalt to the capital of the Netherlands.<ref>Malt, Frank (2014). 100 European graffiti artists. Atglen, Pennsylvania, Schiffer Publisching Ltd.</ref> Figurative street art became more and more common in the streets around the turn of the century. Morcky, Wayne Horse, The London Police en [[Laser 3.14]] communicated through their work on the street.
The city of [[Bergen]] is looked upon as the street art capital of [[Norway]].<ref name="Ba.no">{{cite web|url=http://www.ba.no/puls/article5037839.ece|author=Ødegård, Ann Kristin|date=24 March 2010|title=Gatekunstens hovedstad|access-date=24 March 2010|publisher=Ba.no|language=no|archive-date=14 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014133708/http://www.ba.no/puls/article5037839.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> British street artist Banksy visited the city in 2000 and inspired many to take their art to the streets.<ref name="Dagbladet.no">{{cite web|url=http://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/2008/03/10/529267.html|author=Thorkildsen, Joakim|title=Fikk Banksy-bilder som takk for overnatting|date=10 March 2008|publisher=Dagbladet.no|language=no|access-date=16 September 2012|archive-date=13 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313025045/http://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/2008/03/10/529267.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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[[Mariupol]] in [[Ukraine]] saw building murals playing a symbolic role in the 2014 and [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|2022 Russian invasions of Ukraine]]. In 2018, the Ukrainian artist [[Sasha Korban]] painted the mural ''Milana'' on a facade of a Mariupol building, showing 3-year-old Milana Abdurashytova, a survivor of a 2015 pro-Russian missile attack, as a symbol of resilience.<ref name="AkhmetovFound_mural_project">{{cite Q|Q120793915|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Guardian_photographer_says">{{cite Q|Q120786372|url-status=live}}</ref> The mural was destroyed in late 2022 while Mariupol was still occupied by Russian forces.<ref name="WeAreUkraine_RU_invaders_destroyed">{{cite Q|Q120794455|url-status=live}}</ref> Also in 2022, the Italian artist [[Jorit]] painted a mural of a young Australian girl, found in an online search for the word "pigtails", on another building facade in Mariupol, initially stating that the subject was a girl from [[Donbas]] who had lived in Mariupol. His inclusion in the mural of a bomb labelled "NATO" in a town that was severely bombed by Russian forces and the relation with Korban's destroyed mural were criticised by media including ''[[Il Giornale]]'' and the investigative journalism website ''[[Valigia Blu]]''.<ref name="ValigiaBlu_Jorit_mural">{{cite Q|Q120788862|url-status=live|trans-title=Jorit's disgraceful mural in Mariupol}}</ref><ref name="Guardian_photographer_says" /><ref name="IlGiornale_Jorit_graffiti_artist">{{cite Q|Q120791946|url-status=live|trans-title=Jorit, the graffiti artist funded by Campania who paints murals for Russian occupants}}</ref>
[[Moscow]] became a hub for [[Graffiti in Russia|Russian graffiti artists]] as well as international visitors in the 2000s. The Street Kit Gallery, opened in 2008, is dedicated to street art and organizes events in galleries, pop-up spaces and on the streets of the city. The 2009 Moscow International Biennale for Young Art included a section for street art. Active artists include Make, RUS, and [[Kyiv]]-based Interesni Kazki (also active in Miami and Los Angeles).<ref>{{Cite
The dissolution of the Soviet Union left [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] with tantalizing urban space for the development of street art. Although it is a relatively new trend in Georgia, the popularity of street art is growing rapidly. The majority of Georgian street artists are concentrated in [[Tbilisi]]. Street art serves as a strong tool among young artists to protest against the many controversial issues in the social and political life in Georgia and thus gets considerable attention in society. Influential artists include [[Gagosh (street artist)|Gagosh]], TamOonz, and Dr.Love.<ref name="youtube.com"/><ref>Caucasus Business Week www.cbw.ge "Amazing Street-Art of Georgia", 9 March 2015 [http://cbw.ge/georgia/amazing-street-art-in-georgia/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123030940/http://cbw.ge/georgia/amazing-street-art-in-georgia/|date=23 November 2015}} Retrieved on 9 November 2015</ref><ref>Georgia Today. Nina Ioseliani. www.georgiatoday.ge "Street art in Georgia", 20 August 2015 [http://georgiatoday.ge/news/1066/Street-Art-in-Georgia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151213115526/http://georgiatoday.ge/news/1066/Street-Art-in-Georgia|date=13 December 2015}} Retrieved on 27 August 2015</ref>
[[Sarajevo]] became a major hub for street art in Southeastern Europe in the 2010s. It hosts the [[Sarajevo Street Art Festival]] and the acclaimed 3D street art festival, [[Beton Fest]]. The former is held in July of every year and lasts for three days. Each year's edition is made up of numerous street performances, the creation of a new street arts bohemian quarter in the city, concerts, the painting of large murals and the showcasing of other creative art forms. The latter is the only 3D street art festival in Southeastern Europe<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ba.n1info.com/a57856/Lifestyle/Poceo-Beton-Fest-u-Sarajevu.html|title=Beton Fest čini Sarajevo 3D prijestlonicom svijeta|publisher=N1 Television|access-date=18 April 2018|archive-date=14 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614094752/http://ba.n1info.com/a57856/Lifestyle/Poceo-Beton-Fest-u-Sarajevu.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and has hosted many renowned street artists such as Vera Bugatti,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.verabugatti.it/3d-street-art-on-peace-in-sarajevo/|title=3D street art on Peace in Sarajevo|publisher=verabugatti.it|access-date=18 April 2018|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022232131/http://www.verabugatti.it/3d-street-art-on-peace-in-sarajevo/|url-status=live}}</ref> Giovanna la Pietra,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.klix.ba/magazin/cijelo-sarajevo-je-pozvano-na-beton-fest/120612023|title=Cijelo Sarajevo pozvano na Beton Fest|publisher=klix.ba|access-date=18 April 2018|archive-date=14 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614072131/https://www.klix.ba/magazin/cijelo-sarajevo-je-pozvano-na-beton-fest/120612023|url-status=live}}</ref> Tony Cuboliquido,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cuboliquido.com/|title=3D street painting festival in Sarajevo|publisher=cuboliquido.com|access-date=18 April 2018|archive-date=10 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910154236/http://www.cuboliquido.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> Manuel Bastante<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.radiosarajevo.ba/metromahala/kultura/sarajevo-jos-samo-pet-dana-do-cetvrtog-beton-festa/198387|title=Sarajevo: Još samo pet dana do četvrtog Beton Festa|date=21 August 2015 |publisher=Radio Sarajevo|access-date=18 April 2018|archive-date=17 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617165436/https://www.radiosarajevo.ba/metromahala/kultura/sarajevo-jos-samo-pet-dana-do-cetvrtog-beton-festa/198387|url-status=live}}</ref> and others.
<gallery widths="160" heights="160">
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====India====
In [[India]], street art is hugely popular. Many of the film and TV series promotional materials were created by street painters/artists. Currently, digital art is replacing hand painted posters. From 1960 to the 1990s, the street posters worked well and impressed audiences. In the 1990s the hand painted posters started to be replaced by flex banners outside theatres. After the 2000s, the popularity of street posters started to decline, being replaced by digitally printed posters. Street art [[painting]] and street art drawing [[Sketch (drawing)|sketch]] has since declined in [[India]] due to the replacement by digital posters.
====Malaysia====
[[
In [[George Town, Penang|George Town]], Penang, Lithuanian artist [[Ernest Zacharevic]] created a series of wall murals depicting local culture, inhabitants and lifestyles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayonline.com/lifestyle/travel/good-bad-and-ugly-street-artist-ernest-zacharevics-murals|title=The good, bad and ugly of street artist Ernest Zacharevic's murals|date=24 April 2015|work=[[Today (Singapore newspaper)|Today]]|first1=Serene|last1=Lim|access-date=26 April 2015|archive-date=27 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427040718/http://www.todayonline.com/lifestyle/travel/good-bad-and-ugly-street-artist-ernest-zacharevics-murals|url-status=live}}</ref> They now stand as celebrated cultural landmarks of George Town, with ''Children on a Bicycle'' becoming one of the most photographed spots in the city.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2013/11/03/the-guardian-picks-little-children-george-town-street-art-featured-on-dailys-website/|title=The Guardian picks Little Children|last=Winnie Yeoh|date=3 November 2013|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|access-date=1 May 2022|archive-date=1 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501110509/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2013/11/03/the-guardian-picks-little-children-george-town-street-art-featured-on-dailys-website/|url-status=live}}</ref> Since then, the street art scene has blossomed.
====South Korea====
In [[South Korea]]'s second-largest city, [[Busan]], German painter Hendrik Beikirch created a mural over {{convert|70|m|ft|abbr=out}} high, considered Asia's tallest at the time of its creation in August 2012. The monochromatic mural portrays a fisherman.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dezeen.com/2012/09/07/asias-tallest-mural-by-hendrik-beikirch/ |title=Asia's Tallest Mural in South Korea by Hendrik Beikirch<!-- Bot generated title --> |date=7 September 2012 |access-date=8 July 2013 |archive-date=13 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813034444/https://www.dezeen.com/2012/09/07/asias-tallest-mural-by-hendrik-beikirch/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It was organized by [[Public Delivery]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://publicdelivery.org/asias-tallest-mural-hendrik-beikirch/|title=Asia's tallest mural – By Hendrik Beikirch|access-date=29 July 2015|date=2012-09-05|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227152359/https://publicdelivery.org/asias-tallest-mural-hendrik-beikirch/|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Thailand ===
A great deal of street art by well-known artists can be found in the [[Bang Rak district|Bang Rak]] district of Bangkok, on Soi Charoen Krung
=== Middle East ===
=== Israel ===
A variety of street art by international artists alongside local artists like [[Dede (artist)]], [[Broken Fingaz Crew]] and [[Know Hope]] are in south [[Tel-Aviv]], in neighbourhoods like [[Florentin, Tel Aviv]], [[Neve Tzedek]]. {{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}
====United Arab Emirates====
In [[United Arab Emirates]]' largest city, [[Dubai]], several famous painters created urban mural artwork on the buildings, which was initiated by StreetArtNews and named it Dubai Street Museum.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Winks |first1=Mathias |title=
===Oceania===
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[[File:Hosier Lane Melbourne Australia 3.jpg|thumb|[[Hosier Lane]] Street Art, [[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (state)|Victoria]], Australia]]
[[Melbourne]] is home to one of the world's most active and diverse street art cultures and is home to pioneers in the stencil medium. Street artists such as [[Blek le Rat]] and [[Banksy]] often exhibited works on Melbourne's streets in the 2000s
[[Sydney]]'s street art scene includes [[Newtown area graffiti and street art]]. [[Brisbane City Council]] supports graffiti on traffic signal boxes and other public spaces, although they prosecuted [[Anthony Lister]] in 2016 despite deputy mayor [[David Hinchliffe]] having encouraged him in 1999 to paint signal traffic boxes.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/life/weekend-australian-magazine/anthony-lister-street-art-the-law-and-his-personal-mission/news-story/6ebf96560af73d3f273fabcd44626eb3|access-date=16 July 2024|title=Anthony Lister: street art, the law and his personal mission|author=[[Andrew McMillen]]|newspaper=[[The Australian]]|date=9 April 2016}}</ref> The Brisbane Street Art Festival has been running annually since 2016.<ref>[https://bsafest.com.au/ "Brisbane Street Art Festival"], bsafest.com.au</ref> Many local governments throughout Australia run traffic signal box painting programs.
====New Zealand====
[[File:Street Mural, Southern Cross Hotel, Dunedin.jpg|thumb|Mural on the wall of [[Dunedin]]'s Southern Cross Hotel]]
[[Dunedin]] pioneered "official" street art in New Zealand with over sixty bus shelters being given unique murals by painter John Noakes during the 1980s, many of them featuring local scenes or scenes inspired by the names of their locales.<ref>
[[Christchurch]] was devastated by [[2011 Christchurch earthquake|2 earthquakes in 2010 and 2011]] and as a result, 8000 homes and 80 percent of the central city were condemned. It wasn't until two and half years later that the city was able to host its first major cultural event{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}
The event attracted over 248,000 visitors (the most-visited show in the museum's history) and saw 15 murals painted across the devastated central city. The murals became community icons for the re-emergence and rebuild of Christchurch.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}
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Two further Oi YOU! Festivals, both under the name of ''Spectrum'', featured large internal exhibitions as well as adding to the city's stock of murals.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.streetart.co.nz/spectrum-2015/ | title=Spectrum Street Art Christchurch 2015 | access-date=19 June 2017 | archive-date=30 September 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930035753/https://www.streetart.co.nz/spectrum-2015/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Since ''Rise'', over 40 murals have been produced in the central city and the [[Lonely Planet]] guide to global street art featured Christchurch as one of the best cities in the world to experience the art form.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}
In [[Auckland]] in 2009, Auckland's city council permitted electrical boxes to be used as canvases for street art. Local street art group ''TMD'' (The Most Dedicated) won the "Write For Gold" international competition in Germany two years in a row. Surplus Bargains is another local collective.<ref>Allen, Linlee. (9 November 2009) [https://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/11/09/street-smart-aucklands-art-bandits/
===Africa===
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Although street art in [[South Africa]] is not as ubiquitous as in European cities, [[Johannesburg]]'s central [[Newtown, Johannesburg|Newtown]] district is a center for street art in the city.<ref>[http://www.joburg.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8189:report-graffiti-hotspots&catid=88:news-update&Itemid=266 "Report graffiti hotspots", City of Johannesburg site, 28 June 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711020532/http://www.joburg.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8189:report-graffiti-hotspots&catid=88:news-update&Itemid=266 |date=11 July 2012 }}</ref> The "City Of Gold International Urban Art Festival" was held in the city's [[Braamfontein]] civic and student district in April 2012.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/201204170700.html "South Africa: Hotel, Graffiti Crew Partner to Host Art Festival", AllAfrica.com, 16 April 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331084636/http://allafrica.com/stories/201204170700.html |date=31 March 2013 }}. Allafrica.com (16 April 2012). Retrieved 2 April 2013.</ref>
The ''[[New York Times]]'' reported [[Cairo]]'s emergence as a street art center of the region in 2011. Slogans calling for the overthrow of the [[Hosni Mubarak|Mubarak]] regime has evolved into æsthetic and politically provocative motifs.<ref>Wood, Josh (27 July 2011) [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/28/world/middleeast/28iht-M28-EGYPT-TAGS.html?pagewanted=all "The Maturing of Street Art in Cairo"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411155010/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/28/world/middleeast/28iht-M28-EGYPT-TAGS.html?pagewanted=all |date=11 April 2022 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]''.</ref><ref>[http://creativevisualart.com/2013/07/04/the-best-of-egyptian-political-street-art/ "The Best Of Egyptian Political Street Art"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710162235/http://creativevisualart.com/2013/07/04/the-best-of-egyptian-political-street-art |date=10 July 2013 }}. Retrieved 4 July 2013.</ref>
Street art from [[Egypt]], [[Tunisia]], [[Yemen]], and [[Libya]] has gained notoriety since the [[Arab Spring]], including a 2012 exhibition in [[Madrid]]'s Casa Árabe.<ref>Duggan, Grace. (2 February 2012) [http://intransit.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/02/02/arab-spring-street-art-on-view-in-madrid/ "Arab Spring Street Art, on View in Madrid"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028142012/http://intransit.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/02/02/arab-spring-street-art-on-view-in-madrid/ |date=28 October 2020 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]''.</ref>
==Exhibitions, festivals and conferences==
In 1981, [[Washington Project for the Arts]] held an exhibition entitled ''Street Works'', which included [[urban art]] pioneers such as [[Fab Five Freddy]] and [[Lee Quiñones]] working directly on the streets.<ref name=Lewisohn>Lewisohn, Cedar (2008) ''Street Art: The Graffiti Revolution'', [[Tate Gallery]], London, England, {{ISBN|978-1-85437-767-8}}.</ref>[[File:Amanda Harris 20190817 Minneapolis.jpg|thumb|right|Amanda Harris of Southern California at the [[Minneapolis]] Street Art Festival in 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mplsstreetartfest.com/chalk/amanda-lee-harris/|title=Amanda Lee Harris|access-date=17 August 2019|publisher=Downtown Minneapolis Street Art Festival|archive-date=17 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817152436/http://mplsstreetartfest.com/chalk/amanda-lee-harris/|url-status=live}}</ref>]][[Sarasota Chalk Festival]] was founded in 2007 sponsoring street art by artists initially invited from throughout the US and soon extended to internationally. In 2011 the festival introduced a ''Going Vertical'' mural program and its ''Cellograph'' project to accompany the street drawings that also are created by renowned artists from around the world. Many international films have been produced by and about artists who have participated in the programs, their murals and street drawings, and special events at the festival.<ref>[http://www.yourobserver.com/content/2012-Chalk-Festival-342.html ''Chalk Festival''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102023539/http://www.yourobserver.com/content/2012-Chalk-Festival-342.html |date=2 November 2014 }}, a forty-page guide to the 2012 Sarasota Chalk Festival, Sarasota Observer, 28 October through 6 November 2012</ref>
The [[Streetart Festival Istanbul]] is Turkey's first annual street art and post-graffiti festival.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.goturkeytourism.com/events_festivals/culture_art_festivals.html | title=
[[File:Street art of Pesimo in Istanbul, Türkiye.jpg|alt=Mural by Peruvian artist Pésimo in Istanbul|thumb|267x267px|Mural by Peruvian artist Pésimo in Istanbul]]
[[Living Walls]] is an annual street art conference founded in 2009.<ref>{{cite news|last=Guzner|first=Sonia|title='Living Walls' Speaks Out Through Street Art|url=http://www.emorywheel.com/detail.php?n=29880|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729182957/http://www.emorywheel.com/detail.php?n=29880|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 July 2012|access-date=9 January 2012|newspaper=The Emory Wheel|date=22 August 2011}}</ref> In 2010 it was hosted in [[Atlanta]] and in 2011 jointly in Atlanta and [[Albany, New York
▲The [[Streetart Festival Istanbul]] is Turkey's first annual street art and post-graffiti festival.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.goturkeytourism.com/events_festivals/culture_art_festivals.html | title=404 | Go Turkey Tourism | access-date=1 November 2018 | archive-date=24 January 2013 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130124234433/http://www.goturkeytourism.com/events_festivals/culture_art_festivals.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The Festival was founded by the artist and graphics designer Pertev Emre Tastaban in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |last=carlenehempel |date=2011-07-18 |title=In Istanbul, artists take their ideas to the streets |url=https://northeasternuniversityjournalism2011.wordpress.com/2011/07/18/in-istanbul-artists-take-their-ideas-to-the-streets/ |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=NU Journalism Abroad 2011 |language=en |archive-date=16 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016142542/https://northeasternuniversityjournalism2011.wordpress.com/2011/07/18/in-istanbul-artists-take-their-ideas-to-the-streets/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
▲[[Living Walls]] is an annual street art conference founded in 2009.<ref>{{cite news|last=Guzner|first=Sonia|title='Living Walls' Speaks Out Through Street Art|url=http://www.emorywheel.com/detail.php?n=29880|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729182957/http://www.emorywheel.com/detail.php?n=29880|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 July 2012|access-date=9 January 2012|newspaper=The Emory Wheel|date=22 August 2011}}</ref> In 2010 it was hosted in [[Atlanta]] and in 2011 jointly in Atlanta and [[Albany, New York|Albany]], New York. Living Walls was also active in promoting street art at [[Art Basel|Art Basel Miami Beach]] 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://livingwallsconference.com/index.php?/about/ |title=Living Walls |access-date=29 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710190138/http://livingwallsconference.com/index.php?%2Fabout%2F |archive-date=10 July 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref>
The RVA Street Art Festival is a street art festival in [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]], Virginia, began in 2012. It is organized by Edward Trask and Jon Baliles. In 2012, the festival took place along the Canal Walk; in 2013 it took place at the abandoned GRTC lot on Cary Street.<ref>{{cite news|title=2013 RVA Street Art Festival to revitalize GRTC property|url=http://wtvr.com/2013/03/20/2013-rva-street-art-festival/|access-date=22 May 2013|newspaper=CBS6|date=20 March 2013|archive-date=22 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922021723/https://www.wtvr.com/2013/03/20/2013-rva-street-art-festival/|url-status=live}}</ref>
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The [[Pasadena Chalk Festival]], held annually in [[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]], California, is the largest street-art festival in the world, according to [[Guinness World Records]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-21 |title=World's largest chalk art festival draws a crowd in Pasadena |url=https://www.pasadenastarnews.com/arts-and-entertainment/20150620/worlds-largest-chalk-art-festival-draws-a-crowd-in-pasadena |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=Pasadena Star News |language=en-US |archive-date=22 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822062636/http://www.pasadenastarnews.com/arts-and-entertainment/20150620/worlds-largest-chalk-art-festival-draws-a-crowd-in-pasadena |url-status=live }}</ref> The 2010 edition involved about six hundred artists of all ages and skills and attracted more than 100,000 visitors.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-06-20 |title=Pasadena Chalk Festival called the world's largest street-art festival |url=https://www.dailynews.com/20100620/pasadena-chalk-festival-called-the-worlds-largest-street-art-festival |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=Daily News |language=en-US |archive-date=11 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011025355/http://www.dailynews.com/20100620/pasadena-chalk-festival-called-the-worlds-largest-street-art-festival |url-status=live }}</ref>
The Eureka Street Art Festival is an annual public art event in [[Humboldt County, California|Humboldt County]], California. Artists from throughout California and the world to paint murals and create street art during a week-long festival. The 2018 festival saw 24 artists create 22 pieces of public art in the Old Town area of the city, focusing on Opera Alley.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurekastreetartfestival.com/2018|title=Past Festivals|last=Catsos|first=Jennifer|website=Eureka Street Art Festival|access-date=7 March 2019|archive-date=8 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308081550/https://www.eurekastreetartfestival.com/2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The 2019 festival is centered on the Downtown region.
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==See also==
{{Portal|
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Brandalism]]
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* [[Craftivism]]
* [[Eyesaw]]
* [[
* [[
* [[Graphopoli]]
* [[:Category:Guerilla art and hacking art|Guerilla art and hacking art (category)]]
* [[List of street artists]]
* ''[[Overspray Magazine]]''
* [[Street art in Israel]]
* [[Tower 13]]
* [[USB dead drop]]
* [[
{{div col end}}
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| newspaper = [[New York Press]]
| issn = 0362-4331
| date = 5–11 April 1995
| volume = 8
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| last2 = Posner
| first2 = Richard A.
| title = The Economic Structure of Intellectual Property Law
| access-date = 4 May 2012
| edition = illustrated
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<ref name="Ginsburgh">
{{cite book
| first1 = Victor
| last2 = Throsby
| first2 = C. D.
| title = Handbook of the Economics of Art and Culture
| access-date = 4 May 2012
| edition = illustrated, reprint
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| year = 2005
| publisher = [[Practising Law Institute]]
| location = New York City
| isbn = 978-1-4024-0650-8
| oclc = 62207673
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| first = John
| last = Tierney
| author-link = John Tierney (journalist)
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/06/nyregion/a-wall-in-soho-enter-2-artists-feuding.html
| newspaper = [[The New York Times]]
| date = 6 November 1990
| access-date = 4 May 2012
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<ref name="SoHo">
{{cite book
|last1 = Kostelanetz |first1 = Richard
|author-link= Richard Kostelanetz
|title = SoHo; The Rise and Fall of an Artist's Colony
|url = https://archive.org/details/sohorisefallofar0000kost/page/102
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|year = 2003
|publisher = Routledge
|location = New York
|isbn = 978-0-415-96572-9
|pages = [https://archive.org/details/sohorisefallofar0000kost/page/102 102–104]
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| last = Smith
| newspaper = [[The Village Voice]]
| location = Manhattan, New York
| date = 21 December 1982
| page = 38
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| year = 1999
| publisher = Rizzoli International Publications, Inc.
| location = New York
| isbn = 978-0-8478-2156-3
| page = [https://archive.org/details/sohonewyork00kahn/page/65 65]
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| title = SoHo; A Picture Portrait | year = 1985
| publisher = Universe Books
| location = New York
| isbn =978-0-87663-566-7| pages = TK
}}
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==Further reading==
{{
*Avramidis, Konstantinos, & Tsilimpounidi, Myrto (Eds.), (2017), "Graffiti and Street Art: Reading, Writing and Representing the City", Routledge, {{ISBN|978-1472473332}}
*{{cite news|first=Joshuah|last=Bearman|author-link=Joshuah Bearman|title=Street Cred: Why would Barack Obama invite a graffiti artist with a long rap sheet to launch a guerrilla marketing campaign on his behalf?|url=http://www.artinfo.com/news/story/28602/street-cred/|date=1 October 2008|work=Modern Painters|access-date=1 October 2008|archive-date=24 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024233726/http://www.artinfo.com/news/story/28602/street-cred/|url-status=live|ref=none}}
*Le Bijoutier (2008), ''This Means Nothing'', Powerhouse Books, {{ISBN|978-1-57687-417-2}}
*{{cite book|last1=Bonadio|first1=Enrico|date=2019|title=The Cambridge handbook of copyright in street art and graffiti|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|isbn=9781108563581|oclc=1130060776|ref=none}}
*Bou, Louis (2006), ''NYC BCN: Street Art Revolution'', HarperCollins, {{ISBN|978-0-06-121004-4}}
*Bou, Louis (2005), ''Street Art: Graffiti, stencils, stickers & logos'', Instituto Monsa de ediciones, S.A., {{ISBN|978-84-96429-11-6}}
*{{cite book |first=Lyman|last=Chaffee|title=Political Protest and Street Art: Popular Tools for Democratization in Hispanic Cultures |year=1993 |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]] |location=Westport,
*Combs, Dave and Holly (2008), ''PEEL: The Art of the Sticker'', [[Mark Batty Publisher]], {{ISBN|0-9795546-0-8}}
*[[Magda Danysz Gallery|Danysz, Magda]] (2009) ''From Style Writing to Art, a street art anthology'', Dokument Press, {{ISBN|978-8-888-49352-7}}
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*Palmer, Rod (2008), ''Street Art Chile'', Eight Books, {{ISBN|978-0-9554322-1-7}}
*Rasch, Carsten (2014), ''Street Art: From around the World – stencil graffiti – wheatpasted poster art – sticker art – Volume I, Hamburg, {{ISBN|978-3-73860-931-8}}''
*Riggle, Nicholas Alden (2010), "Street Art: The Transfiguration of the Commonplaces
*Robinson, David (1990) ''Soho Walls – Beyond Graffiti'', Thames & Hudson,
*Ross, Jeffrey Ian (Ed.), (2016), "Routledge Handbook of Graffiti and Street Art", Routledge, {{ISBN|978-1138792937}}
*Schwartzman, Allan (1985), ''Street Art'', The Dial Press, {{ISBN|978-0-385-19950-6}}
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*Walde, Claudia (2011), ''Street Fonts – Graffiti Alphabets From Around The World'', Thames & Hudson, {{ISBN|978-0-500-51559-4}}
*Williams, Sarah Jaye, ed. (2008), ''Philosophy of Obey (Obey Giant): The Formative Years (1989–2008)'', Nerve Books UK.
{{
==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Street art|lcfirst=yes}}
*{{curlie|Arts/Visual_Arts/Public_Art/Street_Art|Street Art}}
*[https://www.danscape.de/blog//8/street-art-of-san-jose Street Art of Costa Rica, CR
{{Street Art|state=expanded}}
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