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{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = ''Arbëreshë''
| native_name = Albanians of Italy {{·}} Italo-Albanians
| image = [[File:Arbëreshë.png|250px|upright=1.5]]
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| region1 = {{flag|Italy}}<br />([[Abruzzo]], [[Apulia]], [[Basilicata]], [[Calabria]], [[Campania]], [[Molise]], [[Sicily]])
| pop1 = 100,000<ref name=population>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4xNntgJm9vkC&pg=PA9 |author = Fiorenzo Toso |title = Lingue d'Europa. La pluralità linguistica dei Paesi europei fra passato e presente |editor = Baldini & Castoldi |location = Roma |year = 2006 |page = 90 |access-date = 6 July 2015|isbn = 9788884908841 }}</ref><ref name="books.google.com">{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wmloAAAAMAAJ |title = ''Arbëreshë: cultura e civiltà di un popolo''|editor=P. Bruni|date=2004| publisher=Istituto poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, Libreria dello Stato |isbn = 9788824020091}}</ref><ref>"Currently there are about fifty Albanian-speaking centres in Italy, with a population estimated to be around 100,000, though there are no precise figures for the actual numbers of Italo-Albanians. The most recent precise figure is given in the census for 1921; the number of Albanian speakers was 80,282, far fewer than the 197 thousand mentioned in the study of A. Frega of 1997."<br /><br />{{cite web |url=http://www.fp6migratoryflows.uniba.it/html/AlbanianCulturalProfile.pdf |title=''Albanian Cultural Profile'' |editor1=Amelia De Lucia |editor2=Giorgio Gruppioni |editor3=Rosalina Grumo |editor4=Gjergj Vinjahu |publisher=Dipartimento di Scienze Statistiche, Università degli Studi di Bari, Italia |access-date=4 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213093124/http://www.fp6migratoryflows.uniba.it/html/AlbanianCulturalProfile.pdf |archive-date=13 December 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>–260,000{{efn|Projected ethnic population.}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/aae/***EDITION***|title=Ethnologue: Albanian, Arbëreshë|access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref>
| langs = {{hlist|[[Albanian language|Albanian]] ([[Arbëresh language|Arbëresh]])
| rels = [[File:P christianity.svg|18px|alt=|link=]] [[Christianity]] <br/><small>[[Italo-Albanian Catholic Church|Eastern Catholicism (Italo-Albanian Church)]]<br/>(minority: [[Latin Church|Latin Catholicism]], [[Arberia Parish|Russian Orthodoxy]]) </small>
| related = {{hlist|[[Albanians]]
}}
{{Albanians}}
The '''Arbëreshë''' ({{IPA-sq|aɾbəˈɾɛʃ|pron}}; {{lang-sq|Arbëreshët e Italisë}}; {{lang-it|Albanesi d'Italia}}), also known as '''Albanians of Italy''' or '''Italo-Albanians''', are an [[Albanians|Albanian]] [[ethnolinguistic group]] minority historically settled in [[Southern Italy|Southern]] and [[Insular Italy]] (in the regions of [[Abruzzo]], [[Apulia]], [[Basilicata]], [[Campania]], [[Molise]], mostly concentrated in the region of [[Calabria]] and [[Sicily]]).<ref name="MinniCiampolini1990">{{cite book|last1=Minni|first1=C. Dino|last2=Ciampolini|first2=Anna Foschi|title=Writers in transition: the proceedings of the First National Conference of Italian-Canadian Writers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GJNBdOHw_dcC&pg=PA63|access-date=30 September 2010|year=1990|publisher=Guernica Editions|isbn=978-0-920717-26-4|pages=63–4}}</ref>
They are the descendants of Albanian refugees settled in the [[Kingdom of Naples]] and [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]] who fled from [[Principality of Albania (medieval)|Albania]], [[Epirus]], and later some from the numerous [[Arvanites|Albanian communities]] of [[Attica]] and [[Morea]], between the 14th and the 18th centuries following the death of the national hero [[Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg]] and the gradual conquest of the [[Balkans]] by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Turks. Their culture is determined by the main features that are found in [[Arbëresh language|language]], [[Byzantine Rite|religious rite]], traditional costume, art and gastronomy, still zealously preserved, with the awareness of belonging to a specific ethnic group.
Over the centuries, the Arbëreshë have managed to maintain and develop their identities, thanks to their cultural value exercised mainly by the religious communities of the [[Byzantine Rite]].<ref>The Greek College in Rome (1583), established for the training of the Greek-Catholic clergy of the Albanians of Italy; the Basilian A. Reres Monastery of Mezzojuso (1609), important for the Catholic missions in Albania; the Oratory of S. Filippo Neri (''Rritiri'') of Piana degli Albanesi (1716), for celibate priests; the College of Maria of Piana degli Albanesi (1731), for young Italo-Albanian girls; and in particular by the two national seminars, also attracting many Albanians from the Balkans for the, based in Calabria, the Corsini College in 1732, then [[Sant'Adriano Italo-Albanian College]] of San Benedetto Ullano in 1794, and the [[Italo-Albanian Seminary of Palermo]] in 1735, which was then transferred to Piana degli Albanesi in 1950.</ref>
Nowadays, most of the fifty Arbëreshë communities are adherents to the [[Italo-Albanian Catholic Church|Italo-Albanian Church]], an [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Eastern Catholic Church]]. They belong to two eparchies, the [[Eparchy of Lungro|Lungro]], for the Arbëreshë of Continental [[Italy]], the [[Eparchy of Piana degli Albanesi|Piana degli Albanesi]], for the Arbëreshë of [[Sicily]], and the [[Territorial Abbey of St. Mary of Grottaferrata|Monastery of Grottaferrata]] of [[Lazio]], whose [[Basilian monks]] come largely from the Albanian settlements of Italy. The church is the most important organization for maintaining the characteristic religious, ethnic, linguistic and traditional identity of the Arbëreshë community
The Arbëreshë speak ''[[Arbëresh language|Arbërisht]]'',
The Arbëreshë are scattered also in other parts of Italy. They are in great numbers in North and South America, especially in the
In the light of historical events, the secular continuity of the Albanian presence in Italy is exceptional. In 2017, an official application for inclusion of the Arbëresh people has been submitted to the [[UNESCO]] as a living human and social
== Distribution ==
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* [[Abruzzo]]
** [[Province of Pescara]]
*** [[:it:Villa Badessa|Villa Badessa]] ([[frazione]] of [[Rosciano]]): ''Badhesa''
* [[Molise]]
** [[Province of Campobasso]]
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=== Early migrations ===
[[File:Barletius Historia de vita Scanderbegi (1743).jpg|thumb|165px|[[Skanderbeg]] led 2,500 Albanian soldiers into the [[Kingdom of Naples]] in
The invasion of the Balkans by the Ottoman Turks in the 15th century forced many Arbëreshë to emigrate from Albania and [[Epirus]]
In
<ref>The Italo-Albanian villages of southern Italy Issue 25 of Foreign field research program, report, National Research Council (U.S.). Division of Earth Sciences Volume 1149 of Publication (National Research Council (U.S.))) Foreign field research program, sponsored by Office of Naval research, report
After the death of Skanderbeg in 1468, the organized Albanian resistance against the Ottomans came to an end. Like much of the [[Balkans]], [[Albania]] became subject to the invading Turks. Many of its people under the rule of [[Luca Baffa]] and [[Marco Becci]] fled to the neighboring countries and settled in a few villages in Calabria. From the time of Skanderbeg's death until 1480 there were constant migrations of Albanians to the Italian coast. Throughout the 16th century, these migrations continued and other Albanian villages were formed on Italian soil.<ref>The Italo-Albanian villages of southern Italy Issue 25 of Foreign field research program, report, National Research Council (U.S.). Division of Earth Sciences Volume 1149 of Publication (National Research Council (U.S.))) Foreign field research program, sponsored by Office of Naval research, report
According to some [[Albanology|albanologists]], this historiographic tradition was created ''
Another wave of emigration, between 1500 and 1534, relates to Arbëreshë from central Greece. Employed as mercenaries by [[Venice]], they had to evacuate the colonies of the [[Peloponnese]] with the assistance of the troops of [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]], as the Turks had invaded that region. Charles V established these troops in southern Italy to reinforce defenses against the threat of Turkish invasion. Established in isolated villages (which enabled them to maintain their culture until the 20th century), Arbëreshë were, traditionally, soldiers for the Kingdom of Naples and the Republic of Venice, from the Wars of Religion to the Napoleonic invasion.
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[[File:Greci (Italy) road sign.jpeg|200px|right|thumb|A multingual billboard near [[Greci, Campania]]]]
[[File:
The Arbëresh language retains many archaisms of medieval Albanian from pre-[[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Albania in the 15th century. It also retains some [[Greek language]] elements, including vocabulary and pronunciation. It has also preserved some conservative features that were lost in mainstream Albanian [[Tosk]]. For example, it has preserved certain syllable-initial consonant clusters which have been simplified in Standard Albanian (cf. Arbërisht ''gluhë'' {{IPA|/ˈɡluxə/}} ('language/tongue'), vs. Standard Albanian ''gjuhë'' {{IPA|/ˈɟuhə/}}). It sounds more archaic than Standard Albanian, but is close enough that it is written using the same [[Albanian language|Albanian]] alphabet as Standard Albanian. A [[Shqiptar]] (Albanian) listening to or reading Arbërisht is similar to a modern English speaker listening to or reading [[Shakespearean]] [[English language|English]]. The Arbëresh language is of particular interest to students of the modern Albanian language as it represents the sounds, grammar, and vocabulary of pre-Ottoman Albania.
Arbërisht was commonly called {{lang|it|Albanese}} ("Albanian" in Italian) in Italy until the 1990s. Until recently, Arbërisht speakers had only very imprecise notions about how related or unrelated their language was to Albanian. Until the 1980s Arbërisht was exclusively a spoken language, except for its written form used in the [[Italo-Albanian Catholic Church|Italo-Albanian Church]], and Arbëreshë people had no practical affiliation with the Standard Albanian language used in Albania, as they did not use this form in writing or in media. When a large number of immigrants from Albania began to enter Italy in the 1990s, they came into contact with local Arbëreshë communities.
Since the 1980s, some efforts have been organized to preserve the cultural and linguistic heritage of the language. Arbërisht has been under a slow decline in recent decades, but is currently experiencing a revival in many villages in Italy. Figures such as [[Giuseppe Schirò Di Maggio]] have done much work on school books and other language learning tools in the language, producing two books ''Udha e Mbarë'' and ''Udhëtimi'', both used in schools in the village of [[Piana degli Albanesi]].
Linguists focusing on the language include (Albanian) Eda Derhemi,<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/IJSL.2006.014/html|doi = 10.1515/IJSL.2006.014|title = Features of dysfunctional attrition in the Arbresh of Piana degli Albanesi|year = 2006|last1 = Derhemi|first1 = Eda|journal = International Journal of the Sociology of Language|
There is no official political, administrative or cultural structure which represents the Arbëresh community. Arbërësh is not one of the group of minority languages that enjoy the special protection of the State under Article 6 of the Italian Constitution. At the regional level, however, Arbërisht is accorded some degree of official recognition in the autonomy statutes of Calabria, Basilicata and Molise.
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* Finally, the autonomy statute of the [[Molise]] region stipulates that the region "shall be the guardian of the linguistic and historical heritage and of the popular traditions of the ethnic communities existing in its territory and, by agreement with the interested municipalities, shall promote renewed appreciation of them".
In certain communes the local authorities support cultural and linguistic activities promoted by the Arbëresh communities and have agreed to the erection of bilingual road signs.<ref>Euromosaic. [http://www.uoc.es/euromosaic/web/document/albanes/an/i1/i1.html Albanian in Italy].</ref> There are associations that try to protect the culture, particularly in the
=== Literature ===
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== Religion ==
=== The Italo-Albanian Church ===
The [[Italo-Albanian Catholic Church]], [[particular church]] ''sui iuris'', includes three ecclesiastical jurisdictions: the [[Eparchy of Lungro degli Italo-Albanesi]] for the Albanians of [[Southern Italy]] based in [[Lungro]] ([[Province of Cosenza|CS]]); the [[Eparchy of Piana degli Albanesi]] for Albanians of [[Insular Italy]] based in [[Piana degli Albanesi]] ([[Province of Palermo|PA]]); the [[Territorial Abbacy of Santa Maria of Grottaferrata]], with [[Basilian monks]] (O.S.B.I.) come from the Italo-Albanian communities, located in the only abbey and abbey church in Grottaferrata ([[Province of Rome|RM]]).{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}
The Italo-Albanian Catholic Church being a Byzantine enclave in the Latin West, is secularly inclined to [[ecumenism]] between the [[Catholic Church]] and the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]].{{
There are institutions and religious congregations of the [[Byzantine rite]] in the territory of the Italo-Albanian Church: the Basilian Order of Grottaferrata, the Collegine Sisters of Sacra Famiglia, Piccole operaie dei Sacri Cuori and the congregation of the Basilian Sisters Daughters of Saint Macrina.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}
{{center|
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| width = 190
| height = 150
| File:La_Cattedrale_di_Lungro_costruita_nel_1721.jpeg|The Cathedral of Lungro of the Italo-Albanians of [[Southern Italy]]
| File:Klisha_e_Shën_Mitrit_Dëshmor.jpg|The [[Piana degli Albanesi Cathedral|Cathedral of Piana degli Albanesi]] of the Italo-Albanians of [[Sicily]], Italy
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[[File:Loshkat o Petullat.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.5|''Petullat'', typical Italo-Albanian sweets, of fried and sweetened yeast dough]]
[[File:Cugliaccio degli sposi.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|The wedding cake ''Kulaçi'' from [[San Costantino Albanese]], (Potenza, Basilicata)]]
[[File:Bukë.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|The famous bread ('' buka '') typical of [[Piana degli Albanesi]] ([[Palermo]], [[Sicily]])]]
The [[Arbëreshë cuisine]] is composed of the cuisines of [[Albanian cuisine|Albania]] and [[Italian cuisine|Italy]]. The style of cooking and the food associated with it have evolved over many centuries from their Albanian origins to a mixed cuisine of [[Sicilian cuisine|Sicilian]], Calabrian, and [[Basilicata|Lucanian]] influences.
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==Physical appearance==
A study from 1918 included 59 Arbëreshë men from [[Cosenza]], [[Calabria]], the result showed that [[Blond|fair hair]] was present in 27% of them. The same study also showed that the frequencies of [[
== Genetics ==
{{See also|Genetic history of Europe}}
According to Sarno et al. 2015 there are many Y-DNA haplogroups present among Arbëreshë. Those haplogroups are also shared with their Italian and Balkan neighbours.<ref name="Ancient and recent admixture layers">{{cite journal |last1=Sarno |first1=Stefania |title=Ancient and recent admixture layers in Sicily and Southern Italy trace multiple migration routes along the Mediterranean |journal=Scientific Reports |date=16 May 2017 |volume=7 |issue=1 |page=1984 |doi=10.1038/s41598-017-01802-4 |pmid=28512355 |pmc=5434004 |bibcode=2017NatSR...7.1984S |s2cid=669567 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Arbereshe appear as slightly differentiated from native Southern Italians, and instead overlap with the other [[Balkans|Southern Balkan]] populations of [[Albania]] and [[Kosovo]].<ref
==Notable Arbëreshë people==
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==Notelist==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
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