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{{Short description|City in Fars province, Iran}}
{{for|the administrative subdivision|Neyriz County}}
 
{{for|the administrative subdivisiondivision of Fars province|Neyriz County}}
 
{{more citations needed|date=June 2012}}
 
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
 
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Neyriz
| native_name = {{lang-fa|نی‌ریز}}
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = دره پلنگان3-طبیعت نی‌ریز-عکاس روح‌اله یگانه.jpg
| imagesize =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = Iran
| mapsize = 150px
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|[[Iran}}]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Iran|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Fars Provinceprovince|Fars]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Counties of Iran|County]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Neyriz County|Neyriz]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Bakhsh|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Central District (Neyriz County)|Central]]
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| established_title =
| established_date =
| area_total_km2 = 10680
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2016 Census
|population_footnotes = <ref name="2016 census"/>
| population_total = 113,291 <ref>https://www.amar.org.ir/english</ref>
| population_density_km2 population_total = 15/8049850
| timezone population_density_km2 =
| timezone = [[Iran Standard Time|IRST]]
| utc_offset = +3:30
| coordinates = {{coord|29|11|5634|N|54|19|4011|E|regiondim:IR2km|display=inline,title}}
| timezone_DST = [[Iran Daylight Time|IRDT]]
|coordinates_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite map |author=((OpenStreetMap contributors)) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=29.192778&mlon=54.319722&zoom=14#map=14/29.1928/54.3197 |website=[[OpenStreetMap]] |title=Neyriz, Neyriz County |date=27 September 2023 |access-date=27 September 2023 |lang=fa}}</ref>
| utc_offset_DST elevation_m = +4:30
| coordinates = {{coord|29|11|56|N|54|19|40|E|region:IR|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_m website = {{URL|www.neyriz.ir}}
| website area_code = 071
| area_code footnotes =
| footnotes name =
| name =
}}
'''Neyriz''' ({{lang-fa|نی‌ریز}}, also [[Romanize]]d as '''Neyrīz''' and '''Nīrīz''')<ref>{{GEOnet3|-3076911}}</ref><ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Nīrīz |volume=19 |page=709}}</ref> is the capital city of [[Neyriz County]], [[Fars Province]], [[Iran]]. At the 2016 census, its population was 113,291, in 31,819 families.<ref>{{IranCensus2006|07}}</ref>
 
'''Neyriz''' ({{lang-fa|نی‌ریز}}){{efn|Also [[Romanize]]d as '''Neyrīz''' and '''Nīrīz'''<ref>{{GEOnet3|-3076911}}</ref><ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Nīrīz |volume=19 |page=709}}</ref>}} is a city in the [[Central District (Neyriz County)|Central District]] of [[Neyriz County]], [[Fars province|Fars]] province, [[Iran]], serving as capital of both the county and the district.<ref name="Fars Province Divisions">{{cite web |title = Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Fars province, centered in Shiraz |language = fa |website = Lamtakam |url = https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/113032 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231207211349/https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/113032 |publisher = Ministry of Interior, Council of Ministers |last = Habibi |first = Hassan |date = 21 June 1369 |archive-date = 7 December 2023 |access-date = 7 December 2023}}</ref>
The name is also used for the district in which it is situated and for the [[Bakhtegan Lake]]. The town was located on its shores, but because of the shrinkage of the [[salt lake (geography)|salt lake]] it is now to its southeast. In the nineteenth century some of the Neyriz inhabitants were [[Bábís]], and were persecuted by the government.
 
The name is also used for the district in which it is situated and for the [[Bakhtegan Lake]]. The town was located on its shores, but because of the shrinkage of the [[salt lake (geography)|salt lake]] it is now to its southeast. In the nineteenth century some of the Neyriz inhabitants were [[Bábís]], and were persecuted by the government.
 
In 2010, construction of the [[Neyriz Ghadir Steel Complex]] began in Neyriz. The DRI plant came online in 2018 as part of Iran's seven major steel production development program.<ref>{{Cite web |last=https://plus.google.com/113403756129291503583 |date=2018-01-27 |title=New DRI Plant Comes on Stream in Fars Province |url=https://financialtribune.com/articles/economy-business-and-markets/80887/new-dri-plant-comes-on-stream-in-fars-province |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=Financial Tribune |language=En}}</ref>
 
==History==
Neyriz is mentioned in the [[Persepolis Administrative Archives]] of the [[Achaemenid Empire]] under the [[Elamite language|Elamite]] name ''Narezzash'', which reflects its [[Old Persian language|Old Persian]] name ''Narēcha''.<ref>Tavernier (2007), p.388</ref> The city was known for its armorers, which has been connected to the historical evidence of [[iron]] mining in the region. The Persian King Cambyses II has also been said to have been buried here. However, no direct archaeological evidence of the Achaemenid city has been found.<ref>Sumner (1986), p.19</ref>
 
The 10th-century writer [[al-Muqaddasi]] described the great mosque of Neyriz as laying on the same street as the town's marketplace. The mosque was dedicated in the year 951. During this period, Neyriz was protected by a formidable castle, and it belonged to the district of [[Darab|Darabjird]]jird. The main route connecting Fars with [[Kerman Province|Kerman]] at the time bypassed Neyriz, instead travelling through the nearby city of [[Khir|Khayrah]] on the way to [[Chahak, Yazd|Chahak]]. An alternate route, however, branched off at Khayrah and passed through Neyriz, eventually rejoining the main highway at the town of [[Bimand]], west of [[Sirjan]].<ref name="Le Strange">{{Cite book |last=Le Strange |first=Guy |title=The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate: Mesopotamia, Persia, and Central Asia, from the Moslem Conquest to the Time of Timur |pages=[https://archive.org/details/b2935321x/page/278 278], 289-290, 302, 320 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1905 |oclc=458169031 |url=https://archive.org/details/b2935321x}}</ref> Among the notable inhabitants of the city were the 10th-century astronomer-mathematician [[Al-Nayrizi|Abu'l-Abbās Fazl b. Ḥātem Neyrizi]] and the 13th-century master [[calligraphy|calligrapher]] [[Mirza Ahmad Neyrizi]].<ref name="Babism">{{cite web |last1=Ahdieh |first1=Hussein |title=BABISM iii. Babism in Neyriz |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/babism-03 |website=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accessdateaccess-date=16 April 2020 |date=September 2015}}</ref>
 
On 27 May 1850, [[Sayyed Yahya Darabi]] arrived in Neyriz to great fanfare, entered the Great Mosque, and proclaimed the coming of [[The Báb|the Bāb]] as the chosen one of Islam.<ref name="Babism"/> Darabi, who had been a Muslim cleric prior to converting to [[Bábism|Bābism]], was also known as [[Wahid]], meaning "unique", a name the Bāb had bestowed upon him.<ref name="Darabi"/> Fearing that Darabi would lead a Bābi uprising against him,<ref name="Babism"/>, governor of Neyriz, [[Haji Zayn al-Abedin Khan]], recruited a local militia of 1,000 men to crack down on him and his followers. A standoff followed, with the governor's militia occupying the bazaar quarter and the Bābis holding the Chenār-sūkhta quarter around the mosque. The Bābis defeated the governor's forces in several skirmishes, and he retreated to the nearby village of [[Qotra]]. Zayn al-Abedin Khan sent for reinfocementsreinforcements from [[Shiraz]], receiving three [[infantry]] regiments along with [[cavalry]] and [[artillery]]. These forces were also defeated in a pitched battle that lasted eight hours. After this, Zayn al-Abedin Khan offered Darabi and his followers safe passage home, but when they came out from their fort, they were captured and killed.<ref name="Darabi">{{cite web |last1=Momen |first1=Moojan |title=DĀRĀBĪ SAYYED YAḤYĀ |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/darabi-sayyed-yahya |website=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accessdateaccess-date=16 April 2020 |date=December 1994}}</ref>
 
Two years later, in 1852, [[Ali Sardar]] had emerged as the new leader of the Bābis in Neyriz. Fearing a new wave of persecution, a group of Bābis assassinated the governor at the public bath, despite such an action being forbidden by Bābi teachings. When a new governor arrived, the Bābis of Neyriz failed to win his trust, and they fled into the mountains to the south for protection, carrying provisions for several months. The governor recruited as many as 12,000 troops and [[siege|besieged]] the Bābis' positions. Ali Sardar was killed in a failed [[sortie]] by late October of 1853. Eventually, the dropping temperatures and waning food supplies forced the Bābis to surrender. 450 to 500 adult prisoners, including around 300 women, as well as an unknown number of children, were taken prisoner and deported to Shiraz.<ref name="Babism"/>
 
==Climate==
{{Weather box
| width = 70%
| collapsed =
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| location = Neyriz (2000-2005)
| temperature colour =
| Jan mean C =7.3
| Feb mean C =9.9
| Mar mean C =14.0
| Apr mean C =19.1
| May mean C =23.9
| Jun mean C =28.3
| Jul mean C =30.6
| Aug mean C =29.7
| Sep mean C =26.1
| Oct mean C =20.7
| Nov mean C =13.8
| Dec mean C =9.7
| year mean C =
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm =66.9
| Feb precipitation mm =23.6
| Mar precipitation mm =25.4
| Apr precipitation mm =11.1
| May precipitation mm =0.5
| Jun precipitation mm =0.6
| Jul precipitation mm =3.4
| Aug precipitation mm =2.1
| Sep precipitation mm =0.0
| Oct precipitation mm =0.7
| Nov precipitation mm =9.2
| Dec precipitation mm =61.4
| year precipitation mm =
 
| source = IRIMO<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/far/NEIRIZE/25.asp |title=MONTHLY TOTAL OF PRECIPITATION IN MM. Station: Neiriz-e Fars (40869) |access-date=25 August 2024 |website=Chaharmahalmet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225233439/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/far/NEIRIZE/25.asp |archive-date= 25 February 2017 |url-status=unfit |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization |no-pp=y |type=asp}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/far/NEIRIZE/5.asp |title=Average of mean daily temperature in C. Station: Neiriz-e Fars (40869) |access-date= 25 August 2024 |website=Chaharmahalmet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320085140/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/far/NEIRIZE/5.asp |archive-date=20 March 2016 |url-status=unfit |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization |no-pp=y |type=asp}}</ref>
}}
 
==Demographics==
===Population===
At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 45,180 in 11,970 households.<ref name="2006 census">{{cite web | title = Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006) | page = 07 | language = fa | publisher = The Statistical Center of Iran | website = AMAR | url = http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/07.xls | access-date = 25 September 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110920091830/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/07.xls | format = Excel | archive-date = 20 September 2011}}</ref> The following census in 2011 counted 50,291 people in 14,416 households.<ref name="2011 census">{{cite web | title = Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011) | page = 07 | language = fa | publisher = The Statistical Center of Iran | website = Syracuse University | url = https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Fars.xls | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230116202002/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Fars.xls | archive-date = 16 January 2023 | access-date = 19 December 2022 | format = Excel}}</ref> The [[2024]] census measured the population of the city as 110,850 people in 31,338 households.<ref name="2016 census">{{cite web | title = Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016) | page = 07 | language = fa | publisher = The Statistical Center of Iran | website = AMAR | url = https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_07.xlsx | access-date = 19 December 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220406013432/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_07.xlsx | format = Excel | archive-date = 6 April 2022}}</ref>
 
== Historical places==
Line 64 ⟶ 116:
The Friday mosque of Neyriz was built in at least three phases, spanning Buyid, Seljuk and Il-Khanid rule in the Fars province. An inscription on the great qibla iwan indicates that the mihrab was built in 973, which is probably the date when the qibla iwan and the minaret were constructed and enclosed within the precinct walls. Identified as "iwan-mosque," the pre-Islamic typology of the Masjid-i Jami' in Neyriz, Bamiyan and Nishapur has led some scholars to believe that their mihrabs and minarets may have been appended to Zoroastrian fire temples. At Neyriz, the northwest iwan facing the original sanctuary was erected at a later date, followed by the addition of two rows of lateral arcades along the courtyard and iwan walls. The portal, which bears the date 1472, commemorates the last known period of construction.
 
The mosque has a rectangular layout, measuring about forty-eight by thirty-four metres on the exterior. It is aligned with qibla along the northwest-southeastnorthwest–southeast axis and is centred on an arcaded courtyard that is fifteen metres long and eighteen and a half metres wide. Entered from a simple portal at the northern end of the northwest façade, the courtyard is dominated by the tall sanctuary iwan that occupies its southwest wing. Eleven metres wide and seventeen metres deep, the sanctuary iwan is vaulted at a height double that of the flat-roofed courtyard arcades that continue along its side walls. The archways connecting the iwan to the arcades were pierced when the latter were constructed. The sanctuary iwan also dominates the exterior appearance of the mosque with its projecting buttresses.
 
Across the courtyard from the sanctuary is the vaulted northeast iwan, which is seven metres square. It is flanked by passageways on either side that connect it with the main portal and the secondary portal, which was added to the eastern corner of the mosque in 1472. It is adjoined by the modern addition of two halls that span the length of the southeast mosque wall; the southern of these halls contains ablution fountains and latrines. There's also an octagonal fountain at the center of the courtyard. A single minaret, with a round tapering shaft terminating at a parapet, rises alongside the main portal. The spiraling steps of the minaret are accessed from the northwest arcade.
Line 93 ⟶ 145:
File:طبیعت نی‌ریز2-عکاس روح‌اله یگانه.jpg
</gallery>
 
==See also==
{{Portal-inline|Iran}}
{{clear}}
 
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
 
==References==
Line 98 ⟶ 157:
 
==Sources==
* {{Cite journal |last=Sumner |first=W.M. |date=January 1986 |title=Achaemenid Settlement in the Persepolis Plain |url=https://archive.org/details/Sumner1986AchaemenidSettlementInThePersepolisPlain |journal=American Journal of Archaeology |volume=90 |issue=1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/Sumner1986AchaemenidSettlementInThePersepolisPlain/page/n1 3]–31|doi=10.2307/505980 |jstor=505980 |s2cid=191382637 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Tavernier |first=Jan |title=Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550-330 B.C.) |location=Leuven |publisher=Peeters |year=2007 |isbn=9789042918337 |oclc=167407632 |url=https://archive.org/details/IranicaInTheAchaemenidPeriodca.550-330B.c..LexiconOfOldIranian}}
 
{{FarsAuthority Provincecontrol}}
{{Neyriz County}}
 
{{Fars Province|state=collapsed}}
{{Portal|Iran}}
 
{{Neyriz County|state=collapsed}}
 
[[Category:Populated places in Neyriz County]]
 
[[Category:Cities in Fars Provinceprovince]]
 
[[Category:Achaemenid cities]]