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'''Fresno''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|r|ɛ|z|n|oʊ|audio=En-us-fresno.ogg}}; {{Langnf|es||[[Fraxinus|Ash]]}}) is a major city in the [[San Joaquin Valley]] of [[California]], United States. It is the [[county seat]] of [[Fresno County, California|Fresno County]] and the largest city in the greater [[Central Valley (California)|Central Valley]] region. It covers about {{convert|115|sqmi|km2}} and had a population of 542,107 as of the [[2020
Named for the abundant ash trees lining the [[San Joaquin River]], Fresno was founded in 1872 as a railway station of the [[Central Pacific Railroad]] before it was [[Municipal corporation|incorporated]] in 1885. It has since become an economic hub of Fresno County and the San Joaquin Valley, with much of the surrounding areas in the [[Metropolitan Fresno]] region predominantly tied to large-scale agricultural production. Fresno is near the geographic center of California, approximately {{convert|220|mi|-1}} north of [[Los Angeles]], {{convert|170|mi|-1}} south of the state capital, [[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]], and {{convert|185|mi|-1}} southeast of [[San Francisco]]. [[Yosemite National Park]] is about {{convert|60|mi|km|-1}} to the north, [[Kings Canyon National Park]] {{convert|60|mi|km|-1}} to the east, and [[Sequoia National Park]] {{convert|75|mi|km|-1}} to the southeast.
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In 1872, the [[Central Pacific Railroad]] established a station near Easterby's—by now a hugely productive wheat farm—for its new [[Southern Pacific Railroad|Southern Pacific]] line. Soon there was a store near the station and the store grew into the town of Fresno Station, later called Fresno. At that time, Mariposa street was the main artery, a rough dusty or muddy depression.<ref>{{cite book |last=Vandor |first=Paul E. |date=1919 |title=History of Fresno County, California, with biographical sketches of the leading men and women of the county who have been identified with its growth and development from the early days to the present. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kBk1AQAAMAAJ |location=Los Angeles, CA |publisher=Historic Record Company |quote=Mariposa Street, the main artery, was a rough depression}}</ref> Many Millerton residents, drawn by the convenience of the railroad and worried about flooding, moved to the new community. Fresno became an incorporated city in 1885. In 1903, the faltering San Joaquin Power Company was renamed the San Joaquin Light and Power Corporation and included the Fresno City Water Company and the Fresno City Railway.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Huntington Boulevard Historic District (Fresno, California) |url=http://historicfresno.org/districts/huntington/index.htm |access-date=March 5, 2023 |website=A Guide to Historic Architecture in Fresno, California |publisher=historicfresno.org}}</ref> By 1931 the railway, now known as the [[Fresno Traction Company]], operated 47 [[streetcar]]s over {{convert|49| miles}} of track.<ref name="hwd">{{cite book | author=Demoro, Harre W.| title=California's Electric Railways| publisher=[[Interurban Press]]|location=Glendale, California| year=1986| page=201| isbn=978-0-916374-74-7}}</ref>
[[File:Old Fresno High School (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[Fresno High School]] in 1896]]
Two years after the station was established, county residents voted to move the county seat from Millerton to Fresno. When the [[Friant Dam]] was completed in 1944, the site of Millerton became inundated by the waters of [[Millerton Lake]]. In extreme droughts, when the reservoir shrinks, ruins of the original county seat can still be observed.
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In 1909, Fresno's first and oldest [[synagogue]], [[Temple Beth Israel (Fresno, California)|Temple Beth Israel]], was founded.
As a result of its remoteness from the great universities of the [[San Francisco Bay Area]] and [[Greater Los Angeles]], Fresno became a statewide leader in educational innovation. In 1910, [[Fresno High School]] was the first California high school to take advantage of the Upward Extension Act of 1907 to offer lower-division college-level coursework to local high school graduates who wanted to attend college but were reluctant to move hundreds of miles away to do so.<ref name="Boggs_Page_5">{{cite book |last1=Boggs |first1=George R. |editor1-last=Boggs |editor1-first=George R. |editor2-last=Galizio |editor2-first=Lawrence A. |title=A College for All Californians: A History of the California Community Colleges |date=2021 |publisher=Teachers College Press |location=New York |isbn=9780807779873 |pages=1-15 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4j5IEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 |chapter=Chapter 1: Beginnings}} (At p. 5.)</ref> The high school's Collegiate Department evolved into [[Fresno City College]], the oldest community college in California and the second oldest in the United States.<ref name="Boggs_Page_5" /> In the 1920s and 1930s, Fresno State Teachers College was at the forefront of the evolution of the state teachers colleges into state colleges offering a broad [[liberal arts education]].<ref name="Gerth7">{{cite book|last1=Gerth|first1=Donald R.|title=The People's University: A History of the California State University|date=2010|publisher=Berkeley Public Policy Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=978-0-87772-435-3|pages=23–24, 33–35|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v4J-QwAACAAJ&q=liberal%20arts%20mclane}}</ref> The state colleges later became the [[California State University]] and Fresno State became [[California State University, Fresno]].
Fresno entered the ranks of the 100 most populous cities in the United States in 1960 with a population of 134,000. Thirty years later, in the 1990 census, it moved up to 47th place with 354,000, and in the census of 2000, it achieved 37th place with 428,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027/tab19.txt |title=U.S. Census Bureau, Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 TO 1990 |access-date=July 2, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725010358/https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027/tab19.txt |archive-date=July 25, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
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Row crops and orchards gave way to urban development particularly in the period after World War II; this transition was particularly vividly demonstrated in locations such as the [[Blackstone Avenue]] corridor.
Fresno's geographical remoteness also made it an early pioneer in the field now known as [[fintech]], long before the term was invented. In September 1958, [[Bank of America]] launched a new product called [[Visa Inc.#History|BankAmericard]] in Fresno. The city was specifically selected in part for its remoteness, to limit damage to the bank's image in case the project failed.<ref name="Nocera_Page_25">{{cite book |last1=Nocera |first1=Joseph |title=A Piece of the Action: How the Middle Class Joined the Money Class |date=1994 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |isbn=9781476744896 |page=25 |edition=2013 paperback |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mZ5FAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 |access-date=March 20, 2023 |archive-date=March 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328155223/https://books.google.com/books?id=mZ5FAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 |url-status=live }}</ref> After a troubled gestation during which its creator resigned, BankAmericard went on to become the world's first successful [[credit card]]. This financial instrument was usable across a large number of merchants and also allowed cardholders to revolve a balance (earlier financial products could do one or the other but not both). In
[[File:Downtown Fresno in 1964 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|
In the 1960s, Fresno suffered numerous demolitions of historic buildings, including the old [[Fresno County Courthouse]] and the original buildings of [[Edison High School (Fresno, California)|Edison High School]].
The dance style commonly known as [[popping (dance)|popping]] evolved in Fresno in the 1970s.<ref name="holman">{{cite book | last=Holman | first=Michael | title=Breaking and the New York City Breakers | chapter=History | chapter-url=http://www.msu.edu/~okumurak/styles/pop.html | date=October 1984 | publisher=Freundlich Books | isbn=978-0-88191-016-2 | access-date=May 15, 2007 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019042047/http://www.msu.edu/~okumurak/styles/pop.html | archive-date=October 19, 2007 | url=http://www.msu.edu/~okumurak/styles/pop.html}}</ref>
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[[File:Tulare St at Fulton Mall Downtown Fresno - 140724 8AM (14773627983) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Tulare Street in Downtown Fresno]]
Fresno has three large public parks, two in the city limits and one in county land to the southwest. [[Woodward Park (Fresno)|Woodward Park]], which features the [[Shinzen Young|Shinzen]] [[Japanese Garden]]s, boasts numerous picnic areas and several miles of trails. It is in North Fresno and is adjacent to the [[San Joaquin River Parkway]]. [[Roeding Park]], near Downtown Fresno, is home to the [[Fresno Chaffee Zoo]], and Rotary Storyland and [[Playland (Fresno)|Playland]]. [[Kearney Park (Fresno)|Kearney Park]] is the largest of the Fresno region's park system and is home to historic Kearney Mansion and plays host to the annual Civil War Revisited, the largest reenactment of the Civil War in the west coast of the U.S.<ref>{{cite news
|access-date = March 6, 2007
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070310221842/http://abclocal.go.com/kfsn/story?section=local&id=3522714
|url-status = dead
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130610010101/http://www.civilwarrevisited.com/index.html|url-status = dead
In its 2023 ParkScore ranking, [[Trust for Public Land|The Trust for Public Land]], a national land conservation organization, reported that Fresno had one of the worst park systems among the 100 most populous U.S. cities, with only 5% of city land being used for parks and recreation.<ref>[http://parkscore.tpl.org/city.php?city=Fresno "City Profiles: Fresno"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201220500/http://parkscore.tpl.org/city.php?city=Fresno |date=February 1, 2014}}. "The Trust for Public Land". Retrieved on July 10, 2013.</ref> The survey measures median park size, park acres as percent of city area, residents' access to parks, spending on parks per resident, and playgrounds per 10,000 residents.
===Neighborhoods===
====Downtown====
[[File:Hotel Californian 1.JPG|thumb|left|The historic Californian Hotel]]
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[[File:Fresno Free Speech Fight of the Industrial Works of the World.JPG|thumb|left|Mariposa Plaza in downtown]]
Fresno has a [[Mediterranean climate|Hot Mediterranean Climate]] (Csa in the [[Köppen climate classification]]), with cool, mild winters and long, hot, dry summers.<ref>{{cite web
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061020004237/http://www.rssweather.com/climate/California/Fresno/
|url-status = live
}}</ref> December and January are the coldest months, averaging {{convert|47.5|°F|1}} and {{convert|48.0|°F|1}}, respectively; mornings see temperatures at or below freezing, with the coldest night of the year typically bottoming out around {{convert|29|°F|1}}.<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web|url = https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=hnx|title = NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data|publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|access-date = October 16, 2021}}</ref> July is the warmest month, averaging {{convert|83.5|°F|1}}; normally, there are 38 days of {{convert|100|°F|1}}+ highs and 113 days of {{convert|90|°F|1}}+ highs, and between July and August, there are only 3.6 days where the high does not reach {{convert|90|°F|1}}.<ref name= NOAA/> Summers provide considerable sunshine, with July exceeding 96 percent of the total possible sunlight hours; conversely, December is the lowest with only 42 percent of the daylight time in sunlight because of [[tule fog]]. However, the year averages 81% of possible sunshine, for a total of 3550 hours.<ref name= HKO >{{cite web
| publisher = [[Hong Kong Observatory]]
| url-status = live
}}</ref> Average annual precipitation is around {{convert|11|in|mm|0}}. Most of the wind rose direction occurrences derive from the northwest, as winds are driven downward along the axis of the [[California Central Valley]]; in December, January and February there is an increased presence of southeastern wind directions in the wind rose statistics.<ref>{{cite web
[[File:Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020) - Fresno Area, CA(ThreadEx).svg|thumb|right|Climate chart for Fresno]]
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[[File:Wilson Theatre (Fresno, California) 001.jpg|thumb|right|The historic Wilson Theatre]]
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===City Council===
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Prior to 1901, Fresno's government was under a [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|ward]] system which allowed for a board of trustees. From the trustees elected by the city wards, a President of the Board of Trustees would act as [[ex officio member|ex-officio]] mayor however did not hold the title of mayor. Because of this, the President of the Board of Trustees is not recognized as mayors of the City of Fresno.
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===Courts===
[[File:RobertCoyleCourthouse.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Robert E. Coyle United States Courthouse|Robert E. Coyle Courthouse]] is one of the two seats of the [[United States District Court for the Eastern District of California|Eastern District of California]].]]
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Fresno is the county seat of Fresno County. It maintains the main county courthouse on Van Ness in the Fresno County Plaza for criminal and some civil court cases.
The [[United States District Court for the Eastern District of California|United States District Court, Eastern District of California]], has one of its six divisions based in the [[Robert E. Coyle]] Courthouse. The new courthouse replaced the [[B.F. Sisk]] Federal Building in 2006 because it did not have enough space for the growing Fresno Division. After extensive renovation, the building reopened in November 2010 as the B.F. Sisk Courthouse serving the [[California superior courts|Fresno County Superior Court]].
Fresno is also the seat of the [[California Courts of Appeal|Court of Appeal for the
===Politics===
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===State and federal representation===
The citizens of Fresno are represented in the [[California State Senate]] by {{Representative|casd|14|fmt=spfl}} in [[California's 14th State Senate district|District 14]] and {{Representative|casd|8|fmt=spfl}} in [[California's 8th State Senate district|District 8]].<ref>{{cite web
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151023054153/http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting_handouts_072011/handouts_20110729_q2_sd_finaldraft_splits.zip
|url-status = dead
}}</ref> They are represented in the [[California State Assembly]] by {{Representative|caad|23|fmt=spfl}} in [[California's 23rd State Assembly district|District 23]] and {{Representative|caad|31|fmt=spfl}} in [[California's 31st State Assembly district|District 31]].<ref>{{cite web
|publisher=State of California
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
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Since 2010, statewide [[droughts in California]] have strained both Fresno's and the entire Central Valley's [[water security]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://water.ca.gov/News/Blog/2022/March-22/Groundwater-Management-and-Drought-An-Interview-with-the-San-Joaquin-Valley-Partnership |title=Groundwater Management and Drought: An Interview with the San Joaquin Valley Partnership |website=water.ca.gov |date=March 8, 2022 |access-date=May 1, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://amp.sacbee.com/news/california/water-and-drought/article260869722.html |title=Southern California gets drastic water cutbacks amid drought. What's next for Sacramento? |website=amp.sacbee.com |access-date=May 1, 2022 |archive-date=May 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513093435/https://amp.sacbee.com/news/california/water-and-drought/article260869722.html |url-status=dead }}{{title missing|date=May 2022}}</ref> The city uses surface water from Millerton Lake and Pine Flat Reservoir to supply a pair of water treatment plants.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sheehan |first=Tim |date=January 19, 2023 |title=Friant Dam has more water than it can handle. Fresno wants it before it's lost to ocean |url=https://www.fresnobee.com/news/local/water-and-drought/article271386687.html |access-date=January 20, 2023 |website=The Fresno Bee |language=en}}</ref>
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===Highways===
[[File:Cal State Route 41.jpg|thumb|The interchange between State Routes 41 and 180 in Downtown Fresno]]
Fresno is served by [[California State Route 99|State Route 99]], the main north–south freeway that connects the major population centers of California's Central Valley. [[California State Route 168|State Route 168]], the Sierra Freeway, heads east to the city of [[Clovis, California|Clovis]] and [[Huntington Lake]]. [[California State Route 41|State Route 41]] (Yosemite Freeway/Eisenhower Freeway) comes into Fresno from [[Atascadero]] in the south, and then heads north to [[Yosemite National Park]]. [[California State Route 180|State Route 180]] (Kings Canyon Freeway) comes from the west via [[Mendota, California|Mendota]], and then east through the city of [[Reedley, California|Reedley]] to [[Kings Canyon National Park]].
Fresno is the
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[[File:Fresno FAX bus.jpg|thumb|[[Fresno Area Express]] bus]]
[[Fresno Area Express]] (FAX) is the city's primary [[public transit]] system, which operates eighteen routes and Handy Ride, a [[paratransit]] operation. FAX introduced a frequent bus service called FAX15 in January 2017 with buses operating every 15 minutes on Cedar and Shaw Avenues. The FAX Q line, which the agency brands as bus rapid transit, was introduced in February 2018 and offers service as often as every 10 minutes on Blackstone Avenue, Ventura Avenue and Kings Canyon Road.<ref name="Department of Transportation | FAX Q">{{cite web |title=Department of Transportation: FAX Q |url=https://www.fresno.gov/transportation/fax/fax-q/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711232126/https://www.fresno.gov/transportation/fax/fax-q/ |archive-date=July 11, 2019 |access-date=February 17, 2020 |publisher=City of Fresno Department of Transportation}}</ref>
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|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070223054804/http://valleyhistory.org/PandP/fultonstreet.html |archive-date = February 23, 2007}}</ref> A proposal to include a modern [[light rail]] system in long-term transportation plans was rejected by the Fresno County Board of Supervisors in January 1987.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pyle |first=Amy |date=January 25, 1987 |title=Will rail rejection place Fresno on wrong track? |page=A10 |work=Fresno Bee |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-fresno-bee-will-rail-rejection-place/125991161/ |via=Newspapers.com |accessdate=June 6, 2023}}</ref>
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[[File:FAT terminal building, 11-2013.jpg|thumb|right|[[Fresno Yosemite International Airport]] terminal]]
[[Fresno Yosemite International Airport]] (airport code: FAT), formerly known as Fresno Air Terminal, provides regularly scheduled commercial airline service. The airport serves an estimated 1.3 million passengers annually.
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[[Sierra Sky Park Airport]] (airport code: E79) in Northwest Fresno is a privately owned airport, but is open to the public. Extra-wide streets surrounding the airport allow for residents of the community to land, taxi down the extra-wide streets, and park their aircraft in a garage at their home. Sierra Sky Park is recognized as the first [[airpark|residential aviation community]] in the world.<ref>{{cite magazine| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,898437,00.html | title=The Front-Door Fliers | magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]| date=December 10, 1965 | access-date=January 22, 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071101093954/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,898437,00.html | archive-date=November 1, 2007 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
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[[File:2009-0725-CA-FresnoSantaFeStation (cropped).jpg|thumb|Historic [[Santa Fe Passenger Depot (Fresno, California)|Santa Fe Station]] in Downtown Fresno]]
Passenger rail service is provided by [[Amtrak]] ''[[San Joaquins]]''. The main passenger rail station is the renovated historic [[Santa Fe Passenger Depot (Fresno)|Santa Fe Railroad Depot]] in Downtown Fresno. The city of Fresno is planned to be served by the future [[California High-Speed Rail]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefederalregister.com/d.p/2009-10-01-E9-23749 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002093346/http://www.thefederalregister.com/d.p/2009-10-01-E9-23749 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 2, 2011 |title=High Speed Train Project |publisher=Department of Transportation}}</ref>
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==See also==
{{Portal|California}}
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{{Notelist}}
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[[Category:Railway towns in California]]
[[Category:Chicano and Mexican neighborhoods in California]]
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