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[[File:20220822 Distinguishing introversion and extraversion (extroversion) - comparison chart.svg|thumb|upright=1.5 |Behavioral and psychological characteristics distinguishing introversion and extraversion, which are generally conceived as lying along a continuum
{{Psychology sidebar}}
'''Extraversion''' and '''introversion''' are a central [[trait theory|trait]] dimension in human [[personality psychology|personality]] theory. The terms were introduced into psychology by [[Carl Jung]],<ref name="Psychologist he">{{cite book | vauthors = Jung
Extraversion and introversion are typically viewed as a single [[Continuum (theory)|continuum]], so to be higher in one necessitates being lower in the other. Jung provides a different perspective and suggests that everyone has both an extraverted side and an introverted side, with one being more dominant than the other. Virtually all comprehensive models of personality include these concepts in various forms. Examples include the [[Big Five personality traits|Big Five model]], Jung's [[analytical psychology]], [[Hans Eysenck]]'s [[Hans Eysenck#Model of personality|three-factor model]], [[Raymond Cattell]]'s [[16 personality factors]], the [[Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory]], and the [[Myers–Briggs Type Indicator]].
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Extraverts report experiencing more positive emotions, whereas introverts tend to be closer to neutral. This may be because extraversion is socially preferable in contemporary Western culture and thus introversion feels less desirable. In addition to the research on happiness, other studies have found that extraverts tend to report higher levels of [[self-esteem]] than introverts.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00080-1 |title=Direct or indirect, that is the question: A re-evaluation of extraversion's influence on self-esteem |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_personality-and-individual-differences_2004-01_36_1/page/207 |year=2004 | vauthors = Swickert R, Hittner JB, Kitos N, Cox-Fuenzalida LE |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=207–17}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00078-8 |title=Personality, self-esteem, and demographic predictions of happiness and depression |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_personality-and-individual-differences_2003-04_34_6/page/921 |year=2003 | vauthors = Cheng H, Furnham A |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=34 |issue=6 |pages=921–42}}</ref> Others suggest that such results reflect [[Cultural anthropology|socio-cultural]] bias in the survey itself.<ref name="Laney_2002"/> Dr. David Meyers has claimed that happiness is a matter of possessing three traits: self-esteem, [[optimism]], and extraversion. Meyers bases his conclusions on studies that report extraverts to be happier; these findings have been questioned in light of the fact that the "happiness" prompts given to the studies' subjects, such as "I like to be with others" and "I'm fun to be with," only measure happiness among extraverts.<ref name="Laney_2002"/> Also, according to Carl Jung, introverts acknowledge more readily their psychological needs and problems, whereas extraverts tend to be oblivious to them because they focus more on the outer world.<ref name="Psychologist he" />
Although extraversion is perceived as socially desirable in Western culture, it is not always an advantage. For example, extraverted youths are more likely to engage in antisocial or [[Juvenile delinquency|delinquent]] behavior.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Extraversion, neurotiscism, psychoticism and self-reported delinquency: evidence from eight separate samples |year=1981 | vauthors = Rushton P, Chrisjohn R |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=11–20 |doi=10.1016/0191-8869(81)90047-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Ryckman R |year=2004 |title=Theories of Personality |location=Belmont, CA |publisher=[[Thomson/Wadsworth]]}}{{page needed|date=December 2013}}</ref> In line with this, certain evidence suggest that the trait of extraversion may also be related to that of [[psychopathy]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Newman JP, Widom CS, Nathan S | title = Passive avoidance in syndromes of disinhibition: psychopathy and extraversion | journal = Journal of Personality and Social Psychology | volume = 48 | issue = 5 | pages = 1316–1327 | date = May 1985 | pmid = 3998992 | doi = 10.1037/0022-3514.48.5.1316 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Survey of the relationship between five factor model and psychopathic personality in a sample of male prisoners in Iran |year=2011 | vauthors = Ghaderi D, Borjali A, Bahrami H, Sohrabi F |journal=Annals of Biological Research |volume=2 |issue=6 |pages=116–122 | url = https://www.academia.edu/download/94163415/survey-the-relationship-between-five-factor-model-and-psychopathic-personality-in-a-sample-of-male-prisoners-in-iran.pdf }}</ref> Conversely, while introversion is perceived as less socially desirable, it is strongly associated with positive traits such as intelligence<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0191-8869(97)00169-4 |title=Personality and intelligence |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_personality-and-individual-differences_1998-02_24_2/page/187 |year=1998 | vauthors = Furnham A, Forde L, Cotter T |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=187–92}}</ref> and "giftedness."<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gallagher SA |year=1990 |title=Personality patterns of the gifted |journal=Understanding Our Gifted |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=11–13}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hoehn L, Birely M |year=1988 |title=Mental process preferences of gifted children |journal=Illinois Council for the Gifted Journal |volume=7 |pages=28–31}}</ref> Though more recent, large-scale meta-analyses have found that the activity facet of extraversion has the most sizable positive relations with cognitive abilities.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stanek KC, Ones DS | title = Meta-analytic relations between personality and cognitive ability | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 120 | issue = 23 | pages = e2212794120 | date = June 2023 | pmid = 37252971 | pmc = 10266031 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.2212794120 | bibcode = 2023PNAS..12012794S }}</ref> For many years, researchers have found that introverts tend to be more successful in academic environments, which extraverts may find boring.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Eysenck HJ |year=1971 |title=Readings in Extraversion-Introversion |location=New York |publisher=Wiley}}{{page needed|date=December 2013}}</ref>
Research shows that [[behavioral immune system]], the psychological processes that infer infection risk from perceptual cues and respond to these perceptual cues through the activation of aversive emotions, may influence gregariousness. Although extraversion is associated with many positive outcomes like higher levels of happiness, those extraverted people are also more likely to be exposed to [[communicable diseases]], such as [[Airborne disease|airborne infections]], as they tend to have more contact with people. When individuals are more vulnerable to infection, the cost of being social will be relatively greater. Therefore, people tend to be less extraversive when they feel vulnerable and vice versa.<ref name="Schaller">{{cite journal | vauthors = Schaller M | title = The behavioural immune system and the psychology of human sociality | journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences | volume = 366 | issue = 1583 | pages = 3418–3426 | date = December 2011 | pmid = 22042918 | pmc = 3189350 | doi = 10.1098/rstb.2011.0029 }}</ref>
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====Other contributing personality factors====
There is also evidence that other non-trait elements of personality may correlate with happiness. For instance, one study demonstrated that various features of one's goals, such as progress towards important goals or conflicts between them, can affect both emotional and cognitive well-being.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Emmons RA |title= Personal strivings: An approach to personality and subjective well-being|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-personality-and-social-psychology_1986-11_51_5/page/1058|journal= Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|date=1986|volume=51|issue=5|pages=1058–68|doi=10.1037/0022-3514.51.5.1058}}</ref> Several other researchers have also suggested that, at least in more individualistic cultures, having a coherent sense of one's personality (and acting in a way that conforms to that self-concept) is positively related to well-being.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Cantor N, Sanderson CA |title=Life task participation and well-being: the importance of taking part in daily life|journal=Well-Being: Foundations of Hedonic Psychology|date=1999|pages=230–243 | url = https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Catherine-Sanderson-3/publication/232519505_Life_task_participation_and_well-being_The_importance_of_taking_part_in_daily_life/links/5824a5e008aeebc4f89e4d41/Life-task-participation-and-well-being-The-importance-of-taking-part-in-daily-life.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Higgins ET, Grant H, Shah J|title=Self regulation and quality of life: emotional and non-emotional life experiences | date = 1999 | veditors = Kahneman D, Diener E, Schwarz N |journal=Well-Being: Foundations of Hedonic Psychology|pages=244–266}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Scheier MF, Carver CS |title=On the power of positive thinking: the benefits of being optimistic|journal=Current Directions in Psychological Science|date=1993|volume=2|issue=1|pages=26–30|doi=10.1111/1467-8721.ep10770572|s2cid=145393172}}</ref> Thus, focusing solely on extraversion—or even extraversion and neuroticism—is likely to provide an incomplete picture of the relationship between happiness and personality.
====Culture====
In addition, one's culture may also influence happiness and overall subjective well-being. The overall level of happiness fluctuates from culture to culture, as does preferred expression of happiness. Comparing various international surveys across countries reveals that different nations, and different ethnic groups within nations, exhibit differences in average [[life satisfaction]].
For example, one researcher found that between 1958 and 1987, Japanese life satisfaction fluctuated around 6 on a 10-point scale, while Denmark's fluctuated around 8.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Veenhoven R |title=Happiness in Nations: Subjective Appreciation of Life in 56 Nations 1946–1992|date=1993|publisher=Erasmus University|location=Rotterdam, The Netherlands | url = https://personal.eur.nl/veenhoven/Pub1990s/93b-part1.pdf }}</ref> Comparing ethnic groups within the United States, another study found that European Americans reported being "significantly happier" with their lives than Asian Americans.<ref>{{cite thesis | vauthors = Oishi S |title=Culture and memory for emotional experiences: on-line vs. retrospective judgments of subjective well-being.| publisher = University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign | date = 2000 | degree = Ph.D. | url = https://www.proquest.com/openview/6c9603bd0d8ef0d785b0989c3772963d/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y }}</ref>
Researchers have hypothesized a number of factors that could be responsible for these differences between countries, including national differences in overall income levels, self-serving biases and self-enhancement, and approach and avoidance orientations.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Diener E, Oishi S, Lucas RE | title = Personality, culture, and subjective well-being: emotional and cognitive evaluations of life | journal = Annual Review of Psychology | volume = 54 | pages = 403–425 | date = 2003 | pmid = 12172000 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145056 }}</ref> Taken together, these findings suggest that while extraversion-introversion does have a strong correlation with happiness, it does not stand alone as a sole predictor of subjective well-being, and that other factors must be accounted for when trying to determine the correlates of happiness.
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