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{{Short description|Network-connected digital video camera}}
{{distinguish|IP Code-rated camera}}{{Infobox computer hardware
| name = IP camera
| image = IPCorder_NVR_with_cameras.jpg
| caption = A variety of IP cameras
| invent-date = {{start date and age|1996}}
| invent-name = [[Axis Communications]]
| introduced =
| class-name =
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== History ==
The first centralized IP camera, the ''AXIS Neteye 200'', was released in 1996 by [[Axis Communications]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Axis Communications - History |url=https://www.axis.com/global/en/about-axis/history |access-date=11 July 2017 |publisher=Axis Communications}}{{sps|date=November 2018}}</ref> Although the product was advertised to be accessible from anywhere with an internet connection,<ref>{{cite web |date=29 September 2016 |title=IP security camera and network video surveillance visionary |url=http://www.securitynewsdesk.com/ip-security-camera-and-network-video-surveillance-visionary/ |access-date=14 July 2017 |work=Security News Desk}}</ref> the camera was not capable of streaming real-time video, and was limited to returning a single image for each request in the [[Common Intermediate Format]] (CIF). This limitation can be attributed to the lack of powerful [[
The first decentralized IP camera was released in 1999 by Mobotix. The camera's [[Linux]] system contained video, alarm, and recording management functions. In 2005, the first IP camera with onboard video content analytics ([[Video Content Analysis|VCA]]) was released by Intellio. This camera was able to detect a number of different events, such as if an object was stolen, a human crossed a line, a human entered a predefined zone, or if a car moved in the wrong direction.<ref name="unboring_history2">{{cite web |date=12 September 2016 |title=An Incredibly Unboring History of IP Cameras |url=http://www.protectamerica.com/home-security-blog/tech-tips/draft-an-incredibly-unboring-history-of-ip-cameras-draft_11713 |access-date=11 July 2017 |work=Protect America |archive-date=14 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614153846/http://www.protectamerica.com/home-security-blog/tech-tips/draft-an-incredibly-unboring-history-of-ip-cameras-draft_11713 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
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One of the most popular abilities that consumer-level home security cameras have is to view their footage via a [[mobile app]]. Many cameras offer features such as a [[wide-angle lens]], low-light or [[night vision]] capabilities, and [[motion detection]]. Most are developed to send out notifications via an application such as when motion is detected. Video clips can be stored in a local device such as a [[Micro-SD|micro-SD Card]] or through [[Cloud computing|a cloud service]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wroclawski |first=Daniel |title=Wireless Security Cameras With the Most Free Cloud Storage |url=https://www.consumerreports.org/home-security-cameras/home-security-cameras-free-cloud-video-storage/ |access-date=2020-02-12 |website=Consumer Reports |date=5 September 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref>
The market size of home security systems reached $4.8 billion in 2018. It had a [[compound annual growth rate]] of 22.4% between 2011 and 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-09 |title=North America Home Security System Market Expected to Reach a Value of US$ 14.1 Billion by 2024 - ResearchAndMarkets.com |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20190709005374/en/North-America-Home-Security-System-Market-Expected |access-date=2020-02-12 |website=www.businesswire.com |language=en}}</ref> People in countries that suffer from high crime rates, particularly robbery and theft, are keen to adopt home security cameras. [[
Major key players in the home security market are [[Google Nest|Nest]] (owned by Google, U.S.), [[Ring (company)|Ring]] (owned by Amazon, U.S.), and Arlo (owned by [[Netgear]], U.S.). In the alarm security industry key players are [[ADT Inc.|ADT]] (U.S.), [[Vivint]] (U.S.), and [[SimpliSafe]] (U.S.). The largest IP Camera manufactures are [[Hikvision]] Digital Technology (China), [[Axis Communications]] (Sweden), and [[Dahua Technology|Dahua]] (China)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Most Popular CCTV Camera Brands – IPICA Ratings |url=https://www.jvsg.com/ipica-ratings/ |access-date=2022-06-17}}</ref>
=== IP camera types ===
Depending on their functionality, IP Cameras are generally classified as fixed, [[
IP cameras can offer a variety of [[Digital photography|digital imaging technologies]] such as multi-sensor cameras, [[Panoramic photography|panoramic cameras]], and [[
=== Cloud and local storage ===
Some camera manufacturers offer cloud subscriptions where users may remotely view and download recent video clips by paying recurring subscription fees. Cloud subscription plans typically come with several days of looping storage, and the videos will be overwritten beyond this duration.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Blackstone |first=Sara |date=October 27, 2019 |title=Home Surveillance Cameras - Local vs. Cloud Video Storage |work=Secure Thoughts |url=https://securethoughts.com/home-surveillance-cameras-local-vs-cloud-video-storage/ |access-date=November 9, 2019 |archive-date=May 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523045747/https://securethoughts.com/home-surveillance-cameras-local-vs-cloud-video-storage/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Some cameras include a micro [[SD card]] slot so users can store videos locally. Most IP Cameras can be programmed to overwrite old video once the storage medium is full. Accessing the video on the camera can normally be done via a direct network connection to the device.
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=== Potential benefits ===
Previous generation cameras transmitted [[analog video]] signals. IP cameras send images digitally using the transmission and security features of the [[
* Two-way audio via a single network cable allows users to listen to and speak to the subject of the video (e.g., a clerk assisting a customer through step-by-step instructions)
* Use of a [[Wi-Fi]] or [[wireless network]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Intro to Surveillance Camera Technologies|last1=Cornett|first1=Ben|url=http://www.ezwatch.com/security-cameras/surveillance-camera-technology#Cameras5|publisher=EZWatch.com|access-date=22 August 2014|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727060751/https://www.ezwatch.com/security-cameras/surveillance-camera-technology#Cameras5|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Distributed artificial intelligence]] (DAI)—as the camera can contain video analytics that analyze images<ref>Alexandr Lytkin. IP Video Surveillance. An Essential Guide, 2012, {{ISBN|978-5-600-00033-9}}.</ref>
* Secure data transmission through encryption and authentication methods such as [[Wi-Fi Protected Access|WPA]] or [[WPA2]], [[Temporal Key Integrity Protocol|TKIP]] or [[Advanced Encryption Standard|AES]]
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If video is transmitted over the public [[internet]] rather than a private network or [[intranet]], CCTV devices potentially becomes open to a wider audience including [[Hacker (computer security)|hackers]]. Malicious actors can access private CCTV systems to disable, manipulate, or [[Countersurveillance|observe security measures]]– as well as gain further access to the private network it's connected to, often referred to colloquially as [[Exploit (computer security)#Pivoting|pivoting]]. This risk can be mitigated by securing the network via [[Firewall (computing)|Firewall]] rules designed to restrict access to the device, and by keeping [[software]] and [[firmware]] up to date.
In 2012, users of [[4chan]] hacked into thousands of streaming personal IP cameras by exploiting a vulnerability in some models of [[TRENDnet]] home security cameras.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Notopoulos|first1=Katie|title=Somebody's watching: how a simple exploit lets strangers tap into private security cameras|url=https://www.theverge.com/2012/2/3/2767453/trendnet-ip-camera-exploit-4chan|publisher=The Verge|access-date=19 February 2017|date=3 February 2012}}</ref> In 2014, it was reported that a [[Insecam]] site indexed 73,011 locations worldwide with security cameras that used [[Default password|default]] usernames and passwords, and were therefore, unprotected.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Ms.|title=Peeping into 73,000 unsecured security cameras via default passwords|date=6 November 2014|url=http://www.networkworld.com/article/2844283/microsoft-subnet/peeping-into-73-000-unsecured-security-cameras-thanks-to-default-passwords.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108155609/http://www.networkworld.com/article/2844283/microsoft-subnet/peeping-into-73-000-unsecured-security-cameras-thanks-to-default-passwords.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 8, 2014|publisher=Network World|access-date=19 February 2017|language=en}}</ref> Automated services like [[
== See also ==
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