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{{Distinguish|Distance education|Independent school|Out-of-school learning|Autodidacticism}}
{{Redirect-multi|2|Homeschool|Home School|the EP|Homeschool (EP)|the novel|Home School (novel)}}
[[File:Representation, Punch Denmark, 1889.jpg|thumb|250px|A person educatingEducating children at home]]▼
{{POV|date=July 2021}}<!-- no examples of indoctrination given, no details explaining criticism, no research on bias presented -->
▲[[File:Representation, Punch Denmark, 1889.jpg|thumb|250px|A person educating children at home]]
<!--Note that the lead section should summarize the article, and therefore should only cover the most important aspects of the corresponding topic. Sources should also generally not be included if the statements are sourced later in the article or if topics with main articles are briefly mentioned with its surrounding aspects.-->
<!--Do not add that homeschooling is in contrast to formal learning which is defined as education in a systematic way in an institution. Homeschooling is also a systematic way of education (unlike unschooling) and does not exclude to also attend a learning institution additionally. Homeschooling just means that a person does not attend an institution as the primary form of education. Therefore, homeschooling is not a type of formal learning, but it is also not in contrast to it.-->
 
'''Homeschooling''' or '''home schooling''' ([[American English]]), also known as '''home education''' or '''elective home education''' ('''EHE'''), is the ([[education]] of school-aged children atBritish home or a variety of places other than a [[schoolEnglish]].),<ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=Elective home education—Guidelines for local authorities|url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/288135/guidelines_for_las_on_elective_home_educationsecondrevisev2_0.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522112855/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/288135/guidelines_for_las_on_elective_home_educationsecondrevisev2_0.pdf|archive-date=2018-05-22|access-date=2018-10-11|publisher=gov.uk|at=Section 1.2, page 3}}</ref> is the [[education]] of school-aged children at home or a variety of places other than a [[school]]. Usually conducted by a parent, tutor, or online teacher, many homeschool families use [[Informal education|less formal]], more personalized and individualized methods of learning that are not always found in schools. The actual practice of homeschooling varies considerably. The spectrum ranges from highly structured forms based on traditional school lessons to more open, free forms such as [[unschooling]], which is a lesson- and [[curriculum]]-free implementation of homeschooling. Some families who initially attended a school go through a [[Deschooling|deschool]] phase to break away from school habits and prepare for homeschooling. While "homeschooling" is the term commonly used in North America, "home education" is primarily used in Europe and many [[Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth countries]]. Homeschooling should not be confused with [[distance education]], which generally refers to the arrangement where the student is educated by and conforms to the requirements of an [[online school]], rather than being educated independently and unrestrictedly by their parents or by themselves.
 
<!--SUMMARIZING HISTORY AND TODAY'S SITUATION-->
Before the introduction of [[compulsory school attendance]] laws, most childhood education was done by families and local communities. By the early 19th century, attending a school became the most common means of education in the developed world. In the mid to late 20th century, more people began questioning the efficiency and sustainabilitypractice of school learning, which again led to an increase in the number of homeschoolers, especially in the Americas and some European countries. In the 21st century, homeschooling is a relatively widespread form of education and a legal alternative to public and [[private school]]s in many countries, which many people believe is due to the rise of the Internet, which enables people to obtain information very quickly. ThereThe areregulation alsoand nationslegality inof whichhomeschooling [[Homeschooling international status and statistics|homeschoolingvaries isby regulated or illegaljurisdiction]]. During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], many students from all over the world [[Homeschooling during the COVID-19 pandemic|had to study from home]] due to the danger posed by the virus. However, this was mostly implemented in the form of distance education rather than traditional homeschooling.
 
<!--SUMMARIZING MOTIVATIONS AND BENEFITS-->
There are many different reasons for homeschooling, ranging from personal interests to [[Criticism of schooling|dissatisfaction with the public school system]]. Some parents see better educational opportunities for their child in homeschooling, for example because they know their child more accurately than a teacher and can concentrate fully on educating usually one to a few persons and therefore can respond more precisely to their individual strengths and weaknesses, or because they think that they can better prepare their children for life outside of school. Some children can also learn better at home, for example, because they are not held back, disturbed or distracted from school matters, do not feel underchallenged or overwhelmed with certain topics, find that certain temperaments are encouraged in school, while others are inhibited, do not cope well with the often predetermined structure or are bullied there. Homeschooling is also an option for families living in remote rural areas, those temporarily abroad, those who travel frequently and therefore face the physical impossibility or difficulty of getting their children into school, and those who want to spend more and better time with their children. Health reasons and [[Special needs education|special needs]] can also play a role in why children cannot attend a school regularly and are at least partially homeschooled.
 
<!--SUMMARIZING CRITICISM AND RESEARCH RESULTS-->
Critics of homeschooling argue that children may lack adequate [[socialization]] and therefore have poorer [[social skills]]. Some are also concerned that parents may be unqualified to guide and advise their children in life skills. Critics also say that a child might not encounter people of other cultures, worldviews, and socioeconomic groups if they are not enrolled in a school. Therefore, these critics believe that homeschooling cannot guarantee a comprehensive and neutral education if educational standards are not prescribed. HomeschooledStudies childrenon sometimeshomeschooled scorestudents highertypically onrely [[standardizedconvenience testsampling]]s, andwhich theirmay parentsdisproportionately reported via survey that their children have equally or better developed social skills and participate more in cultural and family activities on average than public school students.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wise|first=Rachel|date=2020-10-15|title=What Doessample the Research Say About the Impact of Homeschooling on Academics and Social Skills?|url=https://educationandbehavior.com/whathighest-does-research-say-about-homeschooling/|access-date=2020-12-26|website=Educationachieving and Behavior|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-01-22|archive-url=https://webhomeschoolers.archive.org/web/20210122204550/https://educationandbehavior.com/what-does-research-say-about-homeschooling/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":11"valiente2022/>{{Cite webrp|last1=Slater|first1=Dr Eileen|last2=Burton|first2=Kate|title=Homeschooled children are far more socially engaged than you might think|url=http://theconversation.com/homeschooled-children-are-far-more-socially-engaged-than-you-might-think-111353|access-date=2020-12-26|website=The Conversation|date=15 April 2019 |language=en51}}</ref> InResearchers addition,have someidentified studiesa suggest that homeschoolers areneed generallyfor more likelyrepresentative tosamples havein higherstudying [[self-esteem]], deeper friendships, and better relationships with adults, and are less susceptible to [[peer pressure]]homeschooling.<ref name=valiente2022/>{{Cite webrp|last=Potter|first=Haley|title=Do home-schoolers do better in college than traditional students?|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/college/2012/02/18/do-home-schoolers-do-better-in-college-than-traditional-students/37389311/|access-date=2020-12-26|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US51}}</ref><ref name=":11" />
 
== Terminology ==
While "homeschooling" is the term commonly used [[Homeschooling in the United States|in the United States]] and other nations in North America, "home education" is primarily used [[Home education in the United Kingdom|in the United Kingdom]], elsewhere in Europe and many [[Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth countries]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5">{{cite book |last1=Rothermel |first1=Paula |title=International perspectives on home education : do we still need schools? |date=20 March 2015 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-1137446848}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite book |last1=Bhopal & Myers |first1=Kalwant, Martin |title=Home schooling and home education : race, class and inequality |date=2018-05-02 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1138651340}}</ref>
 
Some believe that homeschooling has become more attractive and popular than ever before since the days of quick information retrieval on the Internet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Role of Homeschooling in the Modern Era |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334320217 |access-date=2020-11-01 |website=ResearchGate |language=en}}</ref>
 
==History==
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=== Early history ===
{{original research|section|reason=Practices prior to the existence of universal schooling are not necessarily homeschooling.|date=June 2024}}
For most of history and in different cultures, homeschooling was a common practice by family members and local communities.<ref name="EoDL">A. Distefano, K.&nbsp;E. Rudestam, R.&nbsp;J. Silverman (2005) [https://books.google.com/books?id=PwNPSlDHFxcC Encyclopedia of Distributed Learning] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101025239/https://books.google.com/books?id=PwNPSlDHFxcC&printsec=frontcover|date=2016-01-01}} (p221) {{ISBN|0-7619-2451-5}}</ref> Enlisting professional tutors was an option available only to the wealthy. Homeschooling declined in the 19th and 20th centuries with the enactment of compulsory school attendance laws. However, it continued to be practised in isolated communities. Homeschooling began a resurgence in the 1960s and 1970s with educational reformists dissatisfied with industrialized education.<ref name="EoDL"/>
 
=== Public schools ===
The earliest [[State school|public schools]] in modern [[Western culture]] were established during the [[Reformation]] with the encouragement of [[Martin Luther]] in the German states of [[Gotha (district)|Gotha]] and [[Thuringia]] in 1524 and 1527.<ref name="Mises">{{cite web|url=https://mises.org/daily/2226#7|title=Education: Free and Compulsory|work=Mises Institute|access-date=19 April 2016|date=2014-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107221846/http://mises.org/daily/2226#7|archive-date=7 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> From the 1500s to 1800s the literacy rate increased until a majority of adults were literate, but development of the literacy rate occurred before the implementation of compulsory attendance and universal education.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/backgrounds/literacy|title=Literacy|last=Houston|first=Robert|date=2011-11-28|access-date=2017-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914124919/http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/backgrounds/literacy|archive-date=2017-09-14|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
Home education and apprenticeship continued to remain the main form of education until the 1830s.<ref name="History of Alternative Education">{{cite web|url=http://www.quaqua.org/utah.htm|title=History of Alternative Education in the United States|access-date=19 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031714/http://www.quaqua.org/utah.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in the 18th century, the majority of people in Europe lacked formal education.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Education |volume= 8 |last= Welton |first= James | pages = 951&ndash;989; see page 959, fourth para, last line |quote= But the total results were not great; the mass of the people in every European country remained without schooling throughout the 18th century. }}</ref> Since the early 19th century, formal classroom schooling became the most common means of schooling throughout the developed countries.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cvrcek|first1=Tomas|last2=Zajicek|first2=Miroslav|date=2019-09-01|title=The rise of public schooling in nineteenth-century Imperial Austria: Who gained and who paid?|journal=Cliometrica|language=en|volume=13|issue=3|pages=367–403|doi=10.1007/s11698-018-0180-6|issn=1863-2513|doi-access=free}}</ref>
 
=== ColonialUnited North AmericaStates ===
In the 1960s, [[Rousas John Rushdoony]] began to advocate homeschooling, which he saw as a way to combat the [[secular]] nature of the [[Public school (government-funded)|public school]] system in the United States. He vigorously attacked [[progressivism|progressive]] [[school reform]]ers such as [[Horace Mann]] and [[John Dewey]], and argued for the dismantling of the state's influence in education in three works: ''Intellectual Schizophrenia'', ''The Messianic Character of American Education'', and ''The Philosophy of the Christian Curriculum''. Rushdoony was frequently called as an expert witness by the [[Home School Legal Defense Association]] (HSLDA) in court cases. He frequently advocated the use of private schools.<ref>{{cite web|last=Edgar |first=William |title=The Passing of R. J. Rushdoony |work=[[First Things ]]|access-date=2014-04-23 |date=January 2007|url=http://www.firstthings.com/article/2007/01/the-passing-of-r-j-rushdoony |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404033004/http://www.firstthings.com/article/2007/01/the-passing-of-r-j-rushdoony |archive-date=April 4, 2014 }}</ref> The HSLDA influenced changes to the legal status of homeschooling across the United States.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Patterson |first1=Jean |last2=Gibson |first2=Ian |last3=Koenigs |first3=Andrew |last4=Maurer |first4=Michael |last5=Whitterhouse |first5=Gladys |last6=Stockton |first6=Charles |last7=Taylor |first7=Mary Jo |title=Resisting Bureaucracy: A Case Study of Home Schooling |journal=Journal of Thought |date=2007 |volume=42 |issue=3 |page=73 |jstor=jthought.42.3-4.71 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jthought.42.3-4.71 |access-date=25 June 2024}}</ref>▼
In 1647, New England provided compulsory elementary education. Regional differences in schooling existed in colonial America. In the south, farms and plantations were so widely dispersed that community schools such as those in the more compact settlements of the north were impossible. In the middle colonies, the educational situation varied when comparing New York with New England.<ref name="How they were schooled">{{cite web|url=http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/outlines/history-1963/the-colonial-period/how-they-were-schooled.php|title=How they were schooled|access-date=19 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429031313/http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/outlines/history-1963/the-colonial-period/how-they-were-schooled.php|archive-date=29 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
Most Native American tribal cultures traditionally used homeschooling and apprenticeship to pass knowledge to children. Parents were supported by extended relatives and tribal leaders in the education of their children. The Native Americans vigorously resisted compulsory education in the United States.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://sutherlandinstitute.org/uploaded_files/sdmc/lawreview2008witte.pdf|title=Removing Classrooms from the Battle {{!}} SUTHERLAND INSTITUTE|date=2008-07-29|work=SUTHERLAND INSTITUTE|access-date=2017-08-23|page=377,386 Note 30|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808233940/http://sutherlandinstitute.org/uploaded_files/sdmc/lawreview2008witte.pdf|archive-date=2017-08-08|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
=== United States in 1960s ===
▲In the 1960s, [[Rousas John Rushdoony]] began to advocate homeschooling, which he saw as a way to combat the [[secular]] nature of the [[Public school (government-funded)|public school]] system in the United States. He vigorously attacked [[progressivism|progressive]] [[school reform]]ers such as [[Horace Mann]] and [[John Dewey]], and argued for the dismantling of the state's influence in education in three works: ''Intellectual Schizophrenia'', ''The Messianic Character of American Education'', and ''The Philosophy of the Christian Curriculum''. Rushdoony was frequently called as an expert witness by the [[Home School Legal Defense Association]] (HSLDA) in court cases. He frequently advocated the use of private schools.<ref>{{cite web|last=Edgar |first=William |title=The Passing of R. J. Rushdoony |work=First Things |access-date=2014-04-23 |date=January 2007|url=http://www.firstthings.com/article/2007/01/the-passing-of-r-j-rushdoony |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404033004/http://www.firstthings.com/article/2007/01/the-passing-of-r-j-rushdoony |archive-date=April 4, 2014 }}</ref>
 
=== Raymond and Dorothy Moore ===
During this time, American educational professionals Raymond and Dorothy Moore began to research the academic validity of the rapidly growing [[Early Childhood Education]] movement. This research included independent studies by other researchers and a review of over 8,000 studies bearing on early childhood education and the physical and mental development of children.{{Citation needed|date=August 2017}}
 
They asserted that formal schooling before ages 8–12 not only lacked the anticipated effectiveness but also harmed children. The Moores published their view that formal schooling was damaging young children academically, socially, mentally, and even physiologically. The Moores presented evidence that childhood problems such as juvenile delinquency, nearsightedness, increased enrollment of students in [[special education]] classes and behavioral problems were the results of increasingly earlier enrollment of students.<ref name=" Moore75">Better Late Than Early, Raymond S. Moore, Dorothy N. Moore, 1975</ref> The Moores cited studies demonstrating that [[orphan]]s who were given surrogate mothers were measurably more intelligent, with superior long-term effects – even though the mothers were "mentally retarded teenagers" – and that illiterate tribal mothers in Africa produced children who were socially and emotionally more advanced than typical western children, "by western standards of measurement".<ref name=" Moore75"/>
 
Their primary assertion was that the bonds and emotional development made at home with parents during these years produced critical long-term results that were cut short by enrollment in schools, and could neither be replaced nor corrected in an institutional setting afterwards.<ref name="Moore75" /> Recognizing a necessity for early out-of-home care for some children, particularly [[special needs]] and impoverished children and children from exceptionally inferior homes,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Amall |first1=Judy |title=Unschooling To University: Relationships Matter Most in a World Crammed With Content |date=2018 |publisher=Professional Parenting, Calgary, Alberta, Canada |isbn=9780978050993 |pages=24 |edition=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=poFuDwAAQBAJ&q=Recognizing+a+necessity+for+early+out-of-home+care+for+some+children,+particularly+special+needs+and+impoverished+children+and+children+from+exceptionally+inferior+homes&pg=PA24 |access-date=12 February 2020}}</ref>{{clarify|reason=What is meant by "exceptionally inferior homes include violent setting, verbal abuse, under-educated parents? Parents with an emotional problem, mental handicaps and unable to provide basic care and nutrition.?|date=July 2014}} they maintained that the vast majority of children were far better situated at home, even with mediocre parents, than with the most gifted and motivated teachers in a school setting. They described the difference as follows: "This is like saying, if you can help a child by taking him off the cold street and housing him in a warm tent, then warm tents should be provided for ''all'' children – when obviously most children already have even more secure housing."<ref name="Moore75"/>
 
The Moores embraced homeschooling after the publication of their first work, ''Better Late Than Early'', in 1975, and became important homeschool advocates and consultants with the publication of books such as ''Home Grown Kids'' (1981), and ''Homeschool Burnout''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cche.ca/raymond-dorothy-moore-homeschool-pioneers/|title=Raymond & Dorothy Moore: Homeschool Pioneers|date=2018-09-18|website=CCHE|language=en-CA|access-date=2019-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229210411/https://cche.ca/raymond-dorothy-moore-homeschool-pioneers/|archive-date=2019-12-29|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
Simultaneously, other authors published books questioning the premises and efficacy of compulsory schooling, including ''[[Deschooling Society]]'' by [[Ivan Illich]] in 1970 and ''No More Public School'' by Harold Bennet in 1972.
 
=== John Holt ===
In 1976, educator [[John Holt (educator)|John Holt]] published ''Instead of Education: Ways to Help People Do Things Better''. In its conclusion, he called for a "Children's Underground Railroad" to help children escape compulsory schooling.<ref name="Christine_Field_Patrick">Christine Field. ''[http://www.thehomeschoolmagazine.com/How_To_Homeschool/articles/articles.php?aid=97 The Old Schoolhouse Meets Up with Patrick Farenga About the Legacy of John Holt]'' {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816105128/http://www.thehomeschoolmagazine.com/How_To_Homeschool/articles/articles.php?aid=97 |date=August 16, 2011 }}</ref> In response, Holt was contacted by families from around the U.S. to tell him that they were educating their children at home. In 1977, after corresponding with a number of these families, Holt began producing the magazine ''[[Growing Without Schooling]]'' (''GWS''), a newsletter dedicated to home education.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hsc.org/professionals/briefhistory|title=HSC - A Brief History of Homeschooling|date=2007-12-15|access-date=2017-08-23|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215100253/http://www.hsc.org/professionals/briefhistory|archive-date=2007-12-15}}</ref> Holt was nicknamed the "father of homeschooling."<ref name="EoDL"/> Holt later wrote a book about homeschooling, ''Teach Your Own'', in 1981.
 
In 1980, Holt said,
 
<blockquote>I want to make it clear that I don't see homeschooling as some kind of answer to badness of schools. I think that the home is the proper base for the exploration of the world which we call learning or education. The home would be the best base no matter how good the schools were.<ref name="kwmzdt">{{cite web|url=http://www.naturalchild.org/guest/marlene_bumgarner.html|title=A Conversation with John Holt - The Natural Child Project|access-date=19 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920222451/http://www.naturalchild.org/guest/marlene_bumgarner.html|archive-date=20 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref></blockquote>
 
One common theme in the homeschool philosophies of both Holt and that of the Moores is that home education should not attempt to bring the school to construct into the home, or a view of education as an academic preliminary to life. They viewed home education as a natural, experiential aspect of life that occurs as the members of the family are involved with one another in daily living.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.naturalchild.org/guest/marlene_bumgarner.html|title=A Conversation with John Holt - The Natural Child Project|website=www.naturalchild.org|access-date=2017-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920222451/http://www.naturalchild.org/guest/marlene_bumgarner.html|archive-date=2017-09-20|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.moorefoundation.com/article/68/about-moore-home-schooling/moore-formula|title=Moore Home Schooling : Moore Formula|publisher=The Moore Foundation and Academy |language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305142643/http://www.moorefoundation.com/article/68/about-Moore-homeschooling/moore-formula|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2017-04-04}}</ref>
 
Homeschooling can be used as a form of supplemental education and as a way of helping children learn under specific circumstances. The term may also refer to instruction in the home under the supervision of [[correspondence school]]s or umbrella schools. Some jurisdictions require adherence to an approved [[curriculum]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hslda.org/laws/analysis/New_York.pdf|title=Homeschooling in New York: A legal analysis|author=HSLDA|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060430014611/http://www.hslda.org/laws/analysis/New_York.pdf|archive-date=30 April 2006|access-date=13 September 2013}}</ref>
 
Conservative Christian parents were increasingly dissatisfied with the public school system and were the main demographic that organized to promote home education in the United States.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Talbot |first1=Margaret |title=The New Counterculture |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2001/11/the-new-counterculture/302341/ |website=The Atlantic |date=November 2001 |access-date=25 June 2024}}</ref> This movement embraced research conducted by other religious parents that advocated for homeschooling such as Raymond and Dorothy Moore.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Riley |first1=Gina |title=Differences in Competence, Autonomy, and Relatedness between Home Educated and Traditionally Educated Young Adults |journal=International Social Science Review |date=2015 |volume=90 |issue=2 |page=11 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/intesociscierevi.90.2.02 |access-date=25 June 2024}}</ref> Another influential figure associated with the rise of the homeschooling movement was [[John Holt (educator)|John Holt]]. Holt believed that informal education was better than compulsory education and expressed these views in his books ''How Children Fail'' and ''How Children Learn''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gaither |first1=Milton |title=John Holt |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Holt |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |date=8 May 2024 |access-date=1 July 2024}}</ref> Holt advocated for [[unschooling]], where children learn without any formalized curriculum or expectations.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Hanes |first1=Stephanie |title=Free-range education: Why the unschooling movement is growing |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Education/2016/0214/Free-range-education-Why-the-unschooling-movement-is-growing |website=The Christian Science Monitor |access-date=1 July 2024}}</ref>
=== United States in 1970s ===
In the 1970s, a modern homeschooling movement began when American educator and author John Holt questioned the efficiency of schools and the sustainability of school learning, arguing that schools focus on strictly doing "skill drill" instead of other methods of learning.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-03-08|title=A Brief History of Homeschooling|url=https://responsiblehomeschooling.org/research/summaries/a-brief-history-of-homeschooling/|access-date=2020-11-01|website=Coalition for Responsible Home Education|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Carter|first=Joe|title=9 Things You Should Know About the History of the Homeschooling Movement|url=https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-the-history-of-the-homeschooling-movement/|access-date=2020-11-01|website=The Gospel Coalition|date=25 October 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref> The influence of Raymond Moore is sometimes also held responsible for this movement on the religious right.<ref name=":0" /> A curriculum-free philosophy of homeschooling called "[[unschooling]]" also emerged around this time, although it would take a few more decades for this form of education to become popular. The term was coined in 1977 by Holt's GWS. The term emphasizes the more spontaneous, less structured learning environment in which a child's interests drive his pursuit of knowledge.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Unschooling and Homeschooling FAQ {{!}} Alternative Schooling {{!}} Self Directed Learning|url = http://www.johnholtgws.com/frequently-asked-questions-abo/|website = John Holt GWS|access-date = 2015-07-16|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150707133925/http://www.johnholtgws.com/frequently-asked-questions-abo/|archive-date = 2015-07-07|url-status = dead}}</ref> Some parents provide a [[liberal arts]] education using the [[Trivium (education)|trivium]] and [[quadrivium]] as the main models.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-01-29|title=Build a Well-Rounded Liberal Arts Home School Curriculum|url=https://www.brighthubeducation.com/homeschool-curriculum-reviews/104777-putting-together-a-complete-liberal-arts-homeschool-curriculum/|access-date=2020-10-10|website=www.brighthubeducation.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=chscurriculum|date=2019-04-26|title=What Do We mean By Liberal Arts?|url=https://classicalhomeschoolcurriculum.com/what-do-we-mean-by-liberal-arts/|access-date=2020-10-10|website=Classical Homeschool Curriculum|language=en-US}}</ref>
 
=== COVID-19 pandemicRecent ===
Schools were [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education|widely shut down]] during the early part of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], with schools instead using [[distance education]] and online learning. This is not considered homeschooling, however, since their education was directed by public schools.<ref name=valiente2022/>
[[ File:8938Filipino_homeschooling_students_02.jpg|thumb|200px|right| Filipino homeschooling students - blended (printed-digital modular) distance learning with self-learning materials during the COVID-19 pandemic in [[San Miguel, Bulacan]]]]
The [[COVID-19 pandemic]] led to school closures around the world,<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Parents Are Sharing Their Homeschool Fails And We Can't Stop Laughing|url=https://www.iflscience.com/editors-blog/parents-are-sharing-their-homeschool-fails-and-we-cant-stop-laughing/|access-date=2020-11-27|website=IFLScience|date=25 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=What Past Education Emergencies Tell Us About Our Future|url=https://www.edutopia.org/article/what-past-education-emergencies-tell-us-about-our-future|access-date=2020-11-27|website=Edutopia|language=en}}</ref> which is why over 300 million students [[Homeschooling during the COVID-19 pandemic|had to study from home]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-05|title=50+ Homeschooling Statistics 2021 - US Data and Trends|url=https://www.thinkimpact.com/homeschooling-statistics/|access-date=2021-10-12|language=en-US}}</ref> Since the material to be learned was mainly outsourced to home and specified and checked by [[virtual school]]s, it can be said that this was mostly implemented in the form of [[distance education]] rather than traditional homeschooling in which parents educate their child independent from school. Because the transition to homeschooling often happened overnight without any possibilities of preparation for parents, teachers and children, this caused economic,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Psacharopoulos|first1=George|last2=Patrinos|first2=Harry|last3=Collis|first3=Victoria|last4=Vegas|first4=Emiliana|date=2020-04-29|title=The COVID-19 cost of school closures|work=Brookings|url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/education-plus-development/2020/04/29/the-covid-19-cost-of-school-closures/|access-date=2020-08-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Lindzon|first=Jared|date=2020-03-20|title=School closures are starting, and they'll have far-reaching economic impacts|work=Fast Company|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90476445/school-closures-are-starting-and-theyll-have-far-reaching-economic-impacts|access-date=2020-08-03}}</ref> educational,<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{cite news|last=Goldstein|first=Dana|date=2020-06-05|title=Research Shows Students Falling Months Behind During Virus Disruptions|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/05/us/coronavirus-education-lost-learning.html|access-date=2020-08-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-25|title=Parents are sharing homeschooling fails as they attempt to teach children|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/coronavirus-homeschooling-funny-school-children-parents-fails-lockdown-quarantine-a9425616.html|access-date=2020-11-27|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> political<ref>{{cite news|last=Peek|first=Liz|date=2020-07-17|title=Dems, Teacher Unions Playing Politics With School Closures|work=Real Clear Politics|url=https://www.realclearpolitics.com/2020/07/17/dems_teacher_unions_playing_politics_with_school_closures_517471.html|access-date=2020-08-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Perper|first=Rosie|date=2020-07-07|title=Trump is pushing to reopen schools, which he claims are closed for political reasons and not to curb the coronavirus' spread|work=Business Insider|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-pushes-to-reopen-schools-claims-closures-are-political-2020-7|access-date=2020-08-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date=2020-07-14|title=Growing number of districts decide to start the school year online|work=EdSource|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-pushes-to-reopen-schools-claims-closures-are-political-2020-7|access-date=2020-08-03}}</ref> and psychological distress.<ref>{{cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date=2020-04-14|title=Mental health effects of school closures during COVID-19|work=The Lancet|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanchi/article/PIIS2352-4642(20)30109-7/fulltext|access-date=2020-08-03}}</ref>
 
==Motivations==
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==Teaching methods, forms and philosophies==
Homeschooling is usually conducted by a parent, tutor, or an online teacher,<ref>"Homeschool." Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, 2015. Web. 3 June 2015. [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/homeschool Dictionary.reference.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302144400/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/homeschool|date=2016-03-02}}</ref> but the concrete practice can be very different. The spectrum ranges from highly structured forms based on traditional school lessons to more open, free forms like [[unschooling]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Tyler |date=2014-10-15 |title=How Is Unschooling Different From Homeschooling? |url=https://www.noodle.com/articles/how-is-unschooling-different-from-homeschooling |access-date=2020-10-10 |website=www.noodle.com |language=en}}</ref> which is a [[curriculum]]-free implementation of homeschooling that involves teaching children based on their interests.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What Is Unschooling? A Parents Guide to Child-Led Home Education|url=https://www.parents.com/kids/education/home-schooling/what-is-unschooling-all-about-child-led-home-education/|access-date=2020-12-15|website=Parents|language=EN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Unschooling - letting children grow up without school or teachers|url=https://www.dpa-international.com/topic/unschooling-letting-children-grow-without-school-teachers-urn%3Anewsml%3Adpa.com%3A20090101%3A161024-99-923474|access-date=2020-12-15|website=dpa International|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://www.educationcorner.com/what-is-unschooling.html|title=What is Unschooling?|website=www.educationcorner.com|access-date=2019-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224021627/https://www.educationcorner.com/what-is-unschooling.html|archive-date=2019-12-24|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
Many homeschool families use a wide variety of methods and materials and less formal educational methods, which represent a variety of educational philosophies and paradigms.<ref>{{cite web|date=2013-05-08|title=Informal learning, home education and homeschooling (home schooling)|url=https://infed.org/informal-learning-home-education-and-homeschooling-home-schooling/|access-date=2020-12-21|publisher=YMCA George Williams College}}</ref> Some of the methods or [[learning environment]]s used include [[Classical education movement|classical education]] (including [[trivium (education)|Trivium]], [[Quadrivium]]), [[Charlotte Mason]] education, [[Montessori method]], [[theory of multiple intelligences]], unschooling, [[Waldorf education]], school-at-home (curriculum choices from both secular and religious publishers), [[A Thomas Jefferson Education]], unit studies, curriculum made up from private or small publishers, apprenticeship, hands-on-learning, distance learning (both online and correspondence), dual enrollment in local schools or colleges, and curriculum provided by local schools and many others. Some of these approaches are used in private and public schools.{{Citation needed|date=August 2017}} Educational research and studies support the use of some of these methods. Unschooling, natural learning, Charlotte Mason Education, Montessori, Waldorf, apprenticeship, hands-on-learning, unit studies are supported to varying degrees by research by [[constructivism (learning theory)|constructivist]] learning theories and [[situated cognition]] theories.{{Clarify|reason=Same list as above|date=August 2017}} Elements of these theories may be found in the other methods as well.
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'''Natural learning''' refers to a type of learning-on-demand where children pursue knowledge based on their interests and parents take an active part in facilitating activities and experiences conducive to learning but do not rely heavily on textbooks or spend much time "teaching", looking instead for "learning moments" throughout their daily activities. Parents see their role as that of affirming through positive feedback and modeling the necessary skills, and the child's role as being responsible for asking and learning.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://education.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.001.0001/acrefore-9780190264093-e-80|title=Self-Directed Education—Unschooling and Democratic Schooling|encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Education |publisher=Oxford University Press |first=Peter|last=Gray|date=April 15, 2017|access-date=September 18, 2018|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.013.80|isbn=9780190264093|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919061756/http://education.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.001.0001/acrefore-9780190264093-e-80|archive-date=September 19, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
The term '''unschooling''' as coined by [[John Holt (educator)|John Holt]] describes an approach in which parents do not authoritatively direct the child's education, but interact with the child following the child's own interests, leaving them free to explore and learn as their interests lead.<ref name="kwmzdt"/><ref{{cite nameweb|url="NCES"http://> "Unschooling" does not indicate that the child is not being educated, but that the child is not being "schooled", or educated in a rigid school-type mannerwww. Holt asserted that children learn through the experiences of life, and he encouraged parents to live their lives with their childnaturalchild. Also known as interest-led or child-led learning, unschooling attempts to follow opportunities as they arise in real lifeorg/guest/marlene_bumgarner.html|title=A Children at school learn from 1 teacher and 2 auxiliary teachers in a classroom of approximately 30. Kids have the opportunity of dedicated education at homeConversation with a ratio of 1 to 1. An unschooled child may utilize texts or classroom instruction, but these are not considered central to education.John Holt asserted- thatThe thereNatural isChild noProject|access-date=19 specificApril body of knowledge that is, or should be, required of a child.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.braingamesfortots.com/Articles/Why-is-education-important-homeschooling-and-the-Montessori-method.aspx2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2016020513184420170920222451/http://www.braingamesfortotsnaturalchild.comorg/Articlesguest/Why-is-education-important-homeschooling-and-the-Montessori-methodmarlene_bumgarner.aspx|url-status=deadhtml|archive-date=520 FebruarySeptember 20162017|title=Why is education important, homeschooling and the Montessori method|accessurl-datestatus=19 April 2016dead}}</ref><ref name="NCES"/>
 
Both unschooling and natural learning advocates believe that children learn best by doing; a child may learn reading to further an interest about history or other cultures, or math skills by operating a small business or sharing in family finances. They may learn animal husbandry keeping dairy goats or meat rabbits, botany tending a kitchen garden, chemistry to understand the operation of firearms or the internal combustion engine, or politics and local history by following a zoning or historical-status dispute. While any type of homeschoolers may also use these methods, the unschooled child initiates these learning activities. The natural learner participates with parents and others in learning together.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://www.educationcorner.com/what-is-unschooling.html|title=What is Unschooling?|website=www.educationcorner.com|access-date=2019-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224021627/https://www.educationcorner.com/what-is-unschooling.html|archive-date=2019-12-24|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
Another prominent proponent of unschooling is [[John Taylor Gatto]], author of ''[[Dumbing Us Down]]'', ''The Exhausted School'', ''A Different Kind of Teacher'', and ''[[Weapons of Mass Instruction]]''. Gatto argues that public education is the primary tool of "state-controlled consciousness" and serves as a prime illustration of the [[total institution]] — a social system which impels obedience to the state and quells free-thinking or dissent.<ref>John Taylor Gatto, ''Weapons of Mass Instruction'' (Odysseus Group, 2008).</ref>
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Homeschoolers are beginning to utilize [[Web 2.0]] as a way to simulate homeschool cooperatives online. With [[social networks]], homeschoolers can chat, discuss threads in forums, share information and tips, and even participate in online classes via [[learning management systems]] similar to those used by colleges.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nheri.org/homeschool-technology-and-online-communication/|title=Homeschool Technology and Online Communication - National Home Education Research Institute|work=National Home Education Research Institute|access-date=2018-02-02|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
 
==Research on outcomes==
===OutcomesGeneral===▼
{{primary|section}}▼
As of 2022, virtually all research on homeschooling used [[convenience sampling]], with [[selection bias]] as a concern. Conclusions of research on homeschooling can be biased if only the highest-achieving homeschoolers are studied. Other common methodological problems were identified that need to be addressed in future research, such as controlling for [[confounding factor]]s such as [[socioeconomic status]] and parental involvement, incorporating data from other adults and from homeschooled children themselves and their peers rather than just the parents, and taking into account the timing and duration of homeschooling due to the fact that many families discontinue homeschooling after one or a few years.<ref name=valiente2022/>
===Test results===
 
AsWith ofthe studies 2022available, researcha onreview homeschoolers'that academicyear outcomesfound isit typicallywas basedtoo onsoon [[convenienceto sampling]]offer firm conclusions because of these issues, withbut [[selectiondid bias]]not asfind asystematic concernevidence of poor educational or social outcomes.<ref name=valiente2022>{{cite journal |last1=Valiente |first1=Carlos |last2=Spinrad |first2=Tracy L. |last3=Ray |first3=Brian D. |last4=Eisenberg |first4=Nancy |last5=Ruof |first5=Ariana |title=Homeschooling: What do we know and what do we need to learn? |journal=Child Development Perspectives |date=March 2022 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=48–53 |doi=10.1111/cdep.12441 |url=https://srcd.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/cdep.12441 |access-date=22 June 2024 |language=en |issn=1750-8592}}</ref>
 
===Academic===
▲{{primary|section|date=June 2024}}
 
According to the [[Home School Legal Defense Association]] (HSLDA) in 2004, "Many studies over the last few years have established the academic excellence of homeschooled children."<ref name="hslda.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.hslda.org/docs/nche/000010/200410250.asp|title=HSLDA - Academic Statistics on Homeschooling|access-date=19 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421172714/http://www.hslda.org/docs/nche/000010/200410250.asp|archive-date=21 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Home Schooling Achievement'', a compilation of studies published by the HSLDA, supported the [[academic integrity]] of homeschooling. This booklet summarized a 1997 study by Ray and the 1999 Rudner study.<ref>{{cite web|title=Academic Achievement|url=http://www.hslda.org/docs/study/comp2001/default.asp|publisher=HSLDA|access-date=12 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031123231/http://www.hslda.org/docs/study/comp2001/default.asp|archive-date=31 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Rudner study noted two limitations of its own research: it is not necessarily representative of all homeschoolers and it is not a comparison with other schooling methods.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Achievement and Demographics of Home School Students|pages=8|journal=Education Policy Analysis Archives|volume=7|date=1999-03-23|last1=Rudner|first1=Lawrence M.|doi=10.14507/epaa.v7n8.1999|doi-access=free}}</ref> Among the homeschooled students who took the tests, the average homeschooled student outperformed his public school peers by 30 to 37 percentile points across all subjects. The study also indicates that public school performance gaps between minorities and genders were virtually non-existent among the homeschooled students who took the tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hslda.org/docs/study/comp2001/default.asp|title=HSLDA - Home Schooling Achievement|access-date=19 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412162415/http://www.hslda.org/docs/study/comp2001/default.asp|archive-date=12 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
A survey of 11,739 homeschooled students conducted in 2008 found that, on average, the homeschooled students scored 37 percentile points above public school students on standardized achievement tests.<ref name=Ray>{{cite web|last=Ray|first=Brian|title=Progress Report 2009: Homeschool Academic Achievement and Demographics|url=http://www.hslda.org/docs/media/2009/200908100.asp|work=Survey|publisher=National Home Education Research Institute|access-date=6 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105090830/http://www.hslda.org/docs/media/2009/200908100.asp|archive-date=2013-01-05|url-status=dead}}</ref> This is consistent with the 1999 Rudner study. However, Rudner said that these same students in public school may have scored just as well because of the dedicated parents they had.<ref name=" Rudner Review">{{cite journal |last=Welner |first=Kariane Mari |author2=Kevin G. Welner |title=Contextualizing Homeschooling Data: A Response to Rudner |journal=Education Policy Analysis Archives: Education Policy Analysis Archives - Arizona State University |date=11 April 1999 |volume=7 |issue=13 |url=http://epaa.asu.edu/ojs/article/download/548/671 |access-date=13 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112051416/http://epaa.asu.edu/ojs/article/download/548/671 |archive-date=12 January 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Ray study also found that homeschooled students who had a certified teacher as a parent scored one percentile lower than homeschooled students who did not have a certified teacher as a parent.<ref name="Ray"/> Studies have shown homeschooled students score higher on standardized tests than traditionally schooled youth<ref name="hslda.org"/><ref name="Ray"/><ref name="CathEd">{{cite news |title=An Evaluative Study of the Academic Achievement of Homeschooled Students Versus Traditionally Schooled Students..|last1= Snyder |first1=Marc |url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1005657.pdf |work=Catholic Education| date= March 2013|access-date=March 6, 2022}}</ref> Another nationwide descriptive study conducted by Ray contained students ranging from ages 5–18 and he found that homeschoolers scored in at least the 80th percentile on their tests.<ref>Ray, Brian. (2010). Academic achievement and demographic traits of homeschooled students: a nationwide study. ''Academic Leadership Live: The Online Journal'', 8(1)</ref>
 
In 2011, a quasi-experimental study was conducted that included homeschooled and traditional public students between the ages of 5 and 10. It was discovered that the majority of the homeschooled children achieved higher standardized scores compared to their counterparts.<ref>1. Chang- Martin, S., Gould, O., & Meuse, R. (2011). The impact of schooling on academic achievement: evidence from homeschooled and traditionally schooled students. ''Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science'', 43(3): 195–202. DOI:10.1037/a0022697</ref> However, Martin-Chang also found that unschooling children ages 5–10 scored significantly below traditionally educated children, while academically oriented homeschooled children scored from one half grade level above to 4.5 grade levels above traditionally schooled children on standardized tests (n=37 homeschooled children matched with children from the same socioeconomic and educational background).<ref name=Martin-Chang>{{cite journal|last=Martin-Chang|first=Sandra|author2=Gould, O.N.|author3=Meuse, R.E.|title=The impact of schooling on academic achievement: Evidence from home-schooled and traditionally-schooled students|journal=Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science|year=2011|volume=43|issue=3|pages=195–202|doi=10.1037/a0022697|url=http://crdh.concordia.ca/researchers/Sandra_Martin-Chang.html|access-date=7 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212220421/http://crdh.concordia.ca/researchers/Sandra_Martin-Chang.html|archive-date=12 February 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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Studies have also examined the impact of homeschooling on students' [[GPA]]s. Cogan (2010) found that homeschooled students had higher high school GPAs (3.74) and transfer GPAs (3.65) than conventional students.<ref>Cogan, F. (2010). Exploring academic outcomes of homeschooled students. ''Journal of College Admission'', 208, 18–25</ref> Snyder (2013) provided corroborating evidence that homeschoolers were outperforming their peers in the areas of standardized tests and overall GPAs.<ref>Snyder, Marc. (2013). An evaluative study of the academic achievement of homeschooled students versus traditionally schooled students attending a Catholic university. ''Catholic Education: A Journal of Inquiry and Practice March'', 16, 288–308</ref> Looking beyond high school, a study by the 1990 National Home Education Research Institute (as cited by Wichers, 2001) found that at least 33% of homeschooled students attended a four-year college, and 17% attended a two-year college. This same study examined the students after one year, finding that 17% pursued higher education.<ref>Wichers, M. (2001). Homeschooling: adventitious or detrimental for proficiency in higher education. ''Education'', 122, 145–150</ref>
 
On average, studies suggest homeschoolers score at or above the national average on standardized tests.{{cn|date=June 2024}} Homeschool students have been accepted into many Ivy League universities.<ref name="EoDL"/> However, The Coalition for Responsible Homeschooling notes that "Our knowledge of homeschooling's effect on academic achievement is limited by the fact that many of the studies that have been conducted on homeschoolers suffer from methodological problems which make their findings inconclusive."<ref name="Responsible Homeschooling: Academic Achievement">{{Cite web|url=https://www.responsiblehomeschooling.org/homeschooling-101/homeschool-demographics/|title=Homeschool Demographics|date=11 September 2013|access-date=2019-08-16|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817000959/https://www.responsiblehomeschooling.org/homeschooling-101/homeschool-demographics/|archive-date=2019-08-17|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
Homeschooled children may receive more individualized attention than students enrolled in traditional public schools. A 2011 study suggests that a structured environment could play a key role in homeschooler academic achievement.<ref name="Chang- Martin 2011">Chang- Martin, S., Gould, O., & Meuse, R. (2011). The impact of schooling on academic achievement: evidence from homeschooled and traditionally schooled students. ''Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science'', 43(3): 195–202. DOI:10.1037/a0022697</ref> This means that parents were highly involved in their child's education and they were creating clear educational goals. In addition, these students were being offered organized lesson plans which are either self-made or purchased.<ref name=" Chang- Martin 2011"/>▼
▲===Outcomes===
 
▲Homeschooled children may receive more individualized attention than students enrolled in traditional public schools. A 2011 study suggests that a structured environment could play a key role in homeschooler academic achievement.<ref name="Chang- Martin 2011">Chang- Martin, S., Gould, O., & Meuse, R. (2011). The impact of schooling on academic achievement: evidence from homeschooled and traditionally schooled students. ''Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science'', 43(3): 195–202. DOI:10.1037/a0022697</ref> This means that parents were highly involved in their child's education and they were creating clear educational goals. In addition, these students were being offered organized lesson plans which are either self-made or purchased.<ref name=" Chang- Martin 2011"/>
 
Homeschooled youth are less likely to use and abuse illicit substances and are more likely to disapprove of using alcohol and marijuana.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vaughn|first1=Michael G.|last2=Salas-Wright|first2=Christopher P.|last3=Kremer|first3=Kristen P.|last4=Maynard|first4=Brandy R.|last5=Roberts|first5=Greg|last6=Vaughn|first6=Sharon|title=Are homeschooled adolescents less likely to use alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs?|journal=Drug and Alcohol Dependence|volume=155|pages=97–104|doi=10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.08.010|pmid=26338482|pmc=4652803|year=2015}}</ref> There are also studies according to which homeschooled children are less likely to be [[Sexual abuse|sexually abused]] than children in public schools.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Child Abuse and Neglect Fatalities Not Correlated with Homeschooling|url=https://www.nheri.org/child-abuse-and-neglect-fatalities-not-correlated-with-homeschooling/|access-date=2020-12-02|website=National Home Education Research Institute|date=22 January 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref>▼
 
A study conducted by Ray in 2010 indicates that the higher the level of parents' income, the more likely the homeschooled child is able to achieve academic success.<ref>Ray, Brian. (2010). Academic achievement and demographic traits of homeschool students: a nationwide study. ''Academic Leadership Live: The Online Journal'', 8(1).</ref>
 
Higher education admittance procedures were altered due to [[Covid-19|COVID-19]] for the traditionally schooled student.<ref name="ACT">{{cite news |title=ACT and SAT scores no longer required for admissions at some colleges |last1=Brooks |first1=Kristopher |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/act-and-sat-no-longer-required-college-admissions/|work=CBS News |date=October 7, 2020 |access-date=March 5, 2022}}</ref>
 
The [[ACT (test)|ACT]] and [[SAT]] became test optional, yet the homeschooled applicant is required to submit college entrance exams.<ref name="ACT!">{{cite news |title=Test Optional May Not Apply to Homeschooled Students |last1=Moody |first1=Josh |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/admissions/article/2021/12/13/some-colleges-slo |work=Higher Education |date=December 13, 2021 |access-date=March 5, 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
 
Some homeschoolers averaged higher scores on these college entrance tests in South Carolina.<ref>Homeschool Legal Defense Association. "Academic Statistics on Homeschooling." [http://www.hslda.org/docs/nche/000010/200410250.asp Hslda.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050409185326/http://www.hslda.org/docs/nche/000010/200410250.asp |date=2005-04-09 }}</ref> Other scores (1999 data) showed mixed results, for example showing higher levels for homeschoolers in English (homeschooled 23.4 vs national average 20.5) and reading (homeschooled 24.4 vs national average 21.4) on the ACT, but mixed scores in math (homeschooled 20.4 vs national average 20.7 on the ACT as opposed homeschooled 535 vs national average 511 on the 1999 SAT math).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.oakmeadow.com/resources/articles/WSJArticle.htm|title=Home-Schooled Kids Defy Stereotypes, Ace SAT Test|date=11 February 2000|work=The Wall Street Journal|author=Daniel Golden|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118013315/http://www.oakmeadow.com/resources/articles/WSJArticle.htm|archive-date=January 18, 2010}}</ref>
 
Some advocates of homeschooling and educational choice counter with an input-output theory, pointing out that home educators expend only an average of $500–600 a year on each student (not counting the cost of the parents' time), in comparison to $9,000–10,000 (including the cost of staff time) for each public school student in the United States, which suggests home-educated students would be especially dominant on tests if afforded access to an equal commitment of tax-funded educational resources.<ref name="sutherlandinstitute.org">[http://sutherlandinstitute.org/uploads/Choice-based_Educational_Innovation.pdf "Fostering Educational Innovation in Choice-Based Multi-Venue and Government Single-Venue Settings."] (pp. 32 n.21; 35–36 n.27; 42 n.57; 44 n.66) {{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
 
According to a study done on the homeschool movement,<ref>{{cite book|last=Stevens|first=Mitchell L.|title=Kingdom of Children: Culture and Controversy in the Homeschooling Movement|date=2001|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9780691114682|url=http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/i7135.pdf|access-date=2014-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824100346/http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/i7135.pdf|archive-date=2015-08-24|url-status=dead}}</ref> homeschoolers often achieve academic success and admission into elite universities. According to the National Home Education Research Institute president, Brian Ray, socialization is not a problem for homeschooling children, many of whom are involved in community sports, volunteer activities, book groups, or homeschool co-ops.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sizer|first=Bridget Bentz|title=Socialization: Tackling Homeschooling's "S" word|journal=Pbsparents}}</ref>
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In the UK, the government has noted that no figures are available on educational attainment for children educated at home: "This means no assessment can be made of the impact on educational attainment of being home schooled".<ref name="HoC">{{cite web |last1=Long |first1=Robert |last2=Danechi |first2=Shadi |title=Home education in England: Research Briefing 05108 |url=https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN05108/SN05108.pdf |publisher=House of Commons |access-date=28 November 2022 |date=2022}}</ref> There is some evidence from 2009 that home-educated children in the UK are more likely to be [[NEET]], Not in Employment, Education or Training, at age 16 to 18.<ref name="HoC"/>
 
===SocializationSocial===
{{primary|section|date=June 2024}}
 
Using the Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale, John Taylor later found that, "while half of the conventionally schooled children scored at or below the 50th percentile (in [[self-concept]]), only 10.3% of the home-schooling children did so."<ref name="Taylor">Self-Concept in home-schooling children, John Wesley Taylor V, Ph.D., Andrews University, Berrien Springs, MI</ref> He further stated that "the self-concept of home-schooling children is significantly higher statistically than that of children attending conventional school. This has implications in the areas of academic achievement and socialization which have been found to parallel self-concept. Regarding socialization, Taylor's results would mean that very few home-schooling children are socially deprived. He states that critics who speak out against homeschooling on the basis of social deprivation are actually addressing an area which favours homeschoolers.<ref name="Taylor"/>
 
Richard G. Medlin, Ph.D.'s research found that homeschooled children have better social skills than children attending traditional schools.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED573486.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605215031/https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED573486.pdf |archive-date=2019-06-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
===Other===
{{primary|section|date=June 2024}}
▲Homeschooled youth are less likely to use and abuse illicit substances and are more likely to disapprove of using alcohol and marijuana.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vaughn|first1=Michael G.|last2=Salas-Wright|first2=Christopher P.|last3=Kremer|first3=Kristen P.|last4=Maynard|first4=Brandy R.|last5=Roberts|first5=Greg|last6=Vaughn|first6=Sharon|title=Are homeschooled adolescents less likely to use alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs?|journal=Drug and Alcohol Dependence|volume=155|pages=97–104|doi=10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.08.010|pmid=26338482|pmc=4652803|year=2015}}</ref> There are also studies according to which homeschooled children are less likely to be [[Sexual abuse|sexually abused]] than children in public schools.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Child Abuse and Neglect Fatalities Not Correlated with Homeschooling|url=https://www.nheri.org/child-abuse-and-neglect-fatalities-not-correlated-with-homeschooling/|access-date=2020-12-02|website=National Home Education Research Institute|date=22 January 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref>
 
==Legality and prevalence==
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==Criticism ==
Critics of homeschooling point to methodological problems with the studies on homeschooling that have been done, which are typically based on non-representative convenience samples.<ref name=valiente2022/>
{{Globalize|section|USA|2name=the United States|date=September 2010}}
 
Some organizations of teachers and school districts resist homeschooling. The [[National Education Association]], a United States [[labor union|teachers' union]] and [[professional association]], has asserted that teachers should be licensed and that state-approved curricula should be used.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lines |first=Patricia M. |title=Homeschooling |url=http://www.kidsource.com/kidsource/content2/homeschooling.k12.3.html |publisher=Kidsource |url-status=bot: unknown |access-date=13 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101025239/http://www.kidsource.com/kidsource/content2/homeschooling.k12.3.html |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Lips|first1=Dan|last2=Feinberg|first2=Evan|title=Homeschooling: A Growing Option in American Education|url=http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2008/04/homeschooling-a-growing-option-in-american-education|publisher=Heritage Foundation|date=2008-04-03|url-status=bot: unknown|access-date=13 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806091432/http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2008/04/homeschooling-a-growing-option-in-american-education|archive-date=6 August 2013}}</ref> [[Elizabeth Bartholet]], a [[Harvard University]] professor of law and faculty director of the Law School's Child Advocacy Program, recommended a ban on home education in 2019, calling it a risky practice.<ref name="EB">{{cite news |last1=O'Donnell |first1=Erin |date=May 2020 |title=The Risks of Homeschooling |url=https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2020/05/right-now-risks-homeschooling |access-date=January 1, 2022}}</ref>
 
Gallup polls of American voters have shownshowed a significant change in attitude infrom the1985 lastto 20 years2001, with respondents going from 73% opposed to homeschooling in 1985 to 54% opposed in 2001.<ref>{{cite web |title=ERIC/CEM - School Choice Discussion |url=http://eric.uoregon.edu/trends_issues/choice/home_schooling.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114144844/http://eric.uoregon.edu/trends_issues/choice/home_schooling.html |archive-date=14 November 2007 |access-date=19 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Rose |first=Lowell C. |author2=Alec M. Gallup |author3=Stanley M. Elam |date=1997 |title=The 29th Annual Phi Delta Kappa/Gallup Poll of the Public's Attitudes Toward the Public Schools |journal=Phi Delta Kappan |series=1 |volume=79 |pages=41–56}}</ref> In 1988, when asked whether parents should have a right to choose homeschooling, 53 percent thought that they should, as revealed by another poll.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gallup |first=Alec M. |author2=Elam M. Stanley |date=1988 |title=The 20th Annual Gallup Poll of the Public's Attitudes Toward the Public Schools |journal=Phi Delta Kappan |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=33–46}}</ref>
 
There is also concern that homeschooling reduces a child's exposure to [[mandated reporter]]s such as teachers, making children more susceptible to sustained, unreported abuse.<ref name="EB" /> While there is not enough data to determine exact rates of abuse in homeschooling there is, however, strong evidence to suggest that parents who engage in maltreatment and educational neglect are more likely to use homeschooling as a guise.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Webster |first=Rebecca |date=2013-05-16 |title=The Relationship Between Homeschooling and Child Abuse |url=https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/source/2013/oralpresentations/137 |journal=Symposium of University Research and Creative Expression (SOURCE)}}</ref>
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