Content deleted Content added
Clovermoss (talk | contribs) m This source specifically only really verifies the one term |
Savannasaliu (talk | contribs) m →Recent |
||
| (22 intermediate revisions by 10 users not shown) | |||
Line 2:
{{Distinguish|Distance education|Independent school|Out-of-school learning|Autodidacticism}}
{{Redirect-multi|2|Homeschool|Home School|the EP|Homeschool (EP)|the novel|Home School (novel)}}
[[File:Representation, Punch Denmark, 1889.jpg|thumb|
▲[[File:Representation, Punch Denmark, 1889.jpg|thumb|250px|A person educating children at home]]
<!--Note that the lead section should summarize the article, and therefore should only cover the most important aspects of the corresponding topic. Sources should also generally not be included if the statements are sourced later in the article or if topics with main articles are briefly mentioned with its surrounding aspects.-->
'''Homeschooling''' or '''home schooling''' ([[American English]]), also known as '''home education''' or '''elective home education''' ('''EHE''') ([[British English]]),<ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=Elective home education—Guidelines for local authorities|url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/288135/guidelines_for_las_on_elective_home_educationsecondrevisev2_0.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522112855/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/288135/guidelines_for_las_on_elective_home_educationsecondrevisev2_0.pdf|archive-date=2018-05-22|access-date=2018-10-11|publisher=gov.uk|at=Section 1.2, page 3}}</ref> is the [[education]] of school-aged children at home or a variety of places other than a [[school]]. Usually conducted by a parent, tutor, or online teacher, many homeschool families use [[Informal education|less formal]], more personalized and individualized methods of learning that are not always found in schools. The actual practice of homeschooling varies considerably. The spectrum ranges from highly structured forms based on traditional school lessons to more open, free forms such as [[unschooling]], which is a lesson- and [[curriculum]]-free implementation of homeschooling. Some families who initially attended a school go through a [[Deschooling|deschool]] phase to break away from school habits and prepare for homeschooling. While "homeschooling" is the term commonly used in North America, "home education" is primarily used in Europe and many [[Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth countries]]. Homeschooling should not be confused with [[distance education]], which generally refers to the arrangement where the student is educated by and conforms to the requirements of an [[online school]], rather than being educated independently and unrestrictedly by their parents or by themselves.
<!--SUMMARIZING HISTORY AND TODAY'S SITUATION-->
Line 16 ⟶ 14:
<!--SUMMARIZING CRITICISM AND RESEARCH RESULTS-->
Critics of homeschooling argue that children may lack adequate [[socialization]] and therefore have poorer [[social skills]]. Some are also concerned that parents may be unqualified to guide and advise their children. Critics also say that a child might not encounter people of other cultures, worldviews, and socioeconomic groups if they are not enrolled in a school. Therefore, these critics believe that homeschooling cannot guarantee a comprehensive and neutral education if educational standards are not prescribed. Studies on homeschooled students
== Terminology ==
While "homeschooling" is the term commonly used [[Homeschooling in the United States|in the United States]] and other nations in North America, "home education" is primarily used [[Home education in the United Kingdom|in the United Kingdom]], elsewhere in Europe and many [[Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth countries]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5">{{cite book |last1=Rothermel |first1=Paula |title=International perspectives on home education : do we still need schools? |date=20 March 2015 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-1137446848}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite book |last1=Bhopal & Myers |first1=Kalwant, Martin |title=Home schooling and home education : race, class and inequality |date=2018-05-02 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1138651340}}</ref>
==History==
Line 32 ⟶ 28:
Home education and apprenticeship continued to remain the main form of education until the 1830s.<ref name="History of Alternative Education">{{cite web|url=http://www.quaqua.org/utah.htm|title=History of Alternative Education in the United States|access-date=19 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031714/http://www.quaqua.org/utah.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in the 18th century, the majority of people in Europe lacked formal education.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Education |volume= 8 |last= Welton |first= James | pages = 951–989; see page 959, fourth para, last line |quote= But the total results were not great; the mass of the people in every European country remained without schooling throughout the 18th century. }}</ref> Since the early 19th century, formal classroom schooling became the most common means of schooling throughout the developed countries.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cvrcek|first1=Tomas|last2=Zajicek|first2=Miroslav|date=2019-09-01|title=The rise of public schooling in nineteenth-century Imperial Austria: Who gained and who paid?|journal=Cliometrica|language=en|volume=13|issue=3|pages=367–403|doi=10.1007/s11698-018-0180-6|issn=1863-2513|doi-access=free}}</ref>
=== United States
In the 1960s, [[Rousas John Rushdoony]] began to advocate homeschooling, which he saw as a way to combat the [[secular]] nature of the [[Public school (government-funded)|public school]] system in the United States. He vigorously attacked [[progressivism|progressive]] [[school reform]]ers such as [[Horace Mann]] and [[John Dewey]], and argued for the dismantling of the state's influence in education in three works: ''Intellectual Schizophrenia'', ''The Messianic Character of American Education'', and ''The Philosophy of the Christian Curriculum''. Rushdoony was frequently called as an expert witness by the [[Home School Legal Defense Association]] (HSLDA) in court cases. He frequently advocated the use of private schools.<ref>{{cite web|last=Edgar |first=William |title=The Passing of R. J. Rushdoony |work=[[First Things
Conservative Christian parents were increasingly dissatisfied with the public school system and were the main demographic that organized to promote home education in the United States.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Talbot |first1=Margaret |title=The New Counterculture |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2001/11/the-new-counterculture/302341/ |website=The Atlantic |date=November 2001 |access-date=25 June 2024}}</ref> This movement embraced research conducted by other religious parents that advocated for homeschooling such as Raymond and Dorothy Moore.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Riley |first1=Gina |title=Differences in Competence, Autonomy, and Relatedness between Home Educated and Traditionally Educated Young Adults |journal=International Social Science Review |date=2015 |volume=90 |issue=2 |page=11 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/intesociscierevi.90.2.02 |access-date=25 June 2024}}</ref> Another influential figure associated with the rise of the homeschooling movement was [[John Holt (educator)|John Holt]]. Holt believed that informal education was better than compulsory education and expressed these views in his books ''How Children Fail'' and ''How Children Learn''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gaither |first1=Milton |title=John Holt |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Holt |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |date=8 May 2024 |access-date=1 July 2024}}</ref> Holt advocated for [[unschooling]], where children learn without any formalized curriculum or expectations.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Hanes |first1=Stephanie |title=Free-range education: Why the unschooling movement is growing |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Education/2016/0214/Free-range-education-Why-the-unschooling-movement-is-growing |website=The Christian Science Monitor |access-date=1 July 2024}}</ref>
=== Recent ===
Schools were [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education|widely shut down]] during the early part of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], with schools instead using [[distance education]] and online learning. This is not considered homeschooling, however, since their education was directed by public schools.<ref name=valiente2022/>▼
▲Schools were [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education|widely shut down]] during the early part of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], with schools instead using [[distance education]]. This is not considered homeschooling, however, since their education was directed by public schools.<ref name=valiente2022/>
==Motivations==
Line 89 ⟶ 61:
==Teaching methods, forms and philosophies==
Homeschooling is usually conducted by a parent, tutor, or an online teacher,<ref>"Homeschool." Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, 2015. Web. 3 June 2015. [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/homeschool Dictionary.reference.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302144400/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/homeschool|date=2016-03-02}}</ref> but the concrete practice can be very different. The spectrum ranges from highly structured forms based on traditional school lessons to more open, free forms like [[unschooling]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Tyler |date=2014-10-15 |title=How Is Unschooling Different From Homeschooling? |url=https://www.noodle.com/articles/how-is-unschooling-different-from-homeschooling |access-date=2020-10-10 |website=www.noodle.com |language=en}}</ref> which is a [[curriculum]]-free implementation of homeschooling that involves teaching children based on their interests.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What Is Unschooling? A Parents Guide to Child-Led Home Education|url=https://www.parents.com/kids/education/home-schooling/what-is-unschooling-all-about-child-led-home-education/|access-date=2020-12-15|website=Parents|language=EN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Unschooling - letting children grow up without school or teachers|url=https://www.dpa-international.com/topic/unschooling-letting-children-grow-without-school-teachers-urn%3Anewsml%3Adpa.com%3A20090101%3A161024-99-923474|access-date=2020-12-15|website=dpa International|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://www.educationcorner.com/what-is-unschooling.html|title=What is Unschooling?|website=www.educationcorner.com|access-date=2019-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224021627/https://www.educationcorner.com/what-is-unschooling.html|archive-date=2019-12-24|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Many homeschool families use a wide variety of methods and materials and less formal educational methods, which represent a variety of educational philosophies and paradigms.<ref>{{cite web|date=2013-05-08|title=Informal learning, home education and homeschooling (home schooling)|url=https://infed.org/informal-learning-home-education-and-homeschooling-home-schooling/|access-date=2020-12-21|publisher=YMCA George Williams College}}</ref> Some of the methods or [[learning environment]]s used include [[Classical education movement|classical education]] (including [[trivium (education)|Trivium]], [[Quadrivium]]), [[Charlotte Mason]] education, [[Montessori method]], [[theory of multiple intelligences]], unschooling, [[Waldorf education]], school-at-home (curriculum choices from both secular and religious publishers), [[A Thomas Jefferson Education]], unit studies, curriculum made up from private or small publishers, apprenticeship, hands-on-learning, distance learning (both online and correspondence), dual enrollment in local schools or colleges, and curriculum provided by local schools and many others. Some of these approaches are used in private and public schools.{{Citation needed|date=August 2017}} Educational research and studies support the use of some of these methods. Unschooling, natural learning, Charlotte Mason Education, Montessori, Waldorf, apprenticeship, hands-on-learning, unit studies are supported to varying degrees by research by [[constructivism (learning theory)|constructivist]] learning theories and [[situated cognition]] theories.{{Clarify|reason=Same list as above|date=August 2017}} Elements of these theories may be found in the other methods as well.
Line 116 ⟶ 88:
'''Natural learning''' refers to a type of learning-on-demand where children pursue knowledge based on their interests and parents take an active part in facilitating activities and experiences conducive to learning but do not rely heavily on textbooks or spend much time "teaching", looking instead for "learning moments" throughout their daily activities. Parents see their role as that of affirming through positive feedback and modeling the necessary skills, and the child's role as being responsible for asking and learning.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://education.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.001.0001/acrefore-9780190264093-e-80|title=Self-Directed Education—Unschooling and Democratic Schooling|encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Education |publisher=Oxford University Press |first=Peter|last=Gray|date=April 15, 2017|access-date=September 18, 2018|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.013.80|isbn=9780190264093|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919061756/http://education.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.001.0001/acrefore-9780190264093-e-80|archive-date=September 19, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The term '''unschooling''' as coined by [[John Holt (educator)|John Holt]] describes an approach in which parents do not authoritatively direct the child's education, but interact with the child following the child's own interests, leaving them free to explore and learn as their interests lead.<ref name="kwmzdt"
Another prominent proponent of unschooling is [[John Taylor Gatto]], author of ''[[Dumbing Us Down]]'', ''The Exhausted School'', ''A Different Kind of Teacher'', and ''[[Weapons of Mass Instruction]]''. Gatto argues that public education is the primary tool of "state-controlled consciousness" and serves as a prime illustration of the [[total institution]] — a social system which impels obedience to the state and quells free-thinking or dissent.<ref>John Taylor Gatto, ''Weapons of Mass Instruction'' (Odysseus Group, 2008).</ref>
Line 151 ⟶ 121:
According to the [[Home School Legal Defense Association]] (HSLDA) in 2004, "Many studies over the last few years have established the academic excellence of homeschooled children."<ref name="hslda.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.hslda.org/docs/nche/000010/200410250.asp|title=HSLDA - Academic Statistics on Homeschooling|access-date=19 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421172714/http://www.hslda.org/docs/nche/000010/200410250.asp|archive-date=21 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Home Schooling Achievement'', a compilation of studies published by the HSLDA, supported the [[academic integrity]] of homeschooling. This booklet summarized a 1997 study by Ray and the 1999 Rudner study.<ref>{{cite web|title=Academic Achievement|url=http://www.hslda.org/docs/study/comp2001/default.asp|publisher=HSLDA|access-date=12 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031123231/http://www.hslda.org/docs/study/comp2001/default.asp|archive-date=31 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Rudner study noted two limitations of its own research: it is not necessarily representative of all homeschoolers and it is not a comparison with other schooling methods.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Achievement and Demographics of Home School Students|pages=8|journal=Education Policy Analysis Archives|volume=7|date=1999-03-23|last1=Rudner|first1=Lawrence M.|doi=10.14507/epaa.v7n8.1999|doi-access=free}}</ref> Among the homeschooled students who took the tests, the average homeschooled student outperformed his public school peers by 30 to 37 percentile points across all subjects. The study also indicates that public school performance gaps between minorities and genders were virtually non-existent among the homeschooled students who took the tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hslda.org/docs/study/comp2001/default.asp|title=HSLDA - Home Schooling Achievement|access-date=19 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412162415/http://www.hslda.org/docs/study/comp2001/default.asp|archive-date=12 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
A survey of 11,739 homeschooled students conducted in 2008 found that, on average, the homeschooled students scored 37 percentile points above public school students on standardized achievement tests.<ref name=Ray>{{cite web|last=Ray|first=Brian|title=Progress Report 2009: Homeschool Academic Achievement and Demographics|url=http://www.hslda.org/docs/media/2009/200908100.asp|work=Survey|publisher=National Home Education Research Institute|access-date=6 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105090830/http://www.hslda.org/docs/media/2009/200908100.asp|archive-date=2013-01-05|url-status=dead}}</ref> This is consistent with the 1999 Rudner study. However, Rudner said that these same students in public school may have scored just as well because of the dedicated parents they had.<ref name="
In 2011, a quasi-experimental study was conducted that included homeschooled and traditional public students between the ages of 5 and 10. It was discovered that the majority of the homeschooled children achieved higher standardized scores compared to their counterparts.<ref>1. Chang- Martin, S., Gould, O., & Meuse, R. (2011). The impact of schooling on academic achievement: evidence from homeschooled and traditionally schooled students. ''Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science'', 43(3): 195–202. DOI:10.1037/a0022697</ref> However, Martin-Chang also found that unschooling children ages 5–10 scored significantly below traditionally educated children, while academically oriented homeschooled children scored from one half grade level above to 4.5 grade levels above traditionally schooled children on standardized tests (n=37 homeschooled children matched with children from the same socioeconomic and educational background).<ref name=Martin-Chang>{{cite journal|last=Martin-Chang|first=Sandra|author2=Gould, O.N.|author3=Meuse, R.E.|title=The impact of schooling on academic achievement: Evidence from home-schooled and traditionally-schooled students|journal=Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science|year=2011|volume=43|issue=3|pages=195–202|doi=10.1037/a0022697|url=http://crdh.concordia.ca/researchers/Sandra_Martin-Chang.html|access-date=7 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212220421/http://crdh.concordia.ca/researchers/Sandra_Martin-Chang.html|archive-date=12 February 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Line 159 ⟶ 129:
On average, studies suggest homeschoolers score at or above the national average on standardized tests.{{cn|date=June 2024}} Homeschool students have been accepted into many Ivy League universities.<ref name="EoDL"/>
Homeschooled children may receive more individualized attention than students enrolled in traditional public schools. A 2011 study suggests that a structured environment could play a key role in homeschooler academic achievement.<ref name="Chang- Martin 2011">Chang- Martin, S., Gould, O., & Meuse, R. (2011). The impact of schooling on academic achievement: evidence from homeschooled and traditionally schooled students. ''Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science'', 43(3): 195–202. DOI:10.1037/a0022697</ref> This means that parents were highly involved in their child's education and they were creating clear educational goals. In addition, these students were being offered organized lesson plans which are either self-made or purchased.<ref name="
A study conducted by Ray in 2010 indicates that the higher the level of parents' income, the more likely the homeschooled child is able to achieve academic success.<ref>Ray, Brian. (2010). Academic achievement and demographic traits of homeschool students: a nationwide study. ''Academic Leadership Live: The Online Journal'', 8(1).</ref>
Line 185 ⟶ 155:
Critics of homeschooling point to methodological problems with the studies on homeschooling that have been done, which are typically based on non-representative convenience samples.<ref name=valiente2022/>
Some organizations of teachers and school districts resist homeschooling. The [[National Education Association]], a United States [[labor union|teachers' union]] and [[professional association]], has asserted that teachers should be licensed and that state-approved curricula should be used.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lines |first=Patricia M. |title=Homeschooling |url=http://www.kidsource.com/kidsource/content2/homeschooling.k12.3.html |publisher=Kidsource |url-status=bot: unknown |access-date=13 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101025239/http://www.kidsource.com/kidsource/content2/homeschooling.k12.3.html |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Lips|first1=Dan|last2=Feinberg|first2=Evan|title=Homeschooling: A Growing Option in American Education|url=http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2008/04/homeschooling-a-growing-option-in-american-education|publisher=Heritage Foundation|date=2008-04-03|url-status=bot: unknown|access-date=13 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806091432/http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2008/04/homeschooling-a-growing-option-in-american-education|archive-date=6 August 2013}}</ref> [[Elizabeth Bartholet]], a [[Harvard University]] professor of law and faculty director of the Law School's Child Advocacy Program, recommended a ban on home education in 2019, calling it a risky practice.<ref name="EB">{{cite news |last1=O'Donnell |first1=Erin |date=May 2020 |title=The Risks of Homeschooling |url=https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2020/05/right-now-risks-homeschooling |access-date=January 1, 2022}}</ref>
Gallup polls of American voters showed a significant change in attitude from 1985 to 2001, with respondents going from 73% opposed to homeschooling to 54% opposed.<ref>{{cite web |title=ERIC/CEM - School Choice Discussion |url=http://eric.uoregon.edu/trends_issues/choice/home_schooling.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114144844/http://eric.uoregon.edu/trends_issues/choice/home_schooling.html |archive-date=14 November 2007 |access-date=19 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Rose |first=Lowell C. |author2=Alec M. Gallup |author3=Stanley M. Elam |date=1997 |title=The 29th Annual Phi Delta Kappa/Gallup Poll of the Public's Attitudes Toward the Public Schools |journal=Phi Delta Kappan |series=1 |volume=79 |pages=41–56}}</ref> In 1988, when asked whether parents should have a right to choose homeschooling, 53 percent thought that they should, as revealed by another poll.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gallup |first=Alec M. |author2=Elam M. Stanley |date=1988 |title=The 20th Annual Gallup Poll of the Public's Attitudes Toward the Public Schools |journal=Phi Delta Kappan |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=33–46}}</ref>
| |||