Perch: Difference between revisions

{{shortShort description|Genus of fishes}}

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'''Perch''' is a [[common name]] for [[freshwater fish]] offrom the [[genus]] '''''Perca''''', freshwaterwhich [[gamefish]] belongingbelongs to the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Percidae]]. The perch, of which three species occur in different geographical areas, lend their name to athe large order of [[vertebrateorder (biology)|order]]s: the [[PerciformPerciformes]]es,. The name comes from the {{lang-el|πέρκη}} ({{transl|el|perke}}), simply meaning perch, and the [[Latintype species]] ''forma'' meaning shape. Many species of freshwaterthis gamefish more or less resemble perch, but belong to different genera. In factgenus, the exclusively saltwater-dwelling [[redEuropean drumperch]] is often referred to as a red perch, though by definition perch are freshwater fish(''P. Though many fish are referred to as perch as a common name, to be considered a true perch, the fish must be of the family Percidaefluviatilis'').

* The [[European perch]] (''P. fluviatilis'') is primarily found in [[Europe]] and [[North America]], but a few can also be found in [[South Africa]], and even as far east on the [[Southern Hemisphere|Southern hemisphere]] as [[Australia]].<ref>{{Cite journal |lastlast1=Orban |firstfirst1=Elena |last2= Nevigato |first2=Teresina |last3=Masci |first3=Maurizio |last4=Di Lena |first4=Gabriella |last5=Casini |first5=Irene |last6=Caproni |first6=Roberto |last7=Gambelli |first7=Loretta |last8=De Angelis |first8=Paola |last9=Rampacci |first9=Massimo |date=2007-01 |orig-date=27December June1, 2005 |title=Nutritional quality and safety of European perch (Perca fluviatilis) from three lakes of Central Italy |url= https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308814605008903 |journal=Food Chemistry |year=2007 |language=en |volume=100 |issue=2 |pages=482–490 |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.09.069}}</ref> This species is typically greenish in color with dark vertical bars on its sides with a red or orange coloring in the tips of its fins. The European perch has been successfully introduced in [[New Zealand]] and [[Australia]], where it is known as the redfin perch or English perch. In Australia, larger specimens have been bred, but the species rarely grows heavier than {{convert|6|lb|kg|order=flip|abbr=on}}.

* The [[Balkhash perch]] (''P. schrenkii'') is found in [[Kazakhstan]], (in [[Lake Balkhash]] and [[Lake Alakol]]), [[Uzbekistan]], and [[China]]. It ishas a dark gray/black color on its dorsal side, but the ventral areas of the fish are a lighter silver or even sometimes green color. The Balkhash perch also displays the vertical bars on its sides, similar to the European and yellow perches. In the latter half of the 20^th20th century, the Balkhash perch was introduced into the basins of the [[Nuru River|Nuru]] and [[Chu (river)|Chu]] rivers. The introduction of these fishes to the Nuru and Chu rivers was successful. Because of this success, the population of Balkhash perch in the Balkhash Lake is rarer now. They are similar in size to the yellow and European perches, weighing around {{cvt|1.5 |kg|lboz}}.<ref>{{Citation |title=Biology of Balkhash Perch (Perca schrenkii Kessler, 1874) |date=2015-08-05 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b18806-6 |work=Biology of Perch |pages=57–82 |publisher=CRC Press |doi=10.1201/b18806-6 |isbn=9780429069468 |access-date=2022-05-10}}</ref>

* The [[yellow perch]] (''P. flavescens''), smaller and paler than the [[European perch]] (but otherwise nearly identical), is found in [[North America]]. In northern areas, it is sometimes referred to as the lake perch. This species is prized for its food quality and has often been raised in hatcheries and introduced into areas in which it is not native. Yellow perch are almost identical in appearance to European perch, but have a more yellow coloring. These fish typically only reach a size of about {{convert|15|in|cm|order=flip|abbr=on}} and {{convert|1|kg|lboz|abbr=on}}.{{Multiple image

[[File:PerchPerca headfluviatilis 1879.JPGjpg|thumb|SkullEuropean ofperch the(''Perca Europeanfluviatilis''), Perchexhibiting showingits thegreen eyecoloration sockets,and connectivered bones,tipped operculumfins, andas well as the vertical bars on gillits slitssides.<ref>{{Citation |last=HLydon |first=Cholmondeley-PennellAlexander Francis |title=English: Head of the European perch (Perca fluviatilis) |date=18631879 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Perch_headPerca_fluviatilis_1879.JPGjpg |access-date=2022-05-10}}</ref>]]

=== External Anatomy:anatomy ===

Perch have a long and round body shape which allows for fast swimming in the water. True perch have "rough" or [[ctenoid]] scales. Perch have paired [[Pectoral fin|pectoral]] and [[pelvic fin]]s, and two [[dorsal fin]]s, the first one spiny and the second soft. These two fins can be separate or joined.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Weatherley |first=A. H. |date=1963-03-01 |title=A Note on the Head Kidney and Kidney of the Perch Perca Fluviatilis (linnaeus), with Special Reference to the Blood Vascular System |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |language=en |volume=140 |issue=2 |pages=161–167 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1963.tb01859.x |issn=1469-7998}}</ref> The head consists of the [[skull]] (formed from loosely connected bones), [[Eye|eyeseye]]s, [[mouth]], [[Operculum (fish)|operculum]], [[Gill|gillsgill]]s, and a pair of [[Nostril|nostrilsnostril]]s (which has no connection to the oral cavity). They have small brush-like teeth across their [[Jaw|jawsjaw]]s and on the roof of their mouth. The gills are located under the operculum on both sides of the head and are used to extract oxygen molecules from water and expel carbon dioxide; the gills have [[Gillgill raker|gill rakers]]s inside the mouth.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Romer |first=Alfred Sherwood |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3003870 |title=The vertebrate body |date=1977 |publisher=Saunders |others=Thomas S. Parsons |isbn=0-7216-7668-5 |edition=5th |location=Philadelphia |oclc=3003870}}</ref>

External anatomy can be used to determine the [[sex]] of perch in multiple ways. Perch have two posterior openings located on their abdomen, the [[Anus|anal]] and [[Urogenital opening|urogenital]]. In males, the shape of the urogenital opening is round and larger than the anal opening. In females, the urogenital opening is often a V- or U-shape which is a similar size to the anal opening. Also, Malesmales usually have a more brown-red colored urogenital opening compared to females. <ref>{{Cite journal |lastlast1=Shepherd |firstfirst1= Brian S. |last2=Rees |first2=Christopher B. |last3=Sepulveda‐Villet |first3=Osvaldo J. |last4=Palmquist |first4=Debra E. |last5= Binkowski |first5=Fred P. |display-authors= 3| date=May 13, 2013 |title=Identification of Gender in Yellow Perch by External Morphology: Validation in Four Geographic Strains and Effects of Estradiol |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1080/15222055.2013.783520 |journal= North American Journal of Aquaculture |language=en |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=361–372 |doi=10.1080/15222055.2013.783520 |issn=1522-2055}}</ref>

=== Internal Anatomy:anatomy ===

The [[esophagus]] is a flexible tube that goes from the mouth to the stomach. The [[stomach]] is connected to the intestine via the [[pyloric sphincter|pyloric sphincter.]] .<ref name=":1" /> The [[intestines]] of perch consist of the [[small intestine]] and [[large intestine]]; the intestines have many [[Pyloric caecae|pyloric caeca]] and a [[Spiral valve|spiral value]], the small intestine consists of a part called the [[duodenum]]. The [[spleen]] is located after the stomach and before the spiral value. The spleen is connected to the [[circulatory system]], not part of the [[digestive tract]]. The [[liver]] is composed of three lobes: one small lobe (includes the gall bladder) and two large lobes. Perch have long and narrow [[Kidney|kidneyskidney]]s that contain clusters of [[Nephron|nephronsnephron]]s which empty into the [[mesonephric duct]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |lastlast1=Parker &| first1=Blair |first first2= Wakee | last2= McKenzie |url= https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1132388392 |title=Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates |date=2019 |publisher=EDTECH |isbn= 978-1-83947-454-5 |oclc=1132388392}}</ref> They have a two-chambered [[heart]] consisting of four compartments: the [[Sinus venosus|sinus venous]], one [[Atrium (heart)|atrium]], one [[Ventricle (heart)|ventricle,]], and [[Infundibulum (heart)|conus]].<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Randall |first=D. J. |date=1968-05-01 |title=Functional Morphology of the Heart in Fishes |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/8.2.179 |journal=American Zoologist |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=179–189 |doi=10.1093/icb/8.2.179 |pmid=5738636 |issn=0003-1569|doi-access=free }}</ref> Perch have a [[swim bladder]] that helps control [[buoyancy]] or floating within the water, the swim bladder is only found in bony fish. In perch, the duct connecting the swim bladder to the [[pharynx]] is closed so air is unable to pass through from the mouth, these fish are called [[Physoclistic|''physoclists'']]. Specifically in perch, the gas bladder can vary from 12% to 25% of [[Oxygenoxygen]] and 1.4% to 2.9% of [[Carboncarbon dioxide]] gas. <ref>{{Cite book |lastlast1=B. Chiasson|first first1=Chiasson, Robert |first2= William J. | last2= Radke |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/640832481 |title=Laboratory anatomy of the perch |date=1991 |publisher=Wm. C. Brown |oclc=640832481}}</ref> Perch [[Reproductive organs of fish|reproductive organs]] include either a pair of [[testes]] (sperm-producing) or a pair of [[Ovary|ovaries]] (egg-producing). <ref name=":02" /> [[File:Oste082p labelled.png|thumb|The above picture is a labeled image of the internal anatomy of the species Perch Perca flavescens. Each letter corresponds to an internal body part, A: gills, B: auricle of the heart, C: ventricle of the heart, D: liver, E: stomach, F: digestive cecum, G: swim bladder, H: intestine, I: testis, and J: urinary bladder.<ref>{{Citation |last=Houseman |first=Jon |title=English: Internal Anatomy of the Perch Perca flavescens. |date=2013-05-22 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oste082p_labelled.png |access-date=2022-05-10}}</ref>]]

Perch are classified as [[Carnivore|carnivorescarnivore]]s, choosing waters where smaller fish, [[shellfish]], zooplankton, and insect [[Larva|larvaelarva]]e are abundant.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Amundsen |first=Per-Arne |last2=Bøhn |first2=Thomas |last3=Popova |first3=Olga A. |last4=Staldvik |first4=Frode J. |last5=Reshetnikov |first5=Yuri S. |last6=Kashulin |first6=Nikolay A. |last7=Lukin |first7=Anatoly A. |date=2003-05-01 |title=Ontogenetic niche shifts and resource partitioning in a subarctic piscivore fish guild |url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025465705717 |journal=Hydrobiologia |language=en |volume=497 |issue=1 |pages=109–119 |doi=10.1023/A:1025465705717 |issn=1573-5117|hdl=10037/19124 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Höhne |first=Leander |last2=Palmer |first2=Miquel |last3=Monk |first3=Christopher T. |last4=Matern |first4=Sven |last5=Nikolaus |first5=Robert |last6=Trudeau |first6=Ashley |last7=Arlinghaus |first7=Robert |date=2020-02-07 |title=Environmental determinants of perch ( Perca fluviatilis ) growth in gravel pit lakes and the relative performance of simple versus complex ecological predictors |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/eff.12532 |journal=Ecology of Freshwater Fish |language=en |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=557–573 |doi=10.1111/eff.12532 |issn=0906-6691|hdl=10261/226087 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> The Perchyellow perch can be found in the central parts of the United States in freshwater ponds, lakes, streams, or rivers. These fish can be found in freshwater all over the world, and are known to inhabit the [[Great Lakes|Great Lake]] region, in particular [[Lake Erie]]. These fish inhabit bodies of water where vegetation and debris is readily accessible.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hargeby |first=Anders |last2=Blom |first2=Henrik |last3=Blindow |first3=Irmgard |last4=Andersson |first4=Gunnar |date=2005-09-23 |title=Increased growth and recruitment of piscivorous perch, Perca fluviatilis , during a transient phase of expanding submerged vegetation in a shallow lake |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2005.01446.x |journal=Freshwater Biology |language=en |volume=50 |issue=12 |pages=2053–2062 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2427.2005.01446.x |issn=0046-5070}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Diehl |first=Sebastian |date=1988 |title=Foraging Efficiency of Three Freshwater Fishes: Effects of Structural Complexity and Light |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3566064 |journal=Oikos |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=207–214 |doi=10.2307/3566064 |issn=0030-1299}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Persson |first=Lennart |last2=Eklov |first2=Peter |date=1995-01-01 |title=Prey Refuges Affecting Interactions Between Piscivorous Perch and Juvenile Perch and Roach |url=https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2307/1940632 |journal=Ecology |language=en |volume=76 |issue=1 |pages=70–81 |doi=10.2307/1940632 |issn=0012-9658}}</ref> In the spring when the Perchperch chooses to [[Spawn (biology)|spawn]], they use vegetation to conceal their eggs from predators.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pringle |first=Robert M. |date=2005-09-01 |title=The Origins of the Nile Perch in Lake Victoria |url=https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0780:TOOTNP]2.0.CO;2 |journal=BioScience |volume=55 |issue=9 |pages=780–787 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0780:TOOTNP]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=13720490 |issn=0006-3568|doi-access=free }}</ref>

*{{commonscatCommons category-inline|Perca}}

[[Category:SportGame fish]]