Content deleted Content added
m Perca fluviatilis does not occur in North America (not native there, and no record of it ever being introduced) |
Bloopityboop (talk | contribs) |
||
(19 intermediate revisions by 15 users not shown) | |||
Line 1:
{{
{{About|the genus of fish}}
{{
{{
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Perches
Line 21 ⟶ 20:
}}
'''Perch''' is a [[common name]] for [[freshwater fish]]
Many species of freshwater [[game fish]] more or less resemble perch, but belong to different genera. In fact, the exclusively saltwater-dwelling [[red drum]] (which belong to a different order [[Acanthuriformes]]) is often referred to as a "red perch", though by definition perch are freshwater species. Though many fish are referred to as perch as a common name, to be considered a true perch, the fish must be of the family Percidae.
==Species==
Most authorities recognize three species within the perch genus:
* The [[European perch]] (''P. fluviatilis'') is primarily found in [[Europe]], but a few can also be found in [[South Africa]], and even as far east on the [[Southern Hemisphere|Southern hemisphere]] as [[Australia]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Orban |first1=Elena |last2= Nevigato |first2=Teresina |last3=Masci |first3=Maurizio |last4=Di Lena |first4=Gabriella |last5=Casini |first5=Irene |last6=Caproni |first6=Roberto |last7=Gambelli |first7=Loretta |last8=De Angelis |first8=Paola |last9=Rampacci |first9=Massimo |orig-date=December 1, 2005 |title=Nutritional quality and safety of European perch (Perca fluviatilis) from three lakes of Central Italy |url= https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308814605008903 |journal=Food Chemistry |year=2007 |language=en |volume=100 |issue=2 |pages=482–490 |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.09.069}}</ref> This species is typically greenish in color with dark vertical bars on its sides with a red or orange coloring in the tips of its fins. The European perch has been successfully introduced in [[New Zealand]] and [[Australia]], where it is known as the redfin perch or English perch. In Australia, larger specimens have been bred, but the species rarely grows heavier than {{convert|6|lb|kg|order=flip|abbr=on}}.
* The [[Balkhash perch]] (''P. schrenkii'') is found in [[Kazakhstan]], (in [[Lake Balkhash]] and [[Lake Alakol]]), [[Uzbekistan]], and [[China]]. It
* The [[yellow perch]] (''P. flavescens''), smaller and paler than the
| image1 = Perca fluviatilis - Perche commune - European perch Cropped.jpg
| image2 = Perca flavescens 404567755 (cropped).jpg
| total_width = 630
| caption1 = ''[[Perca fluviatilis]]''
| caption2 = ''[[Perca flavescens]]''
| image3 = Perca schrenkii.png
| caption3 = ''[[Perca schrenkii]]''
| align = center
}}
==Anatomy==
[[File:
[[File:Perch head.JPG|thumb|Skull of the European Perch showing the eye sockets, connective bones, operculum, and gill slits.<ref>{{Citation |first=H |last=Cholmondeley-Pennell |title=English: Head of the European perch (Perca fluviatilis) |date=1863 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Perch_head.JPG |access-date=2022-05-10}}</ref>]]
=== External
Perch have a long and round body shape which allows for fast swimming in the water. True perch have "rough" or [[ctenoid]] scales. Perch have paired [[Pectoral fin|pectoral]] and [[pelvic fin]]s, and two [[dorsal fin]]s, the first one spiny and the second soft. These two fins can be separate or joined.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Weatherley |first=A. H. |date=1963-03-01 |title=A Note on the Head Kidney and Kidney of the Perch Perca Fluviatilis (linnaeus), with Special Reference to the Blood Vascular System |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |language=en |volume=140 |issue=2 |pages=161–167 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1963.tb01859.x |issn=1469-7998}}</ref> The head consists of the [[skull]] (formed from loosely connected bones), [[eye]]s, [[mouth]], [[Operculum (fish)|operculum]], [[gill]]s, and a pair of [[nostril]]s (which has no connection to the oral cavity). They have small brush-like teeth across their [[jaw]]s and on the roof of their mouth. The gills are located under the operculum on both sides of the head and are used to extract oxygen molecules from water and expel carbon dioxide; the gills have [[gill raker]]s inside the mouth.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Romer |first=Alfred Sherwood |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3003870 |title=The vertebrate body |date=1977 |publisher=Saunders |others=Thomas S. Parsons |isbn=0-7216-7668-5 |edition=5th |location=Philadelphia |oclc=3003870}}</ref>
External anatomy can be used to determine the [[sex]] of perch in multiple ways. Perch have two posterior openings located on their abdomen, the [[Anus|anal]] and [[Urogenital opening|urogenital]]. In males, the shape of the urogenital opening is round and larger than the anal opening. In females, the urogenital opening is often a V- or U-shape which is a similar size to the anal opening. Also,
=== Internal
The [[esophagus]] is a flexible tube that goes from the mouth to the stomach. The [[stomach]] is connected to the intestine via the [[pyloric sphincter]].<ref name=":1" /> The [[intestines]] of perch consist of the [[small intestine]] and [[large intestine]]; the intestines have many [[Pyloric caecae|pyloric caeca]] and a [[Spiral valve|spiral value]], the small intestine consists of a part called the [[duodenum]]. The [[spleen]] is located after the stomach and before the spiral value. The spleen is connected to the [[circulatory system]], not part of the [[digestive tract]]. The [[liver]] is composed of three lobes: one small lobe (includes the gall bladder) and two large lobes. Perch have long and narrow [[kidney]]s that contain clusters of [[nephron]]s which empty into the [[mesonephric duct]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |
==Habitats==
Perch are classified as [[carnivore]]s, choosing waters where smaller fish, [[shellfish]], zooplankton, and insect [[larva]]e are abundant.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Amundsen |first=Per-Arne |last2=Bøhn |first2=Thomas |last3=Popova |first3=Olga A. |last4=Staldvik |first4=Frode J. |last5=Reshetnikov |first5=Yuri S. |last6=Kashulin |first6=Nikolay A. |last7=Lukin |first7=Anatoly A. |date=2003-05-01 |title=Ontogenetic niche shifts and resource partitioning in a subarctic piscivore fish guild |url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025465705717 |journal=Hydrobiologia |language=en |volume=497 |issue=1 |pages=109–119 |doi=10.1023/A:1025465705717 |issn=1573-5117|hdl=10037/19124 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Höhne |first=Leander |last2=Palmer |first2=Miquel |last3=Monk |first3=Christopher T. |last4=Matern |first4=Sven |last5=Nikolaus |first5=Robert |last6=Trudeau |first6=Ashley |last7=Arlinghaus |first7=Robert |date=2020-02-07 |title=Environmental determinants of perch ( Perca fluviatilis ) growth in gravel pit lakes and the relative performance of simple versus complex ecological predictors |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/eff.12532 |journal=Ecology of Freshwater Fish |language=en |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=557–573 |doi=10.1111/eff.12532 |issn=0906-6691|hdl=10261/226087 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> The yellow perch can be found in the central parts of the United States in freshwater ponds, lakes, streams, or rivers. These fish can be found in freshwater all over the world, and are known to inhabit the [[Great Lakes|Great Lake]] region, in particular [[Lake Erie]]. These fish inhabit bodies of water where vegetation and debris is readily accessible.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hargeby |first=Anders |last2=Blom |first2=Henrik |last3=Blindow |first3=Irmgard |last4=Andersson |first4=Gunnar |date=2005-09-23 |title=Increased growth and recruitment of piscivorous perch, Perca fluviatilis , during a transient phase of expanding submerged vegetation in a shallow lake |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2005.01446.x |journal=Freshwater Biology |language=en |volume=50 |issue=12 |pages=2053–2062 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2427.2005.01446.x |issn=0046-5070}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Diehl |first=Sebastian |date=1988 |title=Foraging Efficiency of Three Freshwater Fishes: Effects of Structural Complexity and Light |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3566064 |journal=Oikos |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=207–214 |doi=10.2307/3566064 |issn=0030-1299}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Persson |first=Lennart |last2=Eklov |first2=Peter |date=1995-01-01 |title=Prey Refuges Affecting Interactions Between Piscivorous Perch and Juvenile Perch and Roach |url=https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2307/1940632 |journal=Ecology |language=en |volume=76 |issue=1 |pages=70–81 |doi=10.2307/1940632 |issn=0012-9658}}</ref> In the spring when the perch chooses to [[Spawn (biology)|spawn]], they use vegetation to conceal their eggs from predators.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pringle |first=Robert M. |date=2005-09-01 |title=The Origins of the Nile Perch in Lake Victoria |url=https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0780:TOOTNP]2.0.CO;2 |journal=BioScience |volume=55 |issue=9 |pages=780–787 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0780:TOOTNP]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=13720490 |issn=0006-3568|doi-access=free }}</ref>
==Fishing==
Line 51 ⟶ 59:
Perch grow to around {{convert|50|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|5|lb|kg|1|abbr=on|order=flip}} or more, but the most common size caught are around {{convert|30|cm|ft|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|1|lb|g|sigfig=2|abbr=on|order=flip}} or less and anything over {{convert|40|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|2|lb|g|sigfig=1|abbr=on|order=flip}} is considered a prize catch.
==References==
Line 59 ⟶ 64:
==External links==
*{{
{{Seafood}}
{{Meat|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q600262}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Perch| ]]
[[Category:
[[Category:Vermont cuisine]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
|