Content deleted Content added
Citation bot (talk | contribs) Add: date. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Anas1712 | #UCB_webform 1688/1894 |
RodRabelo7 (talk | contribs) |
||
(28 intermediate revisions by 13 users not shown) | |||
Line 1:
{{For|other places called Joachimsthal|Joachimsthal (disambiguation)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jáchymov
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Obec|Town]]
<!-- images
| image_skyline = Jáchymov 2016 a.jpg
| image_caption = Upper Jáchymov
Line 27:
<!-- government type, leaders -->
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name =
<!-- established -->
| established_title =
| established_date =
<!-- area -->
| area_footnotes =
Line 38:
| elevation_m = 672
<!-- population -->
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=Population of Municipalities – 1 January
| population_total =
| population_density_km2 = auto
<!-- time zone(s) -->
Line 56:
| footnotes =
}}
'''Jáchymov''' ({{IPA-cs|ˈjaːxɪmof}}; {{lang-de|Sankt Joachimsthal}} or ''Joachimsthal'') is a [[spa town]] in [[Karlovy Vary District]] in the [[Karlovy Vary Region]] of the [[Czech Republic]]. It has about 2,300 inhabitants. ▼
▲'''Jáchymov''' ({{IPA
Jáchymov has a long mining tradition, thanks to which it used to be the second most populous town in the [[Kingdom of Bohemia]] in 1534. At first
The mining cultural landscape of Jáchymov is a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] as a part of the [[Ore Mountain Mining Region]]. The historic centre of the town is well preserved and protected as an [[Cultural monument (Czech Republic)#Monument zones|urban monument zone]]. ==Administrative parts==
==Etymology==
The town was founded in a nameless valley called in German just ''Thal'' (i.e. "valley"). Later it was named ''Sankt Joachimsthal'' after Saint [[Joachim]], meaning "Saint Joachim's Valley". It later developed into the Czech name Jáchymov.<ref name=tolar>{{cite web |title=Po stopách jáchymovského tolaru
==Geography==
Jáchymov is located about {{convert|15|km|0}} north of [[Karlovy Vary]], on the border with [[Germany]]. It lies in the [[Ore Mountains]]. The municipal territory includes the
==History==
[[File:Fotothek df tg 0007851 Bergbau ^ Bergwerk ^ Silberbergbau.jpg|thumb|160px|Silver mining in Jáchymov, 1548]]
[[File:Bohemia, Joachimsthaler 1525 Electrotype Copy. VF. Obverse..jpg|140px|thumb|Jáchymovský tolar, 1525. Obverse, picturing St. Joachim.]]
[[File:Jáchymov těžní věž dolu Svornost srpen 2019 (2).jpg|thumb|
[[File:Jáchymov, náměstí.JPG|thumb|Republic Square]]
In 1512, [[silver]] was found in the area. The village of Jáchymov was founded by Štěpán Schlick in 1516 under its German name ''Joachimsthal''. The silver caused the population to grow rapidly, and made the
Since 1520, the Schlicks had silver coins minted, which were called ''[[Joachimsthaler]]s''. They became known in German as ''[[Thaler]]'' and as [[tolar]] in Czech, which via the Dutch {{lang|nl|daalder}} or {{lang|nl|daler}} is the etymological origin of the currency name "[[dollar]]".<ref>{{cite web |website=BBC|title=The Curious Origins of the Dollar|date=2019-05-28|access-date=2019-05-28|last=Anderson|first=Hepzibah|url=http://www.bbc.com/capital/story/20190528-the-curious-origin-of-the-symbol}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to Jáchymov: the Czech town that invented the dollar|url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20200107-welcome-to-jchymov-the-czech-town-that-invented-the-dollar|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=2020-01-08|access-date=2020-01-09}}</ref>
Line 84 ⟶ 86:
In 1534, Jáchymov was the second most populous town in the [[Kingdom of Bohemia]] with about 20,000 people.<ref name=zk/>
In 1523, the [[Protestant Reformation]] began. In the [[Schmalkaldic War]] (1546–47) Jáchymov was occupied for a time by [[Saxon]] troops. When in 1621 the [[Counter-
Following the [[Silesian Wars]] until 1918, the town was
In the 18th century, mining was significant in the town. In addition to [[silver ore]], other ores were mined here: [[nickel]], [[bismuth]], [[lead]], [[arsenic]] and [[cobalt]], and near the town also [[tin]]. In the 19th century, [[uranium]] ore was also extracted in Jáchymov.<ref>{{cite web |title=Historie města|url=https://www.mestojachymov.cz/mesto/historie-mesta/|publisher=Jáchymov|language=cs|access-date=2024-02-29}}</ref>
There were also other industries than mining: in 1856 and 1860, a uranium paint factory and a [[tobacco]] factory were opened. In 1873, the town was badly damaged by a large fire and lost its face.<ref>{{cite web |title=Významné jáchymovské letopočty|url=https://www.mestojachymov.cz/mesto/historie-mesta/vyznamne-jachymovske-letopocty/|publisher=Jáchymov|language=cs|access-date=2024-02-29}}</ref> At the end of the 19th century, [[Maria Skłodowska-Curie]] discovered in a [[uraninite]] spoil dump from Jáchymov, ore containing the element [[radium]], for which she won the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]. Until [[World War I]] this was the foremost source of radium in the world.<ref name="Heinrich">{{cite book |
Following the [[Munich Agreement]] in 1938, Joachimstal was annexed by [[Nazi Germany]] and administered as part of the
Mining in [[uranium ore|uranium]] mines took place here between 1939 and 1964, for nuclear projects of Nazi and Communist facilities. It was proven that the uranium mined here was used in the [[German nuclear weapons program]] in their ultimately unsuccessful quest to build a [[nuclear reactor]].<ref>{{cite web |title="Heisenberg-Würfel" verrät Details über Hitlers Atomprogramm|url=https://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/mensch/nuklear-forensik-heisenberg-wuerfel-verraet-details-ueber-hitlers-atomprogramm-a-614227.html|publisher=[[Der Spiegel (
▲Following the [[Munich Agreement]] in 1938, Joachimstal was annexed by [[Nazi Germany]] as part of the so-called [[Sudetenland]]. Most of the German population was [[Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia|expelled]] in 1945–1946 (see the [[Potsdam Agreement]]) and replaced by [[Czechs]] from other parts of the country.
▲Mining in [[uranium ore|uranium]] mines took place here between 1939 and 1964, for nuclear projects of Nazi and Communist facilities. It was proven that the uranium mined here was used in the [[German nuclear weapons program]] in their ultimately unsuccessful quest to build a [[nuclear reactor]].<ref>{{cite web |title="Heisenberg-Würfel" verrät Details über Hitlers Atomprogramm|url=https://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/mensch/nuklear-forensik-heisenberg-wuerfel-verraet-details-ueber-hitlers-atomprogramm-a-614227.html|publisher=[[Der Spiegel (online)]]|language=de|date=2009-03-19|access-date=2022-01-06}}</ref> In times of Nazi occupation and Communism large [[Labor camp|prison camp]]s were established in the town and around it. Soviet prisoners of war first worked here, and after 1948 political and other prisoners. Opponents of the new regime ([[Stalinism]]) were forced to mine uranium ore under very harsh conditions: the average [[life expectancy]] in Jáchymov at this period was 42 years. [[Uranium mining]] ceased in 1964.
The mines today (with the exception of Svornost) are no longer in operation and, for example, in the Eduard mine complex there is now a sports complex with a biathlon shooting range. The [[radioactivity|radioactive]] [[thermal spring]]s which arise in the Svornost mine are used under the supervision of doctors for the treatment of patients with nervous and [[rheumatic disorder]]s. They make use of the constantly produced radioactive gas [[radon]] (<sup>222</sup>Rn) dissolved in the water, see [[Health effects of radon#Intentional exposure|Radon therapy]].
Line 118:
|2011|2838
|2021|2207
|source=Censuses<ref>{{cite web |title=Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2011
==Spa==
[[File:Jachymov Aquacentrum Agricola.jpg|thumb|Agricola Spa Centre]]
[[File:
In 1864, a spring of [[radon]]-rich water was discovered in Jáchymov. The world's first radon [[spa]] was founded in Jáchymov in 1906, joining the existing spas of the region such as [[Karlovy Vary]], [[Františkovy Lázně]]
The facility offers treatments for a range of medical conditions, based on the controversial theory of [[
==Transport==
==Sport==
Jáchymov is the centre of winter sports. There are three ski areas with [[ski lift]]s in the municipal territory: Novako, Klínovec and Klínovec-Neklid. In the vicinity of the town is the Eduard [[biathlon]] complex, which offers several kilometres of [[Cross-country skiing trail|cross-country trails]].<ref name=sport>{{cite web |title=Zimní a letní sporty|url=https://www.mestojachymov.cz/volny-cas/zimni-a-letni-sporty/#evt_158|publisher=Město Jáchymov|language=cs|access-date=2023-07-26}}</ref>
The town has a [[water park]] that bears the name of Georgius Agricola.<ref name=sport/>
==Sights==
[[File:Jáchymov (KV), kostel sv. Jáchyma.jpg|thumb|160px|Church of St. Joachim]]▼
[[File:Radnice v Jáchymově (1).jpg|thumb|Town hall]]▼
[[File:Jáchymov muzeum.jpg|thumb|Royal Mint Jáchymov Museum]]
▲[[File:Radnice v Jáchymově (1).jpg|thumb|Town hall]]
The town with the surrounding area forms the Jáchymov Mining Landscape, which is a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] as part of [[Ore Mountain Mining Region]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří Mining Region|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1478|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=2023-07-26}}</ref> There are many technical monuments associated with mining activities, including the Svornost Mine, old mines, landscaping and architecture created as a result of mining.<ref>{{cite web |title=Opatření obecné povahy č. 2/2014|url=https://www.mkcr.cz/doc/cms_library/oop-hornicka-kult-krajina-jachymov-775.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Culture|pages=1–2|language=cs|date=2014-01-21|access-date=2023-07-26}}</ref>
The historic centre of the town from the 16th century is well preserved and protected by law as an [[Cultural monument (Czech Republic)#Monument zones|urban monument zone]]. It is a comprehensive set of burgher houses and [[Patrician (ancient Rome)|patrician]] houses with unique portals. Those that have not been preserved in the original Renaissance style have a Renaissance core and have been rebuilt mostly in the Baroque and Neoclassical style.<ref name=mpz>{{cite web |title=Seznam památek v MPZ Jáchymov|url=https://www.mestojachymov.cz/evt_file.php?file=1260|publisher=Město Jáchymov, National Heritage Institute|language=cs|access-date=2023-07-26}}</ref> The oldest [[Pharmacy (shop)|pharmacy]] in what is today the Czech Republic was located in the patrician house No. 131. It was opened around 1520.<ref>{{cite web |title=První lékárna u nás fungovala už kolem roku 1520 v Jáchymově. Svému účelu slouží dodnes|url=https://vary.rozhlas.cz/prvni-lekarna-u-nas-fungovala-uz-kolem-roku-1520-v-jachymove-svemu-ucelu-slouzi-8946252|publisher=[[Czech Radio]]|language=cs|date=2023-03-07|access-date=2023-07-26}}</ref>
The history of mining in the area is together with the history of the town is documented in Royal Mint Jáchymov Museum, housed in the former royal [[Mint (facility)|mint]] on the town square.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jáchymov Museum|url=https://karlovyvarycard.cz/en/attractions/jachymov-museum|publisher=Karlovy Vary Region|access-date=2023-07-26}}</ref> The mint was built in 1533–1536 and its present form is the result of several reconstructions due to fires.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mincovna|url=https://pamatkovykatalog.cz/mincovna-25138688|publisher=National Heritage Institute|language=cs|access-date=2023-07-26}}</ref>
Next to the mint is the town hall. It was originally the house of Hieronymus Schlick, bought by the town in 1531. It was extended in 1538–1544 and rebuilt to its present form with [[Art Nouveau]] elements in 1901–1902.<ref name=mpz/> in the basement of the town hall there is a unique collection of the [[Latin school]] library from the early 16th century.<ref>{{cite web |title=Expozice Knihovna Latinské školy v Jáchymově|url=https://www.kudyznudy.cz/aktivity/expozice-knihovna-latinske-skoly-v-jachymove|publisher=CzechTourism|language=cs|access-date=2023-07-26}}</ref>
In the middle of the town square is the Holy Trinity Column dating from 1703.<ref name=mpz/>
The Freudenstein Castle (also called Schlick's Castle) was built like most of the town around 1520. Its purpose was the protection of mining and the town. This was probably the last castle in the Czech Republic built as a defensive element and not as an aristocratic residence. In 1634, it completely burned down and remained a ruin. Two towers with part of the fortifications have survived to this day. The so-called Schlick's tower served the town as a signal tower. The second tower, called ''Prachárna'', served the miners as an ammunition store.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hrad – hrádek Freudenstein (Šlikův hrádek), zřícenina a archeologické stopy|url=https://pamatkovykatalog.cz/hrad-hradek-freudenstein-slikuv-hradek-zricenina-a-archeologicke-stopy-20577573|publisher=National Heritage Institute|language=cs|access-date=2023-07-26}}</ref>
===Sacral monuments===
▲[[File:
The Church of All Saints was built in the early Renaissance style in 1520. It is a valuable building that is partially half-timbered.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kostel Všech svatých|url=https://pamatkovykatalog.cz/kostel-vsech-svatych-20242183|publisher=National Heritage Institute|language=cs|access-date=2023-07-26}}</ref>
The Church of St. Joachim was built in 1534–1540. It was the first [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] church in the Kingdom of Bohemia. From 1624, it was a Roman Catholic church. In 1764–1785, the originally Renaissance building was baroque rebuilt. After it was damaged by a fire, it was reconstructed in 1874-1876 in the pseudo-Gothic style.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kostel Všech svatých|url=https://www.pamatkyaprirodakarlovarska.cz/jachymov-kostel-sv-jachyma/|work=Památky a příroda Karlovarska|language=cs|access-date=2023-07-26}}</ref>
The Evangelical church was built in the pseudo-Renaissance style in 1904 and is also a cultural monument.<ref name=mpz/>
===Spa architecture===
The oldest spa building is Agricola Spa Centre, built in 1906–1911.<ref name=agricola/> One of the landmarks of Jáchymov is the Neoclassical building of Radium Palace Hotel. It dates from 1912. It was one of the most modern hotels of its time,whose guests included [[Richard Strauss]], [[Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk]] and [[Fuad I of Egypt|Fuad I]].<ref name=cro/>
The Monument to [[Maria Skłodowska-Curie]] and [[Pierre Curie]] was created by sculptor [[Karel Lidický]] in 1966. The text on it recalls the discovery of radium in this area.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pomník Marie a Petra Curierových|url=https://pamatkovykatalog.cz/pomnik-marie-a-petra-curierovych-14440531|publisher=National Heritage Institute|language=cs|access-date=2023-07-26}}</ref>
==Notable people==
*[[Georgius Agricola]] (1494–1555),
*[[Johannes Mathesius]] (1504–1565), German minister and a Lutheran reformer
==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in the Czech Republic}}
Jáchymov is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Schneeberg, Saxony|Schneeberg]], Germany
Line 180 ⟶ 190:
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jachymov}}
[[Category:Cities and towns in the Czech Republic]]
[[Category:Populated places in Karlovy Vary District]]▼
[[Category:Spa towns in the Czech Republic]]▼
[[Category:Towns in the Ore Mountains]]▼
[[Category:Geological type localities]]
[[Category:Mining communities in the Czech Republic]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1516]]
▲[[Category:Populated places in Karlovy Vary District]]
▲[[Category:Spa towns in the Czech Republic]]
▲[[Category:Towns in the Ore Mountains]]
|