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| name = Southern Min
| altname = {{ubl|Hoklo-Taiwanese|{{nobold|{{zhi|t=閩南語|s=闽南语|first=t}}}}|{{zhi|poj=Bàn-lâm-gú}}}}
| region = {{cslist|semi=yes|[[Fujian]]|[[Chaoshan]]{{efn|group=ibox|[[Chaozhou]]–[[Shantou]]}} and [[Leizhou Peninsula]] in [[Guangdong]]|extreme south of [[Zhejiang]]|much of [[Hainan]] {{midsize|''([[Hainanese]])''}}|most of [[Taiwan]]|[[Hong Kong]]|parts of [[Malaysia]]|[[Singapore]]|[[Philippines]]|[[Thailand]]|[[SumatraIndonesia]]|[[Brunei]]|[[Cambodia]]|[[Myanmar]]|[[Vietnam]]}}
| ethnicity = {{ubl|[[Hoklo people]]|[[TeochewTeo-Swa people]]}}
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
| fam2 = [[Sinitic languages|Sinitic]]
| fam2 = [[Sinitic languages|Sinitic]]{{efn|name=minClassification|Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese. As such, it is likely a top-level branch of Sinitic.<ref>{{citation |last=Mei |first=Tsu-lin |title=Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone |journal=Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies |volume=30 |year=1970 |pages=86–110 |doi=10.2307/2718766 |jstor=2718766}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Pulleyblank |first=Edwin G. |author-link=Edwin G. Pulleyblank |title=Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology |year=1984 |page=3 |location=Vancouver |publisher=University of British Columbia Press |isbn=978-0-7748-0192-8}}</ref><ref name="glottoMin">{{Cite web |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/minn1248 |title=Glottolog 4.8 - Min |date=2023-07-10 |access-date=2023-10-13 |website=[[Glottolog]] |last=Hammarström |first=Harald |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013171747/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/minn1248 |archive-date=2023-10-13 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology]] |author-link=Harald Hammarström |last2=Forkel |first2=Robert |publication-place=[[Leipzig]] |doi=10.5281/zenodo.7398962 |last3=Haspelmath |first3=Martin |author-link3=Martin Haspelmath |last4=Bank |first4=Sebastian |doi-access=free}}</ref>}}
| fam3 = [[Min Chinese language|MinChinese]]
| fam4 = [[Min Chinese#Coastal Min|Coastal Min]]
| fam5 = [[Min Chinese#Coastal Min|Coastal Min]]
| child1 = {{ubl|[[Hokkien]] (''Quanzhang'' or ''Tsuan-Tsiang''; e.g. [[Amoy dialect|Amoy]], [[Taiwanese Hokkien|Taiwanese]], [[Singaporean Hokkien|Singaporean]])}}
| child2 = [[Chaoshan Min|Chaoshan]] (''Teo-Swa''; e.g. [[Jieyang|Kekyeo dialect]], [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]] and [[Shantou dialect|Swatow]])
| child3 = [[Zhenan Min|Zhenan]]
| child4 = [[Datian Min|Datian]] {{midsize|''(transitional)''}}
| child5 = [[Sanxiang dialect|Sanxiang]] (''Sahiu'')
| child6 = [[Haklau Min|Hailufeng]] (''Haklau'')
| ancestor = [[Proto-Sino-Tibetan language|Proto-Sino-Tibetan]]
| ancestor2 = [[Old Chinese]]{{efn|name=minClassification|Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.<ref>{{citation |last=Mei |first=Tsu-lin |author1-link=Mei Tsu-lin |title=Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone |journal=Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies |volume=30 |year=1970 |pages=86–110 |doi=10.2307/2718766 |jstor=2718766}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Pulleyblank |first=Edwin G. |author-link=Edwin G. Pulleyblank |title=Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology |year=1984 |page=3 |location=Vancouver |publisher=University of British Columbia Press |isbn=978-0-7748-0192-8}}</ref><ref name="glottoMin">{{Cite journal |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/minn1248 |title=Glottolog 4.8 - Min |date=2023-07-10 |access-date=2023-10-13 |website=[[Glottolog]] |last1=Hammarström |first1=Harald |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013171747/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/minn1248 |archive-date=2023-10-13 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology]] |author-link=Harald Hammarström |last2=Forkel |first2=Robert |publication-place=[[Leipzig]] |doi=10.5281/zenodo.7398962 |last3=Haspelmath |first3=Martin |author-link3=Martin Haspelmath |last4=Bank |first4=Sebastian |doi-access=free}}</ref>}}
| ancestor3 = [[Proto-Min]]
| iso3 = nan
| glotto = minn1241
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|order=st
}}
| notes = {{notelist|group=ibox}}
}}
'''Southern Min''' ({{zh|s={{linktext|闽南语}}|t={{linktext|閩南語}}|l=Southern FujianMin language|p=Mǐnnányǔ|poj=Bân-lâm-gí/gú}}), '''Minnan''' (<small>[[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]] pronunciation:</small> {{IPAc-cmn|m|in|3|.|n|an|2}}) or '''Banlam''' ({{IPA|nan|bàn.lǎm}}), is a group of linguistically similar and historically related [[SiniticVarieties of Chinese|Chinese languages]] that form a branch of [[Min Chinese]] spoken in [[Fujian]] (especially the [[Minnan region]]), most of [[Taiwan]] (many citizens are descendants of settlers from Fujian), Eastern [[Guangdong]], [[Hainan]], and Southern [[Zhejiang]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cai Zhu|first1=Huang Guo|title=Chinese language|date=1 October 2015|publisher=Fujian Education Publishing House|location=Xiamen|isbn=978-7533469511}}</ref> Southern Min dialects are also spoken by descendants of [[Overseas Chinese|emigrants from these areas]] in [[diaspora]], most notably in [[Southeast Asia]], such as [[Singaporean Hokkien|Singapore]], [[Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien|Malaysia]], the [[Philippine Hokkien|Philippines]], [[Medan Hokkien|Indonesia]], [[Ethnic Chinese in Brunei|Brunei]], [[Thai Chinese#Hokkien|Southern Thailand]], [[Chinese people in Myanmar#Hokkien|Myanmar]], [[Cambodian Hokkien|Cambodia]], [[Hoa people#Ancestral affiliations|Southern and Central Vietnam]], [[Chinese in San Francisco|San Francisco]], [[Chinese in Los Angeles|Los Angeles]] and [[Chinese in New York City|New York City]]. Minnan is the most widely-spoken branch of Min, with approximately 48 million speakers as of 2017–2018.<ref>{{Ethnologue23|nan}}</ref>
 
The most widely spoken Southern Min language is [[Hokkien]], which includes [[Taiwanese Hokkien|Taiwanese]].
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==Geographic distribution==
===Mainland China===
Southern Min dialects are spoken in southern [[Fujian]], specifically in the [[List of administrative divisions of Fujian|cities]] of [[Xiamen]], [[Quanzhou]], [[Zhangzhou]], and much of [[Longyan]], hence the name. In addition, varieties of Southern Min are spoken in several southeastern counties of [[Wenzhou]] in [[Zhejiang]], the [[Zhoushan archipelago]] off [[Ningbo]] in [[Zhejiang]], the town of [[Sanxiang]] at the southern periphery of [[Zhongshan]] in [[Guangdong]],<ref name="Bodman_1985">{{cite book
Southern Min dialects are spoken in [[Fujian]], three southeastern counties of [[Zhejiang]], the [[Zhoushan archipelago]] off [[Ningbo]] in [[Zhejiang]] and the [[Chaoshan]] (Teo-swa) region in [[Guangdong]]. The variant spoken in [[Leizhou]], Guangdong as well as [[Hainan]] is [[Hainanese]] and is not mutually intelligible with mainstream Southern Min or Teochew.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} Hainanese is classified in some schemes as part of Southern Min and in other schemes as separate.{{example needed|date=December 2018}}{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} [[Puxian Min]] was originally based on the [[Quanzhou dialect]], but over time became heavily influenced by [[Eastern Min]], eventually losing intelligibility with Southern Min.
| given = Nicholas C. | surname = Bodman
| title = The Reflexes of Initial Nasals in Proto-Southern Min-Hingua | pages = 2–20 | jstor = 20006706
| editor-given1 = Veneeta | editor-surname1 = Acson
| editor-given2 = Richard L. | editor-surname2 = Leed
| series = Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications | volume = 20
| publisher = University of Hawaii Press | year = 1985 | isbn = 978-0-8248-0992-8
}}</ref> and in the [[Chaoshan]] (Teo-swa) region in Guangdong.
 
The variant spoken in [[Leizhou]], Guangdong as well as in [[Hainan]] is classified as [[Hainanese]] and is not mutually intelligible with mainstream Southern Min or Teochew.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} Hainanese is classified in some schemes as part of Southern Min and in other schemes as separate.{{example needed|date=December 2018}}{{citation needed|date=January 2016}}
 
[[Puxian Min]] was originally based on the [[Quanzhou dialect]], but over time became heavily influenced by [[Eastern Min]], eventually losing intelligibility with Southern Min.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lien |first1=Chinfa |chapter=Denasalization, Vocalic Nasalization and Related Issues in Southern Min: A Dialectal and Comparative Perspective |editor1-last=Ting |editor1-first=Pang-Hsin |editor2-last=Yue |editor2-first=Anne O. |title=In Memory of Professor Li Fang-Kuei: Essays of Linguistic Change and the Chinese Dialects |date=2000-09-01 |publisher=Academic Sinica |location=Taipei |isbn=957-671-725-6 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237408896_Denasalization_Vocalic_Nasalization_and_Related_Issues_in_Southern_Min_A_Dialectal_and_Comparative_Perspective |access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref>
 
===Taiwan===
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===Southeast Asia===
There are many Southern Min speakers among [[overseas Chinese]] in [[Southeast Asia]]. Many ethnic [[Chinese people|Chinese]] immigrants to the region were [[Hoklo people|Hoklo]] from southern Fujian and brought the language to what is now present-day [[Malaysia]] and [[Singapore]] (formerly [[British Malaya]], the [[Straits Settlements]], and [[British Borneo]]), [[Indonesia]] (the former [[Dutch East Indies]]), the [[Philippines]] (former [[Spanish East Indies]] and later, [[Insular Government of the Philippine Islands|US Philippine Islands (P.I.)]]), [[Brunei]] (former part of [[British Borneo]]), [[Southern Thailand]], [[Myanmar]] ([[British rule in Burma|British Burma]]), [[Cambodia]] (former [[French protectorate of Cambodia|French Cambodia]] of [[French Indochina]]), [[Southern Vietnam|Southern]] [[Vietnam]] (former [[French Cochinchina]] of [[French Indochina]]) and [[Central Vietnam|Central]] [[Vietnam]] (former [[Annam (French protectorate)|French Annam]] of [[French Indochina]]). In general, Southern Min from southern Fujian is known as [[Hokkien]], Hokkienese, Fukien, or Fookien in [[Southeast Asia]] and is mostly mutually intelligible with Hokkien spoken elsewhere. Many [[Southeast Asia]]n ethnic Chinese also originated in the [[Chaoshan]] region of [[Guangdong]] and speak [[Teochew language]], the variant of Southern Min from that region, particularly [[Thailand]], [[Cambodia]], [[Southern Vietnam]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Indonesia]], etc. In the [[Philippines]], [[Philippine Hokkien]] is reportedly the [[First language|native]] or [[heritage language]] of up to 98.7% of the [[Chinese Filipino]] community in the Philippines, among whom it itself is known in [[Hokkien]] {{zh|t=|poj=Lán-nâng-ōe / Lán-lâng-ōe / Nán-nâng-ōe|l=our people's language|c=咱人話 / 咱儂話|s=|p=}}.
 
Southern Min speakers form the majority of Chinese in Singapore, with Hokkien being the largest group and the second largest being [[Teochew people|Teochew]]. Despite the similarities, the two groups are rarely viewed together as "Southern Min".
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==Varieties==
There are two or three divisions of Southern Min, depending on the criteria for Leizhou and Hainanese inclusion :
 
* [[Hokkien]] under the Quanzhang division ({{lang|zh-hans|泉漳片}})
{{tree list}}
* [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]],[[Swatow dialect|Swatow]] under the Chaoshan division ({{lang|zh-hans|潮汕片}})
*'''Southern Min'''
* [[Leizhou Min|Leizhou]] and [[Hainanese]] dialects under the Qiong-Lei division ({{lang|zh-hans|瓊雷片}}).
** [[Hokkien]] under the Quanzhang division ({{lang|zh-hans|泉漳片}})
** [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]], [[Swatow dialect|Swatow]], [[Jieyang]], [[Haklau Min]] under the Chaoshan division ({{lang|zh-hans|潮汕片}})
** [[Leizhou Min|Leizhou]] and [[Hainanese]] dialects under the Qiong-Lei division ({{lang|zh-hans|瓊雷片}}).
{{tree list/end}}
 
More recently, Kwok (2018: 157)<ref>{{cite book|title=Southern Min: comparative phonology and subgrouping|first=Bit-Chee|last=Kwok|series=Routledge studies in East Asian linguistics|volume=2|place=New York|publisher=Routledge|date=2018|isbn=978-1-138-94365-0}}</ref> has proposed an alternative classification, with a divergent Northern branch that includes [[Quanzhou dialect]] but not [[Zhangzhou dialect]], as shown below:
 
{{tree list}}
;Southern Min
*'''NorthernSouthern Min'''
**'''Northern'''
**[[Cangnan]]
***[[Cangnan]]
**[[Quanzhou]], [[Zihu]], [[Lukang]]
***[[Quanzhou]], [[Zihu]]
*'''Central-Southern'''
**'''Central-Southern'''
***'''Central'''
***[[Zhangzhou]]
****[[Zhangzhou]]
****[[Longyan]], [[Datian County|Datian]]
***'''Southern'''
****Guangdong
*****? [[Haifeng]]
*****[[Jieyang]], [[Chaoyang District, Shantou|Chaoyang]]
****Hainan
*****[[Leizhou]]
*****[[Haikou]]
{{tree list/end}}
 
===Hokkien===
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===Chaoshan (Teo-Swa)===
{{Main|Chaoshan Min}}
Teo-Swa or Chaoshan speech ({{Zh|c=潮汕片|s=|t=|labels=no}}) is a closely related variant of SouhernSouthern Min that includes the [[Jieyang|Kekyeo dialect]]，, [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]] and [[Shantou dialect|Swatow]] dialects, and some consider [[Haklau Min]] to also be part of. It has limited mutual intelligibility with Hokkien, though they share some [[cognate]]s with each other. Chaoshan Min is significantly different from Hokkien in both pronunciation and vocabulary, and mutual intelligibility is difficult.<ref>{{e18|nan Minnan}}</ref>
 
==Phonology==
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Southern Min's [[Nasal consonant|nasal]] [[Final (linguistics)|finals]] consist of {{Ipa|/m/}}, {{Ipa|/n/}}, {{Ipa|/ŋ/}}, and {{Ipa|/~/}}.
 
==Writing systems==
{{see also|Written Hokkien|Pe̍h-ōe-jī|Peng'im}}
Both Hokkien and Chaoshan ([[Teochew dialect|Teochew]] and [[Shantou dialect]]s) have romanized writing systems and also respective Chinese characters. In [[mainland China]], it is known as 閩南文 (Bân-lâm-bûn), while in [[Taiwan]], it is known as 台文 (Tâi-bûn). The [[Chinese characters|Han Chinese Characters]] are known in mainland China and Taiwan as 漢字 (Hàn-jī / Hàn-lī). In Malaysia and Singapore, the Chinese characters are sometimes known as 唐儂字 / 唐人字 (Tn̂g-lâng-jī / Tn̂g-lâng-lī). In the Philippines, the Chinese characters are known as 咱儂字 / 咱人字 (Lán-nâng-dī) or 漢文字 (Hàm-bûn-dī).
 
===Sino-Xenic comparisons===
==History==
The Min homeland of Fujian was opened to Han Chinese settlement by the defeat of the [[Minyue]] state by the armies of [[Emperor Wu of Han]] in 110 BC.{{sfnp|Norman|1991|pp=328}} The area features rugged mountainous terrain, with short rivers that flow into the [[South China Sea]]. Most subsequent migration from north to south China passed through the valleys of the [[Xiang River|Xiang]] and [[Gan River (Jiangxi)|Gan]] rivers to the west, so that Min varieties have experienced less northern influence than other southern groups.{{sfnp|Norman|1988|pp=210, 228}} As a result, whereas most [[varieties of Chinese]] can be treated as derived from [[Middle Chinese]], the language described by [[rime dictionary|rhyme dictionaries]] such as the ''[[Qieyun]]'' (601 AD), Min varieties contain traces of older distinctions.{{sfnp|Norman|1988|pp=228–229}} Linguists estimate that the oldest layers of Min dialects diverged from the rest of Chinese around the time of the [[Han dynasty]].{{sfnp|Ting|1983|pp=9–10}}{{sfnp|Baxter|Sagart|2014|pp=33, 79}} However, significant waves of migration from the [[North China Plain]] occurred.{{sfnp|Yan|2006|p=120}} These include:
 
* The [[Uprising of the Five Barbarians]] during the [[Jin dynasty (265–420)|Jin dynasty]], particularly the [[Disaster of Yongjia]] in 311 AD, caused a tide of immigration to the south.
* In 669, [[Chen Zheng (Tang dynasty)|Chen Zheng]] and his son [[Chen Yuanguang]] from [[Gushi County]] in [[Henan]] set up a regional administration in [[Fujian]] to suppress an insurrection by the [[She people]].
* [[Wang Chao (Tang dynasty)|Wang Chao]], also from Gushi, moved south to Fujian and was appointed its governor in 893, near the end of the [[Tang dynasty]], and brought tens of thousands of troops from [[Henan]]. In 909, following the fall of the Tang dynasty, his younger brother [[Wang Shenzhi]] founded the [[Min (Ten Kingdoms)|Min Kingdom]], one of the [[Ten Kingdoms]] in the [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period]].
 
[[Jerry Norman (sinologist)|Jerry Norman]] identifies four main layers in the vocabulary of modern Min varieties:
 
# A non-Chinese substratum from the [[Minyue language|original languages of Minyue]], which Norman and Mei Tsu-lin believe were [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]].{{sfnp|Norman|Mei|1976}}{{sfnp|Norman|1991|pp=331–332}}
# The earliest Chinese layer, brought to Fujian by settlers from [[Zhejiang]] to the north during the Han dynasty.{{sfnp|Norman|1991|pp=334–336}}
# A layer from the [[Northern and Southern Dynasties]] period, which is largely consistent with the phonology of the ''Qieyun'' dictionary.{{sfnp|Norman|1991|p=336}}
# A [[literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters|literary layer]] based on the [[koiné language|koiné]] of [[Chang'an]], the capital of the [[Tang dynasty]].{{sfnp|Norman|1991|p=337}}
 
==Comparisons with Sino-Xenic character pronunciations==
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2020}}
Southern Min can trace its origins through the [[Tang Dynastydynasty]], and it also has roots from earlier periods. [[Hokkien people]] call themselves "[[Names of China#Tang|Tang]] people", (''{{lang|nan-Latn|Tn̂g-lâng}}'' {{lang|zh-hant|[[:zh:唐人|唐人]]}}/{{lang|zh-hant|[[:zh:唐儂|唐儂]]}}) which is synonymous to "Chinese people". Because of the widespread influence of the Tang culture during the [[greatGreat Tang]] dynasty, there are today still many Southern Min pronunciations of words shared by the [[Sino-Xenic pronunciationsvocabularies|Sino-xenic pronunciations]] of [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]], [[Korean language|Korean]] and [[Japanese language|Japanese]] languages.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! English !! Han characters !! Mandarin Chinese !! Hokkien<ref>{{cite web |author=Iûⁿ, Ún-giân |url=http://210.240.194.97/iug/Ungian/SoannTeng/chil/Taihoa.asp |script-title=zh:台文/華文線頂辭典 |title=Tâi-bûn/Hôa-bûn Sòaⁿ-téng Sû-tián |trans-title=Taiwanese/Chinese Online Dictionary |access-date=1 October 2014 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006113321/http://210.240.194.97/iug/Ungian/SoannTeng/chil/Taihoa.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref>!! Teochew
!Cantonese!! Korean !! Vietnamese !! Japanese
|-
| Bookbook || {{lang|zh-hant|冊}} || {{transliteration|zh|cè}} || {{lang|nan-Latn|Chhekchhek/Chhehchheh}} || {{lang|nan-Latn| cêh4 }}
|{{Lang-zh|j=caak3|labels=no}}||{{lang|ko-Latn|Chaekchaek}} ({{lang|ko|책}}) || {{lang|vi|Sáchsách}} || {{lang|ja-Latn|Sakusaku/Satsusatsu/Shakushaku}} ({{lang|ja|さく/さつ/しゃく}})
|-
| Bridgebridge || {{lang|zh-hant|橋}} || {{transliteration|zh|qiáo}} || {{lang|nan-Latn|Kiâukiâu/Kiôkiô}} || {{lang|nan-Latn|giê5/gio5}}
|{{Lang-zh|c=|s=|t=|j=kiu4|labels=no}}||{{lang|ko-Latn|Gyogyo}} ({{lang|ko|교}}) || ''Kiều''{{lang|vi|kiều}} || {{lang|ja-Latn|Kyōkyō}} ({{lang|ja|きょう}})
|-
| Dangerousdangerous || {{lang|zh-hant|危險}} || {{transliteration|zh|wēixiǎn / wéixiǎn}} || {{lang|nan-Latn|Guîguî-hiám}} || {{lang|nan-Latn|guîn5/nguín5 hiem2}}
|{{Lang-zh|c=|s=|t=|j=ngai4 him2|labels=no}}||{{lang|ko-Latn|Wiheomwiheom}} ({{lang|ko|위험}}) || {{lang|vi|Nguynguy hiểm}} || {{lang|ja-Latn|Kikenkiken}} ({{lang|ja|きけん}})
|-
| Embassyembassy || {{lang|zh-hant|大使館}} || {{transliteration|zh|Dàshǐguǎndàshǐguǎn}} || {{lang|nan-Latn|Tāitāi-sài-koán}} || {{lang|nan-Latn|dai6 sái2 guêng2}}
|{{Lang-zh|c=|s=|t=|p=|j=daai6 si3 gun2|labels=no}}||{{lang|ko-Latn|Daesagwandaesagwan}} ({{lang|ko|대사관}}) || {{lang|vi|Đạiđại Sứsứ Quánquán}} || {{lang|ja-Latn|Taishikantaishikan}} ({{lang|ja|たいしかん}})
|-
| Flagflag || {{lang|zh-hant|旗}} || {{transliteration|zh|Qíqí}} || {{lang|nan-Latn|Kîkî}} || {{lang|nan-Latn|kî5}}
|{{Lang-zh|c=|s=|t=|j=kei4|labels=no}}||{{lang|ko-Latn|Gigi}} ({{lang|ko|기}}) ||{{lang|vi|kì}} ''Kì''|| {{lang|ja-Latn|Kiki}} ({{lang|ja|き}})
|-
| Insuranceinsurance || {{lang|zh-hant|保險}} || {{transliteration|zh|Bǎoxiǎnbǎoxiǎn}} || {{lang|nan-Latn|Pópó-hiám}} || {{lang|nan-Latn|Bó2bó2-hiém}}
|{{Lang-zh|c=|s=|t=|j=bou2 him2|labels=no}}||{{lang|ko-Latn|Boheomboheom}} ({{lang|ko|보험}}) || {{lang|vi|Bảobảo hiểm}} || {{lang|ja-Latn|Hokenhoken}} ({{lang|ja|ほけん}})
|-
| Newsnews || {{lang|zh-hant|新聞}} || {{transliteration|zh|Xīnwénxīnwén}} || {{lang|nan-Latn|Sinsin-bûn}} || {{lang|nan-Latn|sing1 bhung6}}
|{{Lang-zh|c=|s=|t=|j=san1 man4|labels=no}}||{{lang|ko-Latn|Shinmunshinmun}} ({{lang|ko|신문}}) || ''Tântân văn''|| {{lang|ja-Latn|Shinbunshinbun}} ({{lang|ja|しんぶん}})
|-
| Studentstudent || {{lang|zh-hant|學生}} || {{transliteration|zh|Xuéshēngxuéshēng}} || {{lang|nan-Latn|Ha̍kha̍k-seng}} || {{lang|nan-Latn|Hak8hak8 sêng1}}
|{{Lang-zh|c=|s=|t=|j=hok6 saang1|labels=no}}||{{lang|ko-Latn|Haksaenghaksaeng}} ({{lang|ko|학생}}) || {{lang|vi|Họchọc sinh}} || {{lang|ja-Latn|Gakuseigakusei}} ({{lang|ja|がくせい}})
|-
| Universityuniversity || {{lang|zh-hant|大學}} || {{transliteration|zh|Dàxuédàxué}} || {{lang|nan-Latn|Tāitāi-ha̍k/Tōatōa-o̍h}} || {{lang|nan-Latn|dai6 hag8/dua7 oh8}}
|{{Lang-zh|c=|s=|t=|j=daai6 hok6|labels=no}}||{{lang|ko-Latn|Daehakdaehak}} ({{lang|ko|대학}}) || {{lang|vi|Đạiđại học}} || {{lang|ja-Latn|Daigakudaigaku}} ({{lang|ja|だいがく}})
|}
 
==Writing systems==
{{see also|Written Hokkien|Pe̍h-ōe-jī|Peng'im}}
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2024}}
Both Hokkien and Chaoshan ([[Teochew dialect|Teochew]] and [[Shantou dialect]]s) have romanized writing systems and also respective Chinese characters. In [[mainland China]], it is known as 閩南文 (Bân-lâm-bûn), while in [[Taiwan]], it is known as 台文 (Tâi-bûn). The [[Chinese characters|Han Chinese characters]] are known in mainland China and Taiwan as 漢字 (Hàn-jī / Hàn-lī). In Malaysia and Singapore, the Chinese characters are sometimes known as 唐儂字 / 唐人字 (Tn̂g-lâng-jī / Tn̂g-lâng-lī). In the Philippines, the Chinese characters are known as 咱儂字 / 咱人字 (Lán-nâng-dī) or 漢文字 (Hàm-bûn-dī).
 
==History==
The Min homeland of Fujian was opened to Han Chinese settlement by the defeat of the [[Minyue]] state by the armies of [[Emperor Wu of Han]] in 110 BC.{{sfnp|Norman|1991|pp=328}} The area features rugged mountainous terrain, with short rivers that flow into the [[South China Sea]]. Most subsequent migration from north to south China passed through the valleys of the [[Xiang River|Xiang]] and [[Gan River (Jiangxi)|Gan]] rivers to the west, so that Min varieties have experienced less northern influence than other southern groups.{{sfnp|Norman|1988|pp=210, 228}} As a result, whereas most [[varieties of Chinese]] can be treated as derived from [[Middle Chinese]], the language described by [[rime dictionary|rhyme dictionaries]] such as the ''[[Qieyun]]'' (601 AD), Min varieties contain traces of older distinctions.{{sfnp|Norman|1988|pp=228–229}} Linguists estimate that the oldest layers of Min dialects diverged from the rest of Chinese around the time of the [[Han dynasty]].{{sfnp|Ting|1983|pp=9–10}}{{sfnp|Baxter|Sagart|2014|pp=33, 79}} However, significant waves of migration from the [[North China Plain]] occurred.{{sfnp|Yan|2006|p=120}} These include:
 
* The [[Uprising of the Five Barbarians]] during the [[Jin dynasty (265–420)|Jin dynasty]], particularly the [[Disaster of Yongjia]] in 311 AD, caused a tide of immigration to the south.
* In 669, [[Chen Zheng (Tang dynasty)|Chen Zheng]] and his son [[Chen Yuanguang]] from [[Gushi County]] in [[Henan]] set up a regional administration in [[Fujian]] to suppress an insurrection by the [[She people]].
* [[Wang Chao (Tang dynasty)|Wang Chao]], also from Gushi, moved south to Fujian and was appointed its governor in 893, near the end of the [[Tang dynasty]], and brought tens of thousands of troops from [[Henan]]. In 909, following the fall of the Tang dynasty, his younger brother [[Wang Shenzhi]] founded the [[Min (Ten Kingdoms)|Min Kingdom]], one of the [[Ten Kingdoms]] in the [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period]].
 
[[Jerry Norman (sinologist)|Jerry Norman]] identifies four main layers in the vocabulary of modern Min varieties:
 
# A non-Chinese substratum from the [[Minyue language|original languages of Minyue]], which Norman and [[Mei Tsu-lin]] believe were [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]].{{sfnp|Norman|Mei|1976}}{{sfnp|Norman|1991|pp=331–332}}
# The earliest Chinese layer, brought to Fujian by settlers from [[Zhejiang]] to the north during the Han dynasty.{{sfnp|Norman|1991|pp=334–336}}
# A layer from the [[Northern and Southern Dynasties]] period, which is largely consistent with the phonology of the ''Qieyun'' dictionary.{{sfnp|Norman|1991|p=336}}
# A [[literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters|literary layer]] based on the [[koiné language|koiné]] of [[Chang'an]], the capital of the [[Tang dynasty]].{{sfnp|Norman|1991|p=337}}
 
==See also==
Line 164 ⟶ 187:
==References==
{{reflist}}
 
==Sources==
* {{citation
| surname1 = Baxter | given1 = William H.
| surname2 = Sagart | given2 = Laurent
| title = Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction
| publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2014 | isbn = 978-0-19-994537-5
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| surname1 = Norman | given1 = Jerry | author-link1 = Jerry Norman (sinologist)
| surname2 = Mei | given2 = Tsu-lin
| title = The Austroasiatics in Ancient South China: Some Lexical Evidence
| journal = Monumenta Serica | year = 1976 | volume = 32 | pages = 274–301
| url = http://tlmei.com/tm17web/1976a_austroasiatics.pdf
| doi = 10.1080/02549948.1976.11731121 | jstor = 40726203
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| surname = Norman | given = Jerry | author-link = Jerry Norman (sinologist)
| title = Chinese
| location = Cambridge | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1988
| isbn = 978-0-521-29653-3
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| contribution = The Mǐn dialects in historical perspective
| given = Jerry | surname = Norman
| title = Languages and Dialects of China
| editor-given = William S.-Y. | editor-surname = Wang
| pages = 325–360
| series = ''Journal of Chinese Linguistics'' Monograph Series | volume = 3
| publisher = Chinese University Press | year = 1991
| issue = 3 | jstor = 23827042 | oclc = 600555701
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| surname = Ting | given = Pang-Hsin
| title = Derivation time of colloquial Min from Archaic Chinese
| journal = Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology
| year = 1983 | volume = 54 | issue = 4 | pages = 1–14
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| given = Margaret Mian | surname = Yan
| title = Introduction to Chinese Dialectology
| publisher = LINCOM Europa | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-3-89586-629-6
| postscript = .
}}
 
==Further reading==
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* [http://alt.reasoning.cs.ucla.edu/jinbo/dzl/ 當代泉州音字彙], a dictionary of Quanzhou speech
* {{R:nan:taihoa}}
* {{cite web |author=Iûⁿ, Ún-giân |script-title=zh:台語線頂字典 |language=nan, zh-TW |trans-title=Taiwanese Hokkien Online Character Dictionary |url=http://210.240.194.97/TG/jitian/tgjt.asp |access-date=2015-02-06 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225061147/http://210.240.194.97/TG/jitian/tgjt.asp%20 |url-status=dead }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111118031511/http://twblg.dict.edu.tw/tw/index.htm 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典], [[Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan]] by the Ministry of Education, Republic of China (Taiwan).
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061008180132/http://nlg.csie.ntu.edu.tw/systems/TWLLMT/index.html 臺灣本土語言互譯及語音合成系統], Taiwanese-Hakka-Mandarin online conversion
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{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Southern Min Languages}}
{{Min Chinese}}
{{Languages of Taiwan}}
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Min"