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| name = Southern Min
| altname = {{ubl|Hoklo-Taiwanese|{{nobold|{{zhi|t=閩南語|s=闽南语|first=t}}}}|{{zhi|poj=Bàn-lâm-gú}}}}
| region = {{cslist|semi=yes|[[Fujian]]|[[Chaoshan]]{{efn|group=ibox|[[Chaozhou]]–[[Shantou]]}} and [[Leizhou Peninsula]] in [[Guangdong]]|extreme south of [[Zhejiang]]|much of [[Hainan]]
| ethnicity = {{ubl|[[Hoklo people]]|[[Teo-Swa people]]}}
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
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| child2 = [[Chaoshan Min|Chaoshan]] (''Teo-Swa''; e.g. [[Jieyang|Kekyeo]], [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]] and [[Shantou dialect|Swatow]])
| child3 = [[Zhenan Min|Zhenan]]
| child4 = [[Datian Min|Datian]]
| child5 = [[Sanxiang dialect|Sanxiang]] (''Sahiu'')
| child6 = [[Haklau Min|Hailufeng]] (''Haklau'')
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}}
| notes = {{notelist|group=ibox}}
}}
'''Southern Min''' ({{zh|s={{linktext|闽南语}}|t={{linktext|閩南語}}|l=Southern Min language|p=Mǐnnányǔ|poj=Bân-lâm-gí/gú}}), '''Minnan''' (<small>[[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]] pronunciation:</small> {{IPAc-cmn|m|in|3|.|n|an|2}}) or '''Banlam''' ({{IPA|nan|bàn.lǎm}}), is a group of linguistically similar and historically related [[Varieties of Chinese|Chinese languages]] that form a branch of [[Min Chinese]] spoken in [[Fujian]] (especially the [[Minnan region]]), most of [[Taiwan]] (many citizens are descendants of settlers from Fujian), Eastern [[Guangdong]], [[Hainan]], and Southern [[Zhejiang]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cai Zhu|first1=Huang Guo|title=Chinese language|date=1 October 2015|publisher=Fujian Education Publishing House|location=Xiamen|isbn=978-7533469511}}</ref> Southern Min dialects are also spoken by descendants of [[Overseas Chinese|emigrants from these areas]] in [[diaspora]], most notably in [[Southeast Asia]], such as [[Singaporean Hokkien|Singapore]], [[Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien|Malaysia]], the [[Philippine Hokkien|Philippines]], [[Medan Hokkien|Indonesia]], [[Ethnic Chinese in Brunei|Brunei]], [[Thai Chinese#Hokkien|Southern Thailand]], [[Chinese people in Myanmar#Hokkien|Myanmar]], [[Cambodian Hokkien|Cambodia]], [[Hoa people#Ancestral affiliations|Southern and Central Vietnam]], [[Chinese in San Francisco|San Francisco]], [[Chinese in Los Angeles|Los Angeles]] and [[Chinese in New York City|New York City]]. Minnan is the most widely-spoken branch of Min, with approximately 48 million speakers as of 2017–2018.<ref>{{Ethnologue23|nan}}</ref>
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==Geographic distribution==
===Mainland China===
Southern Min dialects are spoken in southern [[Fujian]], specifically in the [[List of administrative divisions of Fujian|cities]] of [[Xiamen]], [[Quanzhou]], [[Zhangzhou]], and much of [[Longyan]], hence the name. In addition, varieties of Southern Min are spoken in several southeastern counties of [[Wenzhou]] in [[Zhejiang]], the [[Zhoushan archipelago]] off [[Ningbo]] in [[Zhejiang]], the town of [[Sanxiang]] at the southern periphery of [[Zhongshan]] in [[Guangdong]],<ref name="Bodman_1985">{{cite book
Southern Min dialects are spoken in [[Fujian]], three southeastern counties of [[Zhejiang]], the [[Zhoushan archipelago]] off [[Ningbo]] in [[Zhejiang]] and the [[Chaoshan]] (Teo-swa) region in [[Guangdong]]. The variant spoken in [[Leizhou]], Guangdong as well as [[Hainan]] is [[Hainanese]] and is not mutually intelligible with mainstream Southern Min or Teochew.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} Hainanese is classified in some schemes as part of Southern Min and in other schemes as separate.{{example needed|date=December 2018}}{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} [[Puxian Min]] was originally based on the [[Quanzhou dialect]], but over time became heavily influenced by [[Eastern Min]], eventually losing intelligibility with Southern Min.▼
| given = Nicholas C. | surname = Bodman
| title = The Reflexes of Initial Nasals in Proto-Southern Min-Hingua | pages = 2–20 | jstor = 20006706
| editor-given1 = Veneeta | editor-surname1 = Acson
| editor-given2 = Richard L. | editor-surname2 = Leed
| series = Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications | volume = 20
| publisher = University of Hawaii Press | year = 1985 | isbn = 978-0-8248-0992-8
}}</ref> and in the [[Chaoshan]] (Teo-swa) region in Guangdong.
▲
[[Puxian Min]] was originally based on the [[Quanzhou dialect]], but over time became heavily influenced by [[Eastern Min]], eventually losing intelligibility with Southern Min.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lien |first1=Chinfa |chapter=Denasalization, Vocalic Nasalization and Related Issues in Southern Min: A Dialectal and Comparative Perspective |editor1-last=Ting |editor1-first=Pang-Hsin |editor2-last=Yue |editor2-first=Anne O. |title=In Memory of Professor Li Fang-Kuei: Essays of Linguistic Change and the Chinese Dialects |date=2000-09-01 |publisher=Academic Sinica |location=Taipei |isbn=957-671-725-6 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237408896_Denasalization_Vocalic_Nasalization_and_Related_Issues_in_Southern_Min_A_Dialectal_and_Comparative_Perspective |access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref>
===Taiwan===
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===Southeast Asia===
There are many Southern Min speakers among [[overseas Chinese]] in [[Southeast Asia]]. Many ethnic [[Chinese people|Chinese]] immigrants to the region were [[Hoklo people|Hoklo]] from southern Fujian and brought the language to what is now present-day [[Malaysia]] and [[Singapore]] (formerly [[British Malaya]], the [[Straits Settlements]], and [[British Borneo]]), [[Indonesia]] (the former [[Dutch East Indies]]), the [[Philippines]] (former [[Spanish East Indies]] and later, [[Insular Government of the Philippine Islands|US Philippine Islands (P.I.)]]), [[Brunei]] (former part of [[British Borneo]]), [[Southern Thailand]], [[Myanmar]] ([[British rule in Burma|British Burma]]), [[Cambodia]] (former [[French protectorate of Cambodia|French Cambodia]] of [[French Indochina]]), [[Southern Vietnam|Southern]] [[Vietnam]] (former [[French Cochinchina]] of [[French Indochina]]) and [[Central Vietnam|Central]] [[Vietnam]] (former [[Annam (French protectorate)|French Annam]] of [[French Indochina]]). In general, Southern Min from southern Fujian is known as [[Hokkien]], Hokkienese, Fukien, or Fookien in [[Southeast Asia]] and is mostly mutually intelligible with Hokkien spoken elsewhere. Many [[Southeast Asia]]n ethnic Chinese also originated in the [[Chaoshan]] region of [[Guangdong]] and speak [[Teochew language]], the variant of Southern Min from that region, particularly [[Thailand]], [[Cambodia]], [[Southern Vietnam]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Indonesia]], etc. In the [[Philippines]], [[Philippine Hokkien]] is reportedly the [[First language|native]] or [[heritage language]] of up to 98.7% of the [[Chinese Filipino]] community in the Philippines, among whom it
Southern Min speakers form the majority of Chinese in Singapore, with Hokkien being the largest group and the second largest being [[Teochew people|Teochew]]. Despite the similarities, the two groups are rarely viewed together as "Southern Min".
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Southern Min's [[Nasal consonant|nasal]] [[Final (linguistics)|finals]] consist of {{Ipa|/m/}}, {{Ipa|/n/}}, {{Ipa|/ŋ/}}, and {{Ipa|/~/}}.
===Sino-Xenic comparisons===
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2020}}▼
Southern Min can trace its origins through the [[Tang dynasty]], and it also has roots from earlier periods. [[Hokkien people]] call themselves "[[Names of China#Tang|Tang]] people", (''{{lang|nan-Latn|Tn̂g-lâng}}'' {{lang|zh-hant|[[:zh:唐人|唐人]]}}/{{lang|zh-hant|[[:zh:唐儂|唐儂]]}}) which is synonymous to "Chinese people". Because of the widespread influence of the Tang culture during the [[
{| class="wikitable"▼
|-▼
! English !! Han characters !! Mandarin Chinese !! Hokkien<ref>{{cite web |author=Iûⁿ, Ún-giân |url=http://210.240.194.97/iug/Ungian/SoannTeng/chil/Taihoa.asp |script-title=zh:台文/華文線頂辭典 |title=Tâi-bûn/Hôa-bûn Sòaⁿ-téng Sû-tián |trans-title=Taiwanese/Chinese Online Dictionary |access-date=1 October 2014 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006113321/http://210.240.194.97/iug/Ungian/SoannTeng/chil/Taihoa.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref>!! Teochew ▼
!Cantonese!! Korean !! Vietnamese !! Japanese▼
|-▼
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|{{Lang-zh|j=caak3|labels=no}}||{{lang|ko-Latn|
|-▼
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|{{Lang-zh|c=|s=|t=|j=kiu4|labels=no}}||{{lang|ko-Latn|
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|{{Lang-zh|c=|s=|t=|j=ngai4 him2|labels=no}}||{{lang|ko-Latn|
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|{{Lang-zh|c=|s=|t=|p=|j=daai6 si3 gun2|labels=no}}||{{lang|ko-Latn|
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|{{Lang-zh|c=|s=|t=|j=kei4|labels=no}}||{{lang|ko-Latn|
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|{{Lang-zh|c=|s=|t=|j=bou2 him2|labels=no}}||{{lang|ko-Latn|
|-▼
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|{{Lang-zh|c=|s=|t=|j=san1 man4|labels=no}}||{{lang|ko-Latn|
|-▼
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|{{Lang-zh|c=|s=|t=|j=hok6 saang1|labels=no}}||{{lang|ko-Latn|
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|{{Lang-zh|c=|s=|t=|j=daai6 hok6|labels=no}}||{{lang|ko-Latn|
|}▼
==Writing systems==
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# A layer from the [[Northern and Southern Dynasties]] period, which is largely consistent with the phonology of the ''Qieyun'' dictionary.{{sfnp|Norman|1991|p=336}}
# A [[literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters|literary layer]] based on the [[koiné language|koiné]] of [[Chang'an]], the capital of the [[Tang dynasty]].{{sfnp|Norman|1991|p=337}}
▲{{unreferenced section|date=November 2020}}
▲Southern Min can trace its origins through the [[Tang dynasty]], and it also has roots from earlier periods. [[Hokkien people]] call themselves "[[Names of China#Tang|Tang]] people", (''{{lang|nan-Latn|Tn̂g-lâng}}'' {{lang|zh-hant|[[:zh:唐人|唐人]]}}/{{lang|zh-hant|[[:zh:唐儂|唐儂]]}}) which is synonymous to "Chinese people". Because of the widespread influence of the Tang culture during the [[great Tang]] dynasty, there are today still many Southern Min pronunciations of words shared by the [[Sino-Xenic pronunciations|Sino-xenic pronunciations]] of [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]], [[Korean language|Korean]] and [[Japanese language|Japanese]] languages.
▲{| class="wikitable"
▲|-
▲! English !! Han characters !! Mandarin Chinese !! Hokkien<ref>{{cite web |author=Iûⁿ, Ún-giân |url=http://210.240.194.97/iug/Ungian/SoannTeng/chil/Taihoa.asp |script-title=zh:台文/華文線頂辭典 |title=Tâi-bûn/Hôa-bûn Sòaⁿ-téng Sû-tián |trans-title=Taiwanese/Chinese Online Dictionary |access-date=1 October 2014}}</ref>!! Teochew
▲!Cantonese!! Korean !! Vietnamese !! Japanese
▲|-
▲| Book || {{lang|zh-hant|冊}} || {{transliteration|zh|cè}} || {{lang|nan-Latn|Chhek/Chheh}} || {{lang|nan-Latn| cêh4 }}
▲|{{Lang-zh|j=caak3|labels=no}}||{{lang|ko-Latn|Chaek}} ({{lang|ko|책}}) || {{lang|vi|Sách}} || {{lang|ja-Latn|Saku/Satsu/Shaku}}
▲|-
▲| Bridge || {{lang|zh-hant|橋}} || {{transliteration|zh|qiáo}} || {{lang|nan-Latn|Kiâu/Kiô}} || {{lang|nan-Latn|giê5/gio5}}
▲|{{Lang-zh|c=|s=|t=|j=kiu4|labels=no}}||{{lang|ko-Latn|Gyo}} ({{lang|ko|교}}) || ''Kiều''|| {{lang|ja-Latn|Kyō}}
▲|-
▲| Dangerous || {{lang|zh-hant|危險}} || {{transliteration|zh|wēixiǎn/wéixiǎn}} || {{lang|nan-Latn|Guî-hiám}} || {{lang|nan-Latn|guîn5/nguín5 hiem2}}
▲|{{Lang-zh|c=|s=|t=|j=ngai4 him2|labels=no}}||{{lang|ko-Latn|Wiheom}} ({{lang|ko|위험}}) || {{lang|vi|Nguy hiểm}} || {{lang|ja-Latn|Kiken}}
▲|-
▲| Embassy || {{lang|zh-hant|大使館}} || {{transliteration|zh|Dàshǐguǎn}} || {{lang|nan-Latn|Tāi-sài-koán}} || {{lang|nan-Latn|dai6 sái2 guêng2}}
▲|{{Lang-zh|c=|s=|t=|p=|j=daai6 si3 gun2|labels=no}}||{{lang|ko-Latn|Daesagwan}} ({{lang|ko|대사관}}) || {{lang|vi|Đại Sứ Quán}} || {{lang|ja-Latn|Taishikan}}
▲|-
▲| Flag || {{lang|zh-hant|旗}} || {{transliteration|zh|Qí}} || {{lang|nan-Latn|Kî}} || {{lang|nan-Latn|kî5}}
▲|{{Lang-zh|c=|s=|t=|j=kei4|labels=no}}||{{lang|ko-Latn|Gi}} ({{lang|ko|기}}) || ''Kì''|| {{lang|ja-Latn|Ki}}
▲|-
▲| Insurance || {{lang|zh-hant|保險}} || {{transliteration|zh|Bǎoxiǎn}} || {{lang|nan-Latn|Pó-hiám}} || {{lang|nan-Latn|Bó2-hiém}}
▲|{{Lang-zh|c=|s=|t=|j=bou2 him2|labels=no}}||{{lang|ko-Latn|Boheom}} ({{lang|ko|보험}}) || {{lang|vi|Bảo hiểm}} || {{lang|ja-Latn|Hoken}}
▲|-
▲| News || {{lang|zh-hant|新聞}} || {{transliteration|zh|Xīnwén}} || {{lang|nan-Latn|Sin-bûn}} || {{lang|nan-Latn|sing1 bhung6}}
▲|{{Lang-zh|c=|s=|t=|j=san1 man4|labels=no}}||{{lang|ko-Latn|Shinmun}} ({{lang|ko|신문}}) || ''Tân văn''|| {{lang|ja-Latn|Shinbun}}
▲|-
▲| Student || {{lang|zh-hant|學生}} || {{transliteration|zh|Xuéshēng}} || {{lang|nan-Latn|Ha̍k-seng}} || {{lang|nan-Latn|Hak8 sêng1}}
▲|{{Lang-zh|c=|s=|t=|j=hok6 saang1|labels=no}}||{{lang|ko-Latn|Haksaeng}} ({{lang|ko|학생}}) || {{lang|vi|Học sinh}} || {{lang|ja-Latn|Gakusei}}
▲|-
▲| University || {{lang|zh-hant|大學}} || {{transliteration|zh|Dàxué}} || {{lang|nan-Latn|Tāi-ha̍k/Tōa-o̍h}} || {{lang|nan-Latn|dai6 hag8/dua7 oh8}}
▲|{{Lang-zh|c=|s=|t=|j=daai6 hok6|labels=no}}||{{lang|ko-Latn|Daehak}} ({{lang|ko|대학}}) || {{lang|vi|Đại học}} || {{lang|ja-Latn|Daigaku}}
▲|}
==See also==
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* [http://alt.reasoning.cs.ucla.edu/jinbo/dzl/ 當代泉州音字彙], a dictionary of Quanzhou speech
* {{R:nan:taihoa}}
* {{cite web |author=Iûⁿ, Ún-giân |script-title=zh:台語線頂字典 |language=nan, zh-TW |trans-title=Taiwanese Hokkien Online Character Dictionary |url=http://210.240.194.97/TG/jitian/tgjt.asp |access-date=2015-02-06 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225061147/http://210.240.194.97/TG/jitian/tgjt.asp%20 |url-status=dead }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111118031511/http://twblg.dict.edu.tw/tw/index.htm 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典], [[Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan]] by the Ministry of Education, Republic of China (Taiwan).
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061008180132/http://nlg.csie.ntu.edu.tw/systems/TWLLMT/index.html 臺灣本土語言互譯及語音合成系統], Taiwanese-Hakka-Mandarin online conversion
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