Cyrillic alphabets: Difference between revisions

Unlike the [[Latin script]], which is usually adapted to different languages by adding diacritical marks/supplementary glyphs (such as accents, umlauts, tildesacutes and cedillascarons) to standard Roman letters, by assigning new phonetic values to existing letters (''e.g.'' {{angbr|cq}}, whose original value in [[Latin]] was /k/, represents /tsg/ in [[WestAzerbaijani Slavic languageslanguage|Azerbaijani]], /ʕt͡ɕʰ/ in [[Somali languagePinyin|SomaliMandarin Chinese Pinyin]], /t͡ʃq/ in manya lot of Africanother languages and /d͡ʒǃ/ in some [[TurkishBantu language|Turkishlanguages]]), or by the use of [[Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] (such as {{angbr|sh}}, {{angbr|ch}}, {{angbr|ng}} and {{angbr|ny}}), the Cyrillic script is usually adapted by the creation of entirely new letter shapes. However, in some alphabets invented in the 19th century, such as [[Mari language|Mari]], [[Udmurt language|Udmurt]] and [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]], [[umlaut (diacritic)|umlauts]] and [[breve]]s also were used.

{{Cyrillic alphabet navbox}}Non-Slavic alphabets are generally modelled after [[Russian alphabet|Russian]], but often bear striking differences, particularly when adapted for [[Caucasian languages]]. The first few of these alphabets were developed by Orthodox missionaries for the Finnic and Turkic peoples of [[Idel-Ural]] ([[Mari people|Mari]], [[Udmurt people|Udmurt]], [[Mordvin people|Mordva]], [[Chuvash people|Chuvash]], and [[Kerashen Tatars]]) in the 1870s. Later, such alphabets were created for some of the [[Siberia]]n and [[Caucasus]] peoples who had recently converted to Christianity. In the 1930s, some of those languages were switched to the [[Uniform Turkic Alphabet]]. All of the peoples of the former Soviet Union who had been using an [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] or othera different Asian script ([[Mongolian script]] etc.) also adopted Cyrillic alphabets, and during the [[Great Purge]] in the late 1930s, all of the [[Latin script|Latin alphabets]] of the peoples of the Soviet Union were switched to Cyrillic as well ([[Lithuania]], [[Latvia]] and [[Estonia]] were occupied and annexed by Soviet Union in 1940, and were not affected by this change). The Abkhazian and Ossetian languages were switched to [[Georgian script]], but after the death of [[Joseph Stalin]], both also adopted Cyrillic. The last language to adopt Cyrillic was the [[Gagauz language]], which had used [[Greek script]] before.

| [[Short I]]{{efn|{{lang-ru|и краткое}}, ''{{transliteration|ru|i kratkoye}}''; {{lang-bg|и кратко}}, ''{{transliteration|bg|i kratko}}''. Both mean "short i".}}/I kratkaya

* [[Eastern South Slavic|East South Slavic languages]] and [[East Slavic languages]], such as [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] and [[Russian language|Russian]], often share the following letters, among others: Й, Щ, Ы, Ь (soft sign), Ю, Я

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[А|А а]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Б|Б б]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[В|В в]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Г|Г г]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span lang="bl" dir="ltr">[[Д|Д</span> д]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Е|Е е]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Ж|Ж ж]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[З|З з]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span lang="Bl" dir="ltr">[[И|И и</span>]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span lang="Bl" dir="ltr">[[Й|Й й</span>]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[К|К к]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Л|Л л]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[М|М м]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Н|Н н]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[О|О о]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[П|П п]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Р|Р р]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[С|С с]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Т|Т т]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[У|У у]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Ф|Ф ф]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Х|Х х]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Ц|Ц ц]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Ч|Ч ч]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Ш|Ш ш]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Щ|Щ щ]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Ъ|Ъ ъ]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Ь|Ь ь]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Ю|Ю ю]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Я|Я я]]

* Ъ represents the vowel {{IPA|/ɤ/}}, and is called "ер голям" (IPA: {{IPA|[ˈɛr ɡoˈʎam]}}) ('big er'). Despite the official name being "big er", the letter is only referred to as that in the context of the alphabet, and is usually called {{IPA|/ɤ/}} in common speech . The vowel Ъ {{IPA|/ɤ/}} is sometimes approximated to the {{IPA|/ə/}} ([[schwa]]) sound found in many languages for easier comprehension of its Bulgarian pronunciation for foreigners, but it is actually a back vowel, not a central vowel.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}}

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[A (Cyrillic)|А а]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Be (Cyrillic)|Б б]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Ve (Cyrillic)|В в]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Ge (Cyrillic)|Г г]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[De (Cyrillic)|Д д]] (∂)

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Ye (Cyrillic)|Е е]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Zhe (Cyrillic)|Ж ж]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Ze (Cyrillic)|З з]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[I (Cyrillic)|И и]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Short I|Й й]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Ka (Cyrillic)|К к]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[El (Cyrillic)|Л л]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Em (Cyrillic)|М м]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[En (Cyrillic)|Н н]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[O (Cyrillic)|О о]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Pe (Cyrillic)|П п]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Er (Cyrillic)|Р р]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Es (Cyrillic)|С с]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Te (Cyrillic)|Т т]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[U (Cyrillic)|У у]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Ef (Cyrillic)|Ф ф]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Kha (Cyrillic)|Х х]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Tse (Cyrillic)|Ц ц]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Che (Cyrillic)|Ч ч]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Sha (Cyrillic)|Ш ш]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Shcha|Щ щ]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Hard sign|(Ъ) ъ]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Soft sign|(Ь) ь]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Yu (Cyrillic)|Ю ю]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Ya (Cyrillic)|Я я]]

| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Г г

* Before 1933, the letter [[Ghe with upturn|Ґ ґ]] (Ge) was used, although its use was optional.

[[File:Romanian Cyrillic alphabet chart.svg|thumb|right|250px|Romanian Cyrillic alphabet]]

|+ style="font-size:smaller;" | Kurdish Cyrillic scriptOrthography

| [[Ә|Ә ә]] || Ә' ә' || Ж ж || З з || И и || Й й || К к

| К' к' || Л л || М м || Н н || О о || [[Ö|Ӧ ö]] || П п

| Ф ф || Х х || [[Һ|Һ һ]] || Һ' һ' || Ч ч || Ч' ч' || Ш ш

| Щ щ || Ь ь || Э э || [[Qa (Cyrillic)|Ԛ ԛ]] || [[We (Cyrillic)|Ԝ ԝ]]

| А а || [[Ӕ|Ӕ ӕ]] || Б б || В в || Г г || Гъ гъ || Д д || Дж дж

| А а || Б б || В в || Г г || [[Ғ|Ғ ғ]] || Д д || Е е || Ё ё || Ж ж || З з || И и

| [[Ӣ|Ӣ ӣ]] || Й й || К к || [[Қ|Қ қ]] || Л л || М м || Н н || О о || П п || Р р || С с

| Т т || У у || [[Ӯ|Ӯ ӯ]] || Ф ф || Х х || [[Ҳ|Ҳ ҳ]] || Ч ч || [[Ҷ|Ҷ ҷ]] || Ш ш || Ъ ъ ||Э э

[[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] can be alternatively written in the Latin alphabet. Latin is goingexpected to beentirely thereplace onlyCyrillic used alphabet inby 2031, alongside the modified [[Arabic alphabet]] (in the [[People's Republic of China]], [[Iran]] and [[Afghanistan]]).

{{Main article|AbkhazAbaza language}}