Wikipedia

Rif War: Difference between revisions

Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
m Reverted edits by Trifonowww (talk) (HG) (3.4.12)
Undid revision 1243477879 by 37.223.104.87 (talk) Reason?
(31 intermediate revisions by 20 users not shown)
Line 15:
}}
| date = 1921–1926
| place = [[Rif|Rif region]], [[Morocco]]
| result = Spanish-French victory
* Dissolution of the [[Republic of the Rif]]
Line 22:
| commander1 = {{flagicon|Spain|1785}} [[Manuel Fernández Silvestre|Manuel Silvestre]]{{KIA}}<br>{{flagicon|Spain|1785}} [[Francisco Franco]]<br>{{flagicon|Spain|1785}} [[Dámaso Berenguer]]<br>{{nowrap|{{flagicon|Spain|1785}} [[José Millán Astray|José Millán-Astray]]{{WIA}}}}<br>{{flagicon|Spain|1785}} [[Miguel Primo de Rivera]]<br>{{flagicon|Spain|1785}} [[Alfredo Kindelán]]<br>{{flagicon|Spain|1785}} [[José Sanjurjo]]<br>{{flagicon|Spain|1785}} [[Juan Yagüe]]<br>{{flagicon|Spain|1785}} [[Leopoldo Saro]]<br>{{flagicon|Spain|1785}} [[Emilio Mola]]<br>{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[Philippe Pétain]]<br>{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[Hubert Lyautey]]<br>[[Mulai Ahmed er Raisuni|M. Ahmed er Raisuni]]{{POW}}
| commander2 = {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of the Rif.svg}} [[Abd el-Krim]]{{surrendered}}<br>{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of the Rif.svg}} [[Abdel-Salam Mohammed Abdel-Karim|A.S. M. Abdel-Karim]]<br>{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of the Rif.svg}} [[Bu Lahya]]<br>{{nowrap|{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of the Rif.svg}} [[Mhamadi Bojabbar Mohamed, les Aït Ghannou|M.B.M. les Aït Ghannou]]}}<br />{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of the Rif.svg}} [[Ahmed Heriro Jebli]]{{KIA}}<br>{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of the Rif.svg}} [[Haddou Mouh-Ameziane|H. Mouh-Ameziane]]<br />{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of the Rif.svg}} [[Mohamed Cheddi]]<br />{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of the Rif.svg}} [[Caid Bohout]]<br />{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of the Rif.svg}} [[Caid Mohamed Na'ma Tanout|C.M. Na'ma Tanout]]
| strength1 = {{flagicon|Spain|1785}} 60,000–140000–100,000 soldiers<ref name="steven">[http://www.balagan.org.uk/war/rif-wars/timeline_third.htm ''Timeline for the Third Rif War (1920–25)''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111220013128/http://www.balagan.org.uk/war/rif-wars/timeline_third.htm |date=2011-12-20 }} Steven Thomas</ref><br>{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} 160,000<ref name="David S. Woolman page 186">David S. Woolman, p. 186 "Rebels in the Rif", Stanford University Press</ref> soldiers in northern Morocco 1925<ref name="steven"/><br>'''
Total:''' 465,000 soldiers<ref>David H. Slavin, [https://www.jstor.org/pss/260628 ''The French Left and the Rif War, 1924–25: Racism and the Limits of Internationalism''], Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 26, No. 1, January 1991, pp.&nbsp;5–32</ref><br>+200 [[Fighter aircraft|aircraft]]: +200<ref name="pennell1"/>
| strength2 = '''Spanish estimateand French estimates:''' 8075,000–125,000 irregularsmen<ref name="steven"/><ref>David S. Woolman, pp. 149–151 "Rebels in the Rif", Stanford University Press</ref> (According to [[Charles Monteil]]: never more than 20,000 with firearms at the same time) including less than 7,000 "elites"<br>'''Other sources:'''<br>Autumn 1925: 35,000–50,000<ref name="omissi">David E. Omissi: ''Air Power and Colonial Control: The Royal Air Force, 1919–1939'', Manchester University Press, 1990, {{ISBN|0-7190-2960-0}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=D9BRAQAAIAAJ&q=%22a+force+which+had+dwindled+to+less+than%22&pg=PA188 p. 188].</ref><br>March 1926: less than 20,000<ref name="omissi"/>
| casualties1 = {{flagicon|Spain|1785}} 5343,500500–50,000 casualties<ref name="britannica"/><ref name="clodfelter"/><br>{{flagicon|France|1830}} 2010,000–18,000 casualties<ref name="britannica">{{Cite web |title=Rif War|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Rif-War |access-date=2022-11-07|website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="clodfelter">Micheal Clodfelter: ''Warfare and armed conflicts: a statistical reference to casualty and other figures, 1500–2000'', McFarland, 2002, {{ISBN|0-7864-1204-6}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=TCZpAAAAMAAJ&q=%22including+940+Frenchmen;+the+rest+were+colonial+troops)+and+8,500+%22 p. 398].</ref><br>
| casualties2 = 30,000 casualties<ref name="clodfelter"/><small>(including 10,000 dead)<ref name="britannica"/><ref>Meredith Reid Sarkees, Frank Whelon Wayman: ''Resort to war: a data guide to inter-state, extra-state, intra-state, and non-state wars, 1816–2007'', CQ Press, 2010, {{ISBN|0-87289-434-7}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=CvooAQAAMAAJ&q=%221926+Battle-Related+Deaths:+Spain%E2%80%9450,000;+France10,000%22 p. 303].</ref></small>
}}
Line 31 ⟶ 32:
{{Franco-Moroccan conflicts}}
{{Spanish colonial campaigns}}
The '''Rif War''' ({{Lang-es|Guerra del Rif}}) was an armed conflict fought from 1921 to 1926 between the occupying colonialists of [[Spain]] (joined by [[History of France|France]] in 1924) and the [[Berbers|Berber]] tribes of the mountainous [[Rif]] region of northern [[Morocco]]. The Rif Republic alone was able to keep a European middle power and great power in check for a time.
 
Led by [[Abd el-Krim]], the Riffians at first inflicted several defeats on the Spanish forces by using [[guerrilla tactics]] and with the help of captured European weapons. After France's military intervention against Abd el-Krim's forces and the major landing of Spanish troops at [[Alhucemas landing|Al Hoceima]], considered the first [[Amphibious warfare|amphibious]] landing in history to involve the use of [[tank]]s and [[aircraft]], Abd el-Krim surrendered to the French and was taken into exile.<ref>Douglas Porch, "Spain's African Nightmare," ''MHQ: Quarterly Journal of Military History'' (2006) 18#2 pp 28–37.</ref>
 
In July 1909, Spanish workers constructing a rail-bridge providing access to iron mines near [[Melilla]] were attacked by RifianRiffian tribesmen.<ref>David S. Woolman, page 42 "Rebels in the Rif", Stanford University Press 1968</ref> This incident led to the summoning of reinforcements from Spain itself. A series of skirmishes over the following weeks cost the Spanish over a thousand casualties. By September, the Spanish Army had 40,000 troops in northern Morocco and had occupied the mountainous tribal regions to the south and southeast of Melilla.<ref>David S. Woolman, pp. 42–43 "Rebels in the Rif", Stanford University Press 1968</ref> The military operations in [[Jebala people|Jebala]], in the Moroccan west, began in 1911 with the [[Larache]] landing. Spain worked to pacify a large part of the most violent areas until 1914, a slow process of consolidation of frontiers that lasted until 1919. The following year, after the signing of the [[Treaty of Fez]], the northern Moroccan area was adjudicated to Spain as a protectorate. The Riffian populations strongly resisted the Spanish, unleashing a conflict that would last for several years.
 
In 1921, in an attempt to consolidate control of the region, the Spanish troops suffered the catastrophic [[Disaster of Annual]] in addition to a rebellion led by RifianRiffian leader Abd el-Krim. As a result, the Spanish retreated to a few fortified positions while Abd el-Krim ultimately created an entire independent state: the [[Republic of the Rif]]. The development of the conflict and its end coincided with the [[dictatorship of Primo de Rivera]], who took on command of the campaign from 1924 to 1927. In addition, and after the Battle of Uarga in 1925, the French intervened in the conflict and established a joint collaboration with Spain that culminated in the [[Alhucemas landing]], which proved a turning point. The Spanish also [[Spanish use of chemical weapons in the Rif War|used chemical weapons during the conflict]]. By 1926, the area had been pacified; Abd-el-Krim surrendered to the French that year, and Spain gained effective control of the protectorate's territory at last.
 
The Rif War still causes much disagreement among historians. Some see in it a harbinger of the [[Decolonisation of Africa|decolonization process in North Africa]]. Others consider it one of the last colonial wars, as it was the decision of the Spanish to conquer the Rif – nominally part of their Moroccan protectorate but ''de facto'' independent – that catalyzed the entry of France in 1924.<ref>[https://www.cairn.info/revue-strategique-2009-1-page-319.htm Jan Pascal, ''L’Armée française face à Abdelkrim ou la tentation de mener une guerre conventionnelle dans une guerre irrégulière 1924–1927''], Cairn.Info, 2009, p. 732.</ref> The Rif War left a deep memory both in Spain and in Morocco. The Riffian insurgency of the 1920s can be interpreted as a precursor to the [[Algerian War of Independence]], which took place three decades later.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Entelis|first1=John P.|title=La Guerre du Rif: Maroc (1925–1926)|journal=The Journal of North African Studies|date=9 March 2017|volume=22|issue=3|pages=500–503|doi=10.1080/13629387.2017.1300383|s2cid=151998348}}</ref>
Line 48 ⟶ 49:
The Crown granted the concession to mine iron in the Rif to the millionaire Don [[Horacio Echevarrieta]]. By 1920 he had brought out 800,000 tons of valuable high grade iron through relatively inexpensive open-pit mining.<ref>Alvarez, José "Between Gallipoli and D-Day: Alhucemas, 1925" pp. 75–98 from ''The Journal of Military History'', Vol. 63, No. 1, January 1999 p. 77.</ref> Though profitable, iron mining caused much environmental damage and required the displacement of the native people. As they received no share of the profits, the Rifians soon began to oppose the mining in their territory.
 
When King [[Alfonso XIII of Spain|Alfonso XIII]] ascended to the throne in 1886, Spain was considered a world power, with colonies in the Americas, Africa, Asia and the Pacific.<ref name="Perry, James page 274"/> But in the [[Spanish–American War]], Spain lost Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines in 1898, [[Spanish-German Treaty of 1899|and sold]] the [[Marianas Islands|Mariana]] and [[Caroline Islands]] to Germany the following year; reducing the once great [[Spanish Empire]] to only a few footholds on the Moroccan coast and [[Spanish Guinea]].<ref name="Perry, James page 274"/> To compensate for the losses in the Americas and Asia, there emerged a powerful ''[[Africanist (Spain)|Africanist]]'' faction in Spain led by Alfonso, who wanted a new empire in Africa.<ref name="Perry, James page 274"/> Finally, many within the politically powerful [[Catholic Church in Spain|Catholic Church]], preached the need for a new crusade to continue the ''[[Reconquista]]'' by conquering Morocco, adding their voices to the ''Africanist'' choir.<ref name="Perry, James page 274"/> For all these reasons, Spain began pushing into the Rif in 1909.
 
==Forces involved==
===Rifian forces===
The Berber tribesmen had a long tradition of fierce fighting skills, combined with high standards of fieldcraft and marksmanship. They were capably led by [[Abd el-Krim]], who showed both military and political expertise. However, the Rifian regular army was never a very large force.<ref name="pennell"/> The elite of the Rifian forces formed regular units which according to Abd el-Krim, quoted by the Spanish general [[Manuel Goded Llopis|Manuel Goded]], numbered 6,000 to 7,000. Other sources put it much lower, at around 2,000 to 3,000.<ref name="pennell">C. R. Pennell – [http://dtl.unimelb.edu.au/R/G6ASL7MRH56N6D62EU994G2H78TRSHEP44P8A82S36SQ5YGCSJ-01131?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=274378&pds_handle=GUEST ''A Country with a government and a Flag: The Rif War in Morocco, 1921–1926'']{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Outwell, Wisbech, Cambridgeshire, England: Middle East & North African Studies Press Ltd, 1986, {{ISBN|0-906559-23-5}}, p. 132; (University of Melbourne – University Library Digital Repository)</ref>
 
The remaining Rifians were tribal militia selected by their [[Qaid|Caids]]; they were not liable to serve away from their homes and farms for more than 15 consecutive days. General Goded estimated that at their peak, in June 1924, the Rifian forces numbered about 80,000 men,<ref name="woolman">"Rebels in the Rif" pp.&nbsp;149–152, David S. Woolman, Stanford University Press, 1968</ref> although [[Abd el-Krim]] was never able to arm more than 20,000 men at a time. However, this force was largely adequate in the early stages of the war.<ref>Woolman, p. 149</ref> In the final days of the war, Rifian forces numbered about 12,000 men.<ref name="pennell1"/> In addition, Rifian forces were not well armed, with weapons badly maintained and in poor condition.<ref name="pennell1">Pennell, C. R.; p. 214</ref>
Line 101 ⟶ 102:
The Rif War had starkly polarized Spanish society between the ''[[Africanist (Spain)|africanistas]]'' who wanted to conquer an empire in Africa vs. the {{Lang|es|abandonistas}} who wanted to abandon Morocco as not worth the blood and treasure.<ref name="Perry, James page 286">Perry, James ''Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them'', Edison: Castle Books, 2005 p. 286.</ref> After the "Disaster of the Annual", Spain's war in the Rif went from bad to worse, and as the Spanish were barely hanging on to Morocco, support for the {{Lang|es|abandonistas}} grew as many people could see no point to the war.<ref name="Perry, James page 286"/> In August 1923, Spanish soldiers embarking for Morocco mutinied at the railway stations, other soldiers in Malaga simply refused to board the ships that were to take them to Morocco, while in Barcelona huge crowds of left-wingers had staged anti-war protests at which Spanish flags were burned while the flag of the Rif Republic was waved about.<ref name="Perry, James page 286"/>
 
With the ''africanistsafricanistas'' comprising only a minority, it was clear that it was only a matter of time before the {{Lang|es|abandonistas}} forced the Spanish to give up on the Rif, which was part of the reason for the military coup d'état later in 1923.<ref name="Perry, James page 286"/> On September 13, 1923, [[General]] [[Miguel Primo de Rivera, 2nd Marquis of Estella|Miguel Primo de Rivera, 2nd Marqués de Estella]], seizedseizing power [[1923 Spanish coup d'état|in a military coup d'état]] on September 13, 1923.<ref name="Perry, James page 286"/> General Primo de Rivera was in the words of the American journalist James Perry a "moderate dictator" who was convinced that the divisions between the ''africanists'' vs. the {{Lang|es|abandonistas}} had pushed Spain to the brink of civil war, and who had seized power to find a way out of the crisis.<ref name="Perry, James page 286"/> General Primo de Rivera soon concluded that the war was unwinnable, and considered pulling back his troops to the coast with the aim of at least temporarily abandoning the Rif.<ref name="Perry, James page 286"/><ref>David S. Woolman, p. 131 "Rebels in the Rif", Stanford University Press</ref> In late July 1924, Primo de Rivera visited a Spanish Foreign Legion post at Ben Tieb in the Rif, and was served a banquet of eggs in different forms. In Spanish culture, eggs are a symbol of the testicles, and the dishes were intended to send a clear message. Primo de Rivera responded calmly that the army would be required to abandon only the minimum of territory and that junior officers should not dictate the measures necessary to resolve the Moroccan problem.<ref>David S. Woolman, p. 132 "Rebels in the Rif", Stanford University Press</ref> However he subsequently modified the plans for withdrawal, pulling the Spanish forces back from [[Chaouen]] and the Wad Lau region to a prepared fortified boundary named the "Primo Line".<ref>David S. Woolman, p. 133 ''Rebels in the Rif'', Stanford University Press</ref>
 
===French intervention===
Line 108 ⟶ 109:
In May 1924, the French Army had established a line of out-posts north of the [[Oureghla]] River in disputed tribal territory. On 12 April 1925, an estimated 8,000<ref>Martin Windrow, p. 15 "French Foreign Legion 1914–1945, {{ISBN|1-85532-761-9}}</ref> Rifians attacked this line and in two weeks over 40 of 66 French posts had been stormed or abandoned. French casualties exceeded 1,000 killed, 3,700 wounded and 1,000 missing – representing losses of over 20 percent of their forces deployed in the Rif.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=xlD0JS16w9oC&q=rif+war+french+posts ''The French empire between the wars: imperialism, politics and society''], Martin Thomas, [[Manchester University Press]], 2005, {{ISBN|0-7190-6518-6}}, p. 212</ref> The French accordingly intervened on the side of Spain, appointing [[Philippe Pétain|Marshal Pétain]] as commander-in-chief of an expeditionary force of up to 160,000<ref name="David S. Woolman page 186">David S. Woolman, p. 186 "Rebels in the Rif", Stanford University Press</ref> well-trained and -equipped troops from Metropolitan, Algerian, [[Senegalese tirailleurs|Senegalese]] and Foreign Legion units, as well as Moroccan regulars ([[tirailleurs]]) and auxiliaries ([[goumiers]]). With total Spanish forces at this point numbering about 90,000 the Rifian forces were now seriously outnumbered by their Franco-Spanish opponents.<ref name=EB>{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|title=Abd el-Krim|edition=15th|year=2010|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|volume=I: A-Ak – Bayes|location=Chicago|isbn=978-1-59339-837-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency/page/18 18]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency/page/18}}</ref> Final French deaths from battle and disease, in what had now become a major war, were to total 8,628.<ref>General R. Hure, p. 252 "L'Armee d'Afrique 1830–1962", Paris-Limoges, 1979</ref>
 
On September 17, 1925, [[Escadrille Cherifienne|a squadron of American mercenary flyers]] in the service of France [[Bombardment of Chefchaouen|bombarded Chefchaouen]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.yabiladi.com/articles/details/77701/history-when-american-squadron-violated.html|title=History : When an American squadron violated US neutrality laws, bombing Chefchaouen|last=Babas|first=Latifa |website=en.yabiladi.com|language=en|access-date=2019-07-14}}</ref>
 
==Outcome==
Line 118 ⟶ 119:
 
== Atrocities ==
 
=== Massacre of Monte Arruit ===▼
{{see also|Massacre of Monte Arruit}}▼
On August 9, 1921, the [[Massacre of Monte Arruit]] occurred, in which 2,000 soldiers of the Spanish Army were killed after surrendering the Monte Arruit garrison near [[Al Aaroui]] following a 12-day siege.<ref>[https://publicaciones.defensa.gob.es/media/downloadable/files/links/e/n/en_torno_a_annual_reimpresion.pdf Julio Albi de la Cuesta, ''En torno a Annual''] (Ministerio de Defensa de España, 2016) pp. 432–439</ref> The atrocities subsequently committed by the Spanish Army of Africa were triggered by a 'compulsive spirit of revenge' of this and other massacres, and the desire to exact retribution on the rebel tribes.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Potì|first=Giorgio|url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/43865/Poti_2016.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|title=Imperial Violence, Anti-Colonial Nationalism and International Society: The Politics of Revolt across Mediterranean Empires,1919–1927|publisher=European University Institute: Department of history and Civilization|year=2016|location=[[Florence]]|page=202}}</ref>▼
 
=== Spanish atrocities and use of chemical weapons ===
{{see also|Spanish use of chemical weapons in the Rif War}}
Line 129 ⟶ 135:
Miguel Alonso, Alan Kramer and Javier Rodrigo wrote in the book ''Fascist Warfare, 1922–1945: Aggression, Occupation, Annihilation'': "Although the Rif War was no 'fascist' war, several methods used to 'pacify' the population were applied in the post-colonial {{Lang|es|reconquista}} of godless [[Second Spanish Republic|Republican Spain]] … Apart from deciding not to use chemical weapons, [[Francisco Franco|Franco]]'s campaign to 'cleanse Spain' resembled that in Morocco: intelligence-gathering through torture, summary executions, [[forced labour]], [[War rape|rape]], and the sadistic killing of military prisoners."<ref>{{cite book |title=Fascist Warfare, 1922–1945: Aggression, Occupation, Annihilation |author1=Miguel Alonso |author2=Alan Kramer |author3=Javier Rodrigo |page=32 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |year=2019 |isbn=978-3030276478}}</ref>
 
Spanish mutilations of captured Moroccans were also reported, including [[castration]] and severing heads, noses and ears, which were collected by Spanish legionnaires as warretribution trophiesto andthe wornmutilations asinflicted necklaceson orthe spikedSpanish ontroops bayonetsinitially.<ref name=Márquez>{{cite book |title=Disorientations: Spanish Colonialism in Africa and the Performance of Identity |author= Susan Martin-Márquez |page=193 |year=2008 |publisher= Yale Univ Pr}}</ref>
 
▲=== Massacre of Monte Arruit ===
▲{{see also|Massacre of Monte Arruit}}
▲On August 9, 1921, the [[Massacre of Monte Arruit]] occurred, in which 2,000 soldiers of the Spanish Army were killed after surrendering the Monte Arruit garrison near [[Al Aaroui]] following a 12-day siege.<ref>[https://publicaciones.defensa.gob.es/media/downloadable/files/links/e/n/en_torno_a_annual_reimpresion.pdf Julio Albi de la Cuesta, ''En torno a Annual''] (Ministerio de Defensa de España, 2016) pp. 432–439</ref> The atrocities subsequently committed by the Spanish Army of Africa were triggered by a 'compulsive spirit of revenge' of this and other massacres, and the desire to exact retribution on the rebel tribes.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Potì|first=Giorgio|url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/43865/Poti_2016.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|title=Imperial Violence, Anti-Colonial Nationalism and International Society: The Politics of Revolt across Mediterranean Empires,1919–1927|publisher=European University Institute: Department of history and Civilization|year=2016|location=[[Florence]]|page=202}}</ref>
 
== In popular culture ==
*The Rif War directly inspired [[Sigmund Romberg]]'s 1926 operetta ''[[The Desert Song]],'' which was later adapted several times into motion pictures.
*The 1929 romance novel ''La riffaine'', which was set during the Rif War, was written by the Jewish-Algerian writer [[Elissa Rhaïs]], was set during the Rif War.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lorcin |first=Patricia M. E. |date=2012-12-01 |title=Manipulating Elissa: the uses and abuses of Elissa Rhaïs and her works |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13629387.2012.723436|journal=The Journal of North African Studies |volume=17 |issue=5|pages=903–922|doi=10.1080/13629387.2012.723436 |s2cid=143680947 |issn=1362-9387}}</ref>
*The 1927 novel ''Amy Jolly'' and the 1930 film ''[[Morocco (film)|Morocco]]'' adapted from it are set against the background of the Rif War.
*The action of the 1931 novel [[La Bandera (novel)|''La Bandera'']] by [[Pierre Mac Orlan]] is set during the Rif War. The novel was also turned into a [[La Bandera (film)|a 1935 movie]] in 1935.
*The 1951 Hollywood film ''[[Ten Tall Men]]'' is set in the context of the Rif War.
*The 1977 [[Dick Richards]] film ''[[March or Die (film)|March or Die]]'' shows Foreign Legionnaires fighting Arab rebels led by "el-Krim" in the Rif in 1925.
*The 1999 film ''[[Legionnaire (film)|Legionnaire]]'', starring [[Jean-Claude Van Damme]], is set in the war in 1925, with [[Kamel Krifa]] playing [[Abd el-Krim|Abd-El Krim]].
*The 2017 television miniseries ''[[Morocco: Love in Times of War]]'', follows Spanish nurses during the warRif War.
 
== See also ==
Line 154 ⟶ 156:
 
'''Further reading'''
* Balfour, Sebastian. ''Deadly Embrace: Morocco and the Road to the Spanish Civil War'' (Oxford 2002) [https://www.questia.com/read/119121044/deadly-embrace-morocco-and-the-road-to-the-spanish online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327170721/https://www.questia.com/read/119121044/deadly-embrace-morocco-and-the-road-to-the-spanish |date=2016-03-27 }}
* Chandler, James A. "Spain and Her Moroccan Protectorate 1898–1927," ''Journal of Contemporary History'' (1975) 10#2 pp. 301–322 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/260149 in JSTOR]
* La Porte, Pablo. "'Rien à ajouter': The League of Nations and the Rif War (1921—1926)," ''European History Quarterly'' (2011) 41#1 pp 66–87, [http://ehq.sagepub.com/content/41/1/66 online]
Line 163 ⟶ 165:
* Porch, Douglas. "Spain's African Nightmare," ''MHQ: Quarterly Journal of Military History'' (2006) 18#2 pp 28–37.
* Sacanell, Enrique. "El general Sanjurjo". Editorial La Esfera de Los Libros, Madrid (2004) {{ISBN|978-84-9734-205-6}}
* Slavin, David H. "The French Left and the Rif War, 1924-251924–25: Racism and the Limits of Internationalism." ''Journal of Contemporary History'' 26.1 (1991): 5-325–32. [http://www.tifraznarif.net/pdf/articles/The%20French%20Left%20and%20the%20Rif%20War,%201924-25%20Racism%20and%20the%20Limits%20of.pdf online]
 
==External links==
Line 171 ⟶ 173:
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061229175812/http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/legal/cw/cwindex.html Chemical Weapons: Tenth Session of the Conference of the States Parties to the CWC 7–11 November 2005, The Hague, The Netherlands]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071209134013/http://www.historynet.com/historical_conflicts/3036686.html Rif war]
*David Montgomery Hart, ''The Aith Waryaghar of the Moroccan Rif : an ethnography and history''. Published for the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research [by] University of Arizona Press, c1976. xxiii, 556 p. : ill. ; 28&nbsp;cm. {{ISBN|0-8165-0452-0}} : Series Viking Fund publications in anthropology; no. 55, Notes. Bibliography: pagespp. 533–546.'' Tucson, Arizona, (1976)
 
{{Franco-Spanish conquest of Morocco}}
Line 191 ⟶ 193:
[[Category:20th century in Morocco]]
[[Category:Berber history]]
[[Category:Insurgencies in Africa]]
[[Category:Separatism in Morocco]]
[[Category:Spanish Africa]]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rif_War"