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describing the amphibian bladder |
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{{Short description|Release of urine from the urinary bladder}}
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'''Urination''' is the release of [[urine]] from the [[bladder]] to the outside of the body. Urine is released through the [[urethra]] and exits the [[penis]] or [[vulva]] through the [[urinary meatus]] in [[placental mammal]]s,<ref name="Wake1992">{{cite book|author=Marvalee H. Wake|title=Hyman's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VKlWjdOkiMwC&pg=PA583|access-date=6 May 2013|date=15 September 1992|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-87013-7|page=583}}</ref><ref name="Roughgarden, 2004">{{cite book|last=Roughgarden|first=Joan|title=Evolution's Rainbow: Diversity, Gender, and Sexuality in Nature and People|url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionsrainbo00roug|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/evolutionsrainbo00roug/page/38 38]|access-date=17 October 2013|year=2004|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-24073-5}}</ref>{{rp|38,364}} but is released through the [[cloaca]] in other [[vertebrate]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Feder |first1=Martin E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oaS-OpEjPtUC&pg=PA108 |title=Environmental Physiology of the Amphibians |last2=Burggren |first2=Warren W. |date=1992-10-15 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-23944-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Wake1992"/> It is the [[urinary system]]'s form of [[excretion]]. It is also known medically as '''micturition''',<ref>{{cite
In some animals, in addition to expelling waste material, urination [[#Other animals|can mark territory or express submissiveness]]. Physiologically, urination involves coordination between the [[central nervous system|central]], [[autonomic nervous system|autonomic]], and [[somatic nervous system]]s. Brain centres that regulate urination include the [[pontine micturition center]], [[periaqueductal gray]], and the [[cerebral cortex]].
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|image1=Gray1140.png|caption1=The interior of the bladder
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{{Main article|Urinary bladder|Urethra}}
The main organs involved in urination are the [[urinary bladder]] and the [[urethra]]. The [[smooth muscle]] of the bladder, known as the [[detrusor]], is innervated by [[sympathetic nervous system]] fibers from the [[lumbar]] [[spinal cord]] and [[parasympathetic]] fibers from the [[Sacrum|sacral]] spinal cord.<ref name="wennemer2008">{{cite web
Smooth muscle bundles pass on either side of the urethra, and these fibers are sometimes called the [[internal urethral sphincter]], although they do not encircle the urethra. Further along the urethra is a sphincter of skeletal muscle, the sphincter of the membranous urethra (external urethral sphincter). The bladder's epithelium is termed [[transitional epithelium]] which contains a superficial layer of dome-like cells and multiple layers of stratified cuboidal cells underneath when evacuated. When the bladder is fully distended the superficial cells become squamous (flat) and the stratification of the cuboidal cells is reduced in order to provide lateral stretching.
===Physiology===
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The physiology of micturition and the physiologic basis of its disorders are subjects about which there is much confusion, especially at the supraspinal level. Micturition is fundamentally a spinobulbospinal reflex facilitated and inhibited by higher brain centers such as the [[pontine micturition center]] and, like [[defecation]], subject to voluntary facilitation and inhibition.<ref name="yoshimura">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yoshimura N, Chancellor MB | title = Neurophysiology of Lower Urinary Tract Function and Dysfunction | journal = Rev Urol | volume = 5 | issue = Suppl 8 | pages = S3–S10 | year = 2003 | pmid = 16985987 | pmc = 1502389 }}</ref>▼
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▲}}|width=210|caption=[[Coyote]]s and [[wolf|wolves]] raise their legs while urinating.<ref name="MechBoitani2010"/><ref name="Spotte">{{Cite book |last=Spotte |first=Stephen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-EQhAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA69 |title=Societies of Wolves and Free-ranging Dogs |date=2012-03-15 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-37910-7 |language=en}}</ref>}}The physiology of micturition and the physiologic basis of its disorders are subjects about which there is much confusion, especially at the supraspinal level. Micturition is fundamentally a spinobulbospinal reflex facilitated and inhibited by higher brain centers such as the [[pontine micturition center]] and, like [[defecation]], subject to voluntary facilitation and inhibition.<ref name="yoshimura">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yoshimura N, Chancellor MB | title = Neurophysiology of Lower Urinary Tract Function and Dysfunction | journal = Rev Urol | volume = 5 | issue = Suppl 8 | pages = S3–S10 | year = 2003 | pmid = 16985987 | pmc = 1502389 }}</ref>
In healthy individuals, the lower urinary tract has two discrete phases of activity: the storage (or guarding) phase, when urine is stored in the bladder; and the voiding phase, when urine is released through the urethra. The state of the reflex system is dependent on both a conscious signal from the brain and the firing rate of sensory fibers from the bladder and urethra.<ref name="yoshimura" /> At low bladder volumes, afferent firing is low, resulting in excitation of the outlet (the sphincter and urethra), and relaxation of the bladder.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=de Groat WC, Ryall RW | title = Reflexes to sacral parasympathetic neurones concerned with micturition in the cat | journal = J. Physiol. | volume = 200 | issue = 1 | pages = 87–108 | date = January 1969 | pmid = 5248885 | pmc = 1350419 | doi = 10.1113/jphysiol.1969.sp008683 }}</ref> At high bladder volumes, afferent firing increases, causing a conscious sensation of urinary urge. Individual ready to urinate consciously initiates voiding, causing the bladder to contract and the outlet to relax. Voiding continues until the bladder empties completely, at which point the bladder relaxes and the outlet contracts to re-initiate storage.<ref name="yoshimura" /> The muscles controlling micturition are controlled by the [[autonomic nervous system|autonomic]] and somatic nervous systems. During the storage phase, the internal urethral sphincter remains tense and the detrusor muscle relaxed by [[sympathetic nervous system|sympathetic]] stimulation. During micturition, [[parasympathetic nervous system|parasympathetic]] stimulation causes the detrusor muscle to contract and the internal urethral sphincter to relax. The external urethral sphincter (sphincter urethrae) is under somatic control and is consciously relaxed during micturition.
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====Storage phase====
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During storage, bladder pressure stays low, because of the bladder's highly compliant nature. A plot of bladder (intravesical) pressure against the depressant of fluid in the bladder (called a [[cystometrogram]]), will show a very slight rise as the bladder is filled. This phenomenon is a manifestation of the [[Young–Laplace equation|law of Laplace]], which states that the pressure in a spherical viscus is equal to twice the wall tension divided by the radius. In the case of the bladder, the tension increases as the organ fills, but so does the radius. Therefore, the pressure increase is slight until the organ is relatively full. The bladder's smooth muscle has some inherent contractile activity; however, when its nerve supply is intact, stretch receptors in the bladder wall initiate a reflex contraction that has a lower threshold than the inherent contractile response of the muscle.▼
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▲}}|width=210|caption=[[Tiger]]s and [[lion]]s raise their tails while urinating.<ref name="Schulz">{{Cite book |last=Schulz |first=Stefan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MHza8Kvo5T8C&dq=urine&pg=PA249 |title=The Chemistry of Pheromones and Other Semiochemicals II |date=2005-01-07 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-540-21308-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>Asa, Cheryl S. [https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-pdf/33/2/167/361050/33-2-167.pdf "Relative contributions of urine and anal-sac secretions in scent marks of large felids."] American Zoologist 33.2 (1993): 167-172.</ref>}}During storage, bladder pressure stays low, because of the bladder's highly compliant nature. A plot of bladder (intravesical) pressure against the depressant of fluid in the bladder (called a [[cystometrogram]]), will show a very slight rise as the bladder is filled. This phenomenon is a manifestation of the [[Young–Laplace equation|law of Laplace]], which states that the pressure in a spherical viscus is equal to twice the wall tension divided by the radius. In the case of the bladder, the tension increases as the organ fills, but so does the radius. Therefore, the pressure increase is slight until the organ is relatively full. The bladder's smooth muscle has some inherent contractile activity; however, when its nerve supply is intact, stretch receptors in the bladder wall initiate a reflex contraction that has a lower threshold than the inherent contractile response of the muscle.
Action potentials carried by sensory neurons from stretch receptors in the urinary bladder wall travel to the sacral segments of the spinal cord through the pelvic nerves.<ref name="yoshimura" /> Since bladder wall stretch is low during the storage phase, these afferent neurons fire at low frequencies. Low-frequency afferent signals cause relaxation of the bladder by inhibiting sacral parasympathetic preganglionic neurons and exciting lumbar sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Conversely, afferent input causes contraction of the sphincter through excitation of Onuf's nucleus, and contraction of the bladder neck and urethra through excitation of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons.
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Voiding begins when a voluntary signal is sent from the brain to begin urination, and continues until the bladder is empty.
Bladder afferent signals ascend the spinal cord to the [[periaqueductal gray]], where they project both to the [[pontine micturition center]] and to the cerebrum.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Blok BF, Holstege G | title = Direct projections from the periaqueductal gray to the pontine micturition center (M-region). An anterograde and retrograde tracing study in the cat | journal = Neurosci. Lett. | volume = 166 | issue = 1 | pages = 93–6 | date = January 1994 | pmid = 7514777 | doi = 10.1016/0304-3940(94)90848-6 | s2cid = 41146134 }}</ref> At a certain level of afferent activity, the conscious '''urge to void''' or '''urination urgency''', becomes difficult to ignore. Once the voluntary signal to begin voiding has been issued, neurons in the pontine micturition center fire maximally, causing excitation of sacral preganglionic neurons. The firing of these neurons causes the wall of the bladder to contract; as a result, a sudden, sharp rise in intravesical pressure occurs. The pontine micturition center also causes inhibition of Onuf's nucleus, resulting in relaxation of the external urinary sphincter.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Sie JA, Blok BF, de Weerd H, Holstege G | title = Ultrastructural evidence for direct projections from the pontine micturition center to glycine-immunoreactive neurons in the sacral dorsal gray commissure in the cat | journal = J. Comp. Neurol. | volume = 429 | issue = 4 | pages = 631–7 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11135240 | doi = 10.1002/1096-9861(20010122)429:4<631::AID-CNE9>3.0.CO;2-M | s2cid = 7570375 }}</ref> When the external urinary sphincter is relaxed urine is released from the urinary bladder when the pressure there is great enough to force urine to flow out of the urethra. The micturition reflex normally produces a series of contractions of the urinary bladder.
The flow of urine through the urethra has an overall excitatory role in micturition, which helps sustain voiding until the bladder is empty.<ref>
Many men, and some women, may sometimes [[Pee shivers|briefly shiver]] after or during urination.<ref>{{
After urination, the [[female urethra]] empties partially by gravity, with assistance from muscles.{{clarify|date=October 2012}} Urine remaining in the [[male urethra]] is expelled by several contractions of the [[bulbospongiosus muscle]], and, by some men, manual squeezing along the length of the penis to expel the rest of the urine.
For land mammals over 1 kilogram, the duration of urination does not vary with body mass, being dispersed around an average of 21 seconds (standard deviation 13 seconds), despite a 4 order of magnitude (1000×) difference in bladder volume.<ref name=law>{{cite arXiv |eprint=1310.3737 |first1=Patricia J. |last1=Yang |first2=Jonathan C. |last2=Pham |first3=Jerome |last3=Choo |first4=David L. |last4=Hu |title=Law of Urination: all mammals empty their bladders over the same duration |class= physics |year= 2013 }}</ref><ref name=ng>
====Voluntary control====
The mechanism by which voluntary urination is initiated remains unsettled.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=DasGupta R, Kavia RB, Fowler CJ | title = Cerebral mechanisms and voiding function | journal = BJU Int. | volume = 99 | issue = 4 | pages = 731–4 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17378838 | doi = 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.06749.x | s2cid = 12318860 | doi-access = }}</ref> One possibility is that the voluntary relaxation of the muscles of the pelvic floor causes a sufficient downward tug on the [[detrusor muscle]] to initiate its contraction.<ref>{{cite journal |
There is an inhibitory area for micturition in the midbrain. After transection of the brain stem just above the pons, the threshold is lowered and less bladder filling is required to trigger it, whereas after transection at the top of the midbrain, the threshold for the reflex is essentially normal. There is another facilitatory area in the posterior hypothalamus. In humans with lesions in the superior frontal gyrus, the desire to urinate is reduced and there is also difficulty in stopping micturition once it has commenced. However, stimulation experiments in animals indicate that other cortical areas also affect the process.
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==Social and cultural aspects==
===Art===
A [[puer mingens]]<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Piepenbring |first1=Dan |title=A secret history of the pissing figure in art |url=https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/a-secret-history-of-the-pissing-figure-in-art |
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File:Hypnérotomachie - éd. Martin - p28r.jpeg|[[Woodcut]] of a [[puer mingens]], from the [[Hypnerotomachia Poliphili]], 1499
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===Urination without facilities===
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[[Image:Mar2024. Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. Urinar na Rua e infracao penal. near Praça General Tiburcio.jpg|thumb|A sign in [[Fortaleza]], [[Brazil]], warning that public urination is illegal]]
Acceptability of outdoor urination in a public place other than at a [[Public toilet|public urinal]] varies with the situation and with customs. Potential disadvantages include a dislike of the smell of urine, and exposure of genitals.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Saner |first1=Emine |title=The war against wild toileting: is there any way to stop people weeing – and worse – in the street? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2023/apr/05/the-war-against-wild-toileting-stop-weeing-street-urinating |publisher=Guardian |access-date=19 March 2024 |location=UK |date=5 Apr 2023}}</ref> It can be avoided or mitigated by going to a quiet place and/or facing a tree or wall if urinating standing up, or while squatting, hiding the back behind walls, bushes, or a tree.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
[[Chemical toilet|Portable toilet]]s (port-a-potties) are frequently placed in outdoor situations where no immediate facility is available. These need to be serviced (cleaned out) on a regular basis. Urination in a heavily wooded area is generally harmless, actually saves water, and may be condoned for males (and less commonly, females) in certain situations as long as common sense is used. Examples (depending on circumstances) include activities such as camping, hiking, delivery driving, cross country running, rural fishing, amateur baseball, golf, etc.
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There was{{when|date=August 2015}} a popular belief in the UK, that it was legal for a man to urinate in public so long as it occurred on the rear wheel of his vehicle and he had his right hand on the vehicle, but this is not true.<ref>{{cite web | title= Legal Curiosities: Fact or Fable? | publisher = [[Law Commission (England and Wales)]] | date = April 2015 | url = http://lawcommission.justice.gov.uk/docs/Legal_Oddities.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150629195445/http://lawcommission.justice.gov.uk/docs/Legal_Oddities.pdf | archive-date = 29 June 2015}}</ref> Public urination still remains more accepted by males in the UK, although British cultural tradition itself seems to find such practices objectionable.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/society/2010/01/public-toilet-british-sex-piss|title=From buttoned-up Britain to urine nation|work=New Statesman|access-date=26 February 2011}}</ref>
In [[Islamic toilet etiquette]], it is [[haram]] to urinate while facing the [[Qibla]], or to turn one's back to it when urinating or relieving bowels, but modesty requirements for females make it impossible for girls to relieve themselves without facilities.<ref>Unveiling the Breath: One Woman's Journey Into Understanding Islam and Gender Equality, Donna Kennedy-Glans pg. 69</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rizvi |first1=Sayyid Saeed Akhtar
Women generally need to urinate more frequently than men, but as opposed to the common misconception, it is not due to having smaller bladders.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1975 |title=Report of the Task Group on Reference Man |url=https://www.icrp.org/publication.asp?id=ICRP%20Publication%2023 |journal=Report of the Task Group on Reference Man |publisher=Pergamon Press |
===
Techniques and body postures while urinating vary
====Males====
[[File:Peeing .jpg|thumb|upright|A man uses a [[urinal]],
▲A systematic review [[meta-analysis]] of the effect of voiding position on the quality of urination found that in elderly males with [[benign prostate hyperplasia]], the sitting position was superior compared with the standing.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=de Jong|first1=Y|last2=Pinckaers|first2=JH|last3=Ten Brinck|first3=RM|last4=Lycklama À Nijeholt|first4=AA|last5=Dekkers|first5=OM|title=Urinating Standing versus Sitting: Position Is of Influence in Men with Prostate Enlargement. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.|journal=PLOS ONE|date=2014|volume=9|issue=7|pages=e101320|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0101320|pmid=25051345|pmc=4106761|bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j1320D|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>Russell, J. G. B. "Moulding Of The Pelvic Outlet." BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 76.9 (1969): 817-20. Print.</ref> Healthy males were not influenced by voiding position.
====Females====
[[File:Blonde_woman_sitting_on_toilet.jpg|thumb|Sit-down toilets are the most common type in Western countries.]]
In Western culture, females usually sit or squat for urination, depending on what type of toilet they use
▲In Western culture, females usually sit or squat for urination, depending on what type of toilet they use: A [[squat toilet]] is used for urination in a squatting position. If there is no toilet available then a squatting or a half squat position is common. A partial [[Squatting position#Female urination position|squatting position]] (or "hovering") is taken up during urination by some women to avoid sitting on a potentially contaminated [[toilet seat]] or when using a [[female urinal]]. However, this may leave urine behind in the [[bladder]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Kidney-infection/Pages/Prevention.aspx |title=Preventing kidney infection |date=11 December 2012 |website=nhs.uk |publisher=[[National Health Service]] |access-date=22 September 2014}}</ref> It can also result in urine landing on the [[toilet seat]].
===Talking about urination===
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Many expressions exist, some [[euphemism|euphemistic]] and some vulgar. For example, centuries ago the standard English word (both noun and verb, for the product and the activity) was "[[wiktionary:piss|piss]]", but subsequently "pee", formerly associated with children, has become more common in general public speech. Since elimination of bodily wastes is, of necessity, a subject talked about with toddlers during [[toilet training]], other expressions considered suitable for use by and with children exist, and some continue to be used by adults, e.g. "weeing", "doing/having a wee-wee", "to tinkle", "[[wiktionary:go potty|go potty]]".{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
Other expressions include "squirting" and "taking a leak", and, predominantly by younger persons for outdoor female urination, "popping a squat", referring to the position many women adopt in such circumstances. National [[varieties of English]] show creativity. [[American English]] uses "to whiz".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/whiz|title=Definition of WHIZ|website=www.merriam-webster.com|date=17 March 2024 }}</ref> [[Australian English]] has coined "I am off to take a [[Music of China|Chinese singing]] lesson", derived from the tinkling sound of urination against the China porcelain of a toilet bowl.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.definition-of.com/have+Chinese+singing+lesson |title=have Chinese singing lesson |publisher=Definition-of.com |access-date=10 February 2013}}</ref> [[British English]] uses "going to see my aunt", "going to [[see a man about a dog]]", "to piddle", "to splash (one's) boots", as well as "to have a slash", which originates from the [[Scottish English|Scottish term]] for a large splash of liquid.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sex-lexis.com/Sex-Dictionary/have%20a%20slash |title=have a slash – Dictionary of sexual terms |publisher=Sex-lexis.com |access-date=10 February 2013}}</ref> One of the most common, albeit old-fashioned, euphemisms in British English is "to spend a penny", a reference to coin-operated [[pay toilet]]s, which used ([[Decimal Day|pre-decimalisation]]) to charge that sum.<ref>{{cite web|last=Martin |first=Gary |url=http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/spend-a-penny.html |title=Spend a penny |publisher=Phrases.org.uk |access-date=10 February 2013}}</ref>
====Use in language====
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===Urination and sexual activity===
[[File:Thomson%27s_gazelle_(8455456576).jpg|thumb|Male mammals detect [[estrous cycle|estrus]] from chemical signals in the female's urine<ref name="Estes1991"/>]]
[[Urolagnia]], a [[paraphilia]], is an inclination to obtain [[Human sexuality|sexual enjoyment]] by looking at or thinking of urine or urination.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/urolagnia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709050317/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/urolagnia
Female [[kob]] may exhibit urolagnia during sex; one female will [[urinate]] while the other sticks her nose in the stream.<ref name="You Are Being Lied to: The">Kick (2001)</ref><ref name="Imaginova 2007e">Imaginova (2007e)</ref>
Some mammals [[Self-anointing in animals#Ungulates|urinate on themselves]] in order to attract mates during the [[Rut (mammalian reproduction)|rut]] or urinate on other individuals before mating with them.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vandenbergh |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PUpYID8Rc3UC&dq=copulation+ungulates&pg=PA9 |title=Pheromones and Reproduction in Mammals |date=2012-12-02 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-323-15651-6 |language=en}}</ref> A male [[Patagonian mara]], a type of rodent, will stand on his hind legs and urinate on a female's rump, to which the female may respond by spraying a jet of urine backwards into the face of the male.<ref name=Genest1974>{{cite journal |author1=Genest H. |author2=Dubost G. | year = 1974 | title = Pair living in the mara ('' Dolichotis paragonum Z'' ) | journal = Mammalia | volume = 38 | issue = 2| pages = 155–162 | doi=10.1515/mamm.1974.38.2.155|s2cid=86771537 }}</ref> The male's urination is meant to repel other males from his partner while the female's urination is a rejection of any approaching male when she is not receptive.<ref name=Genest1974/> Both anal digging and urination are more frequent during the breeding season and are more commonly done by males.<ref name=Taber1984>{{cite journal |author1=TABER B. E. |author2=MACDONALD D. W. | year = 1984 | title = Scent dispersing papillae and associated behaviour in the mara, ''Dolichotis patagonum'' (Rodentia: Caviomorpha) | journal = Journal of Zoology | volume = 203 | issue = 2 | pages = 298–301 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1984.tb02333.x}}</ref>
A male porcupine urinates on a female porcupine prior to mating, spraying the urine at high velocity.<ref name="Fergus2000">{{cite book |author=Charles Fergus |title=Wildlife of Pennsylvania: And the Northeast |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T4gLRnplhVwC&q=porcupine+mating+urine&pg=PA75 |access-date=31 March 2013 |date=1 September 2000 |publisher=Stackpole Books |isbn=978-0-8117-2899-7 |pages=75–}}</ref><ref name="Roze2012">{{cite book |author=Uldis Roze |title=Porcupines: The Animal Answer Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LtOhh7ILpT0C&pg=PA97 |access-date=31 March 2013 |date=28 September 2012 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-1-4214-0735-7 |pages=97–}}</ref><ref name="Cavendish2007">{{cite book |author=Marshall Cavendish |title=EXPLORING MAMMALS |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rWFx7sJ-D3sC&pg=PA1088 |access-date=31 March 2013 |year=2007 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |isbn=978-0-7614-7719-8 |pages=1088–}}</ref><ref name="Naughton2012">{{cite book |author=Donna Naughton |title=A Natural History of Canadian Mammals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9IlOhvOAIb4C&pg=PA214 |access-date=31 March 2013 |year=2012 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-4426-4483-0 |pages=214–}}</ref><ref name="Carnaby2008">{{cite book |author=Trevor Carnaby |title=Beat About the Bush: Mammals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4u-VroUwC6QC&q=porcupine+mating+urine |access-date=21 May 2013 |date=30 January 2008 |publisher=Jacana Media |isbn=978-1-77009-240-2}}</ref>
{{Anchor|Animals}}{{Anchor|In other animals}}{{anchor|Other animals}}{{anchor|Cervidae}}
== Electric shock injuries and deaths ==
In 2008 in London, a person died when they were urinating
|url=https://www.9news.com.au/world/urinating-on-electric-track-kills-man/53233bc9-310f-4e6d-ae13-38a1818b7e6c|title=Urinating on electric track kills man|date=23 July 2008|work=Nine News (Australia)|access-date=10 March 2024}}</ref> The person received the electric shock when their stream of urine connected with the electric current from the live third rail.<ref name="13 April 2012"/>
In 2010 in Washington state, a person who had died had received burns injuries on their body that were related to receiving an electric shock.<ref name="2 March 2010">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna35650429|title=Man electrocuted by urinating on power line|date=2 March 2010|work=NBC News|access-date=5 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212025832/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna35650429|archive-date=12 December 2021}}</ref> It is thought that an electric current had traveled through their stream of urine and into their body.<ref name="2 March 2010"/> It is thought that the person had urinated into a roadside ditch and a live wire that was lying in the ditch gave the person an electric shock.<ref name="2 March 2010"/>
In 2014 in Spain, a person died
==Other species==
{{See also|Scent marking|Self-anointing in animals#Ungulates}}
{{multiple image
| footer = Urination postures of mammals | total_width = 440 | perrow = 3
| image1 = Bos taurus taurus peeing.jpg
|image2=Elephant Leak.jpg|alt2=Asian elephant▼
| alt1 = Cow
|image3=White rhinocerus spraying (15326385621).jpg|alt3=White rhinoceros▼
|image4=Busch Gardens 2009 (76).jpg|alt4=Female zebra▼
| alt2 = Asian elephant
|image5=Urinating horse male.jpg|alt5=Male horse▼
|image6=Lobo Guará urinating on tree.jpg|alt6=Maned wolf▼
| alt3 = White rhinoceros
▲|image7=Lobo marcando su territorio-2.jpg|alt7=Gray wolf
▲|image8=Tiger spray marking. DavidRaju 1.jpg|alt8=Tigress
| alt4 = Female zebra
| alt5 = Male horse
| alt6 = Maned wolf
}}
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{{anchor|Dog-like mammals (''Canidae'')|Canidae|Felidae|Dog marking}}
[[
Young cattle can be toilet-trained to urinate in a "latrine" where their urine can be collected for [[wastewater treatment]],<ref>{{
==See also==
Line 287 ⟶ 316:
{{Toilets |state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Excretion]]
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