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| status = EN
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref>{{cite
| genus = Carcharhinus
| species = plumbeus
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The '''sandbar shark''' ('''''Carcharhinus plumbeus'''''), also known as the '''brown shark''' or '''thickskin shark''', is a [[species]] of [[requiem shark]], and part of the family [[Requiem shark|Carcharhinidae]], native to the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and the [[Indo-Pacific]]. It is distinguishable by its very high first [[dorsal fin]] and interdorsal ridge.<ref name="ferrari">{{cite book |author=Ferrari, A. |author2=A. |name-list-style=amp |title=Sharks |url=https://archive.org/details/sharks0000ferr |url-access=registration |publisher=Firefly Books |place=New York |year=2002 |isbn=1-55209-629-7}}</ref> It is not to be confused with the similarly named [[sand tiger shark]], or ''Carcharias taurus.''
==Description and growth==
[[Image:Carcharhinus plumbeus upper teeth.jpg|thumb|left|Upper teeth]]
[[Image:Carcharhinus plumbeus lower teeth.jpg|thumb|left|Lower teeth]]
The sandbar shark
Females can grow to 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft), males up to 1.8 m (5.9 ft). The maximum recorded weight is 240 kg (530 lb).<ref>"IGFA Member Services". ''igfa.org''.</ref> Female sandbar sharks have an average fork-length (tip of the nose to fork in the tail) of 154.9 cm with the males' average fork-length being 151.6 cm.<ref name="Baremore, Ivy E. 2012">Baremore, Ivy E.; Loraine F. Hale (1 June 2012). "Reproduction of the Sandbar Shark in the Western North Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico". ''Marine and Coastal Fisheries: Dynamics, Management, and Ecosystem Science''. American Fisheries Society. '''4''': 560–572. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1080/19425120.2012.700904.</ref> Its body color can vary from a blue-ish brown, grey or bronze, with a white or pale underside. Sandbar sharks swim alone or gather in sex-segregated schools that vary in size.
==Distribution, habitat, and Predation==▼
The sandbar shark, true to its nickname, is commonly found over muddy or sandy bottoms in shallow coastal waters such as bays, [[estuaries]], harbors, or the mouths of rivers, but it also swims in deeper waters (200 m or more) as well as [[intertidal]] zones. Sandbar sharks are found in tropical to temperate waters worldwide; in the western [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] they range from [[Massachusetts]] to [[Brazil]]. Juveniles are common to abundant in the lower [[Chesapeake Bay]], and nursery grounds are found from [[Delaware Bay]] to [[South Carolina]]. Other nursery grounds include [[Boncuk Bay]] in [[Marmaris]], [[Muğla]]/[[Turkey]]<ref name="Turkish Environmental Protection Agency for Special Areas">{{cite web| url=http://www.ozelcevre.gov.tr/contents/files/link/faaliyetlerimiz/arastirmaizleme.pdf| title=Special Environmental Protection Area Gölbaşı| publisher=[[Özel Çevre Koruma Kurumu]]| language=tr| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320075726/http://www.ozelcevre.gov.tr/contents/files/link/faaliyetlerimiz/arastirmaizleme.pdf| archive-date=20 March 2012| access-date=18 March 2014}}</ref> and the [[Florida Keys]].<ref name="Southeast U.S." /> Natural predators of the sandbar shark include the [[tiger shark]], and rarely [[great white sharks]]. The sandbar shark itself preys on [[fish]], [[Ray (fish)|ray]]s, and [[crab]]s.▼
[[Image:Carcharhinus plumbeus.jpg|thumb|left|Sandbar shark caught in the Atlantic.]]▼
▲The sandbar shark, true to its nickname, is commonly found over muddy or sandy bottoms in shallow coastal waters such as bays, [[estuaries]], harbors, or the mouths of rivers, but it also swims in deeper waters (200 m or more) as well as [[intertidal]] zones. Sandbar sharks are found in tropical to temperate waters worldwide; in the western [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] they range from [[Massachusetts]] to [[Brazil]]. Juveniles are common to abundant in the lower [[Chesapeake Bay]], and nursery grounds are found from [[Delaware Bay]] to [[South Carolina]]. Other nursery grounds include
== Predators and diet ==
Natural predators of the sandbar shark include the [[tiger shark]] and, rarely, [[great white sharks]].
The sandbar shark itself preys on [[fish]], [[Ray (fish)|ray]]s, [[crab]]s, and [[mollusc]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lesinski |first=Tom |title=Carcharhinus plumbeus (Brown shark) |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Carcharhinus_plumbeus/ |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=Animal Diversity Web |language=en}}</ref> They have also been found to primaily consume [[osteichthyes]], or bony fish, [[Octopus|octopi]], [[european squid]], and [[cuttlefish]] when in areas such as the Mediterranean or the [[Gulf of Gabès|Gulf of Gabés]].<ref>Saidi, Bechir, et al. "Feeding habits of the sandbar shark Carcharhinus plumbeus (Chondrichthyes: Carcharhinidae) from the Gulf of Gabès, Tunisia." ''Cahiers de biologie marine''48.2 (2007): 139-144.</ref> Sandbar sharks have been described as being a top predator in their ecosystem's food chain.<ref>Ellis, Julia K., and John A. Musick. "Ontogenetic changes in the diet of the sandbar shark, Carcharhinus plumbeus, in lower Chesapeake Bay and Virginia (USA) coastal waters." ''Environmental biology of fishes'' 80 (2007): 51-67.</ref> [[File:Sandbar shark seaworld.jpg|thumb|alt=photo|In captivity]]
==Maturity and reproduction==
==Interactions with humans==▼
There are disagreements about when exactly sandbar sharks reach sexual maturity, but most studies conclude that females reach sexual maturity around 13 years of age, while males tend to reach maturity around age 12 years old.<ref>Romine, J.G., Musick, J.A. and Johnson, R.A. (2013), Compensatory Growth of the Sandbar Shark in the Western North Atlantic Including the Gulf of Mexico. Marine and Coastal Fisheries, 5: 189-199. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1080/19425120.2013.793631</nowiki></ref> Sandbar sharks are [[viviparous]], with the embryos supported in placental yolk sac inside the mother. Females have been found to exhibit both [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/03/210303081343.htm biennial], consistently reproducing every two years and returning to the same place to have deliver the pup, and triennial, reproducing every three years and returning to the same place for delivery, migration and [[gestation period]]s. They also ovulate in early summer, and give birth to an average of eight pups, which they carry for 1 year before giving birth.<ref name="Baremore, Ivy E. 2012"/> The longevity of the sandbar shark is typically 35–41 years.<ref>Bray, Dianne J. (2011) Sandbar Shark, ''Carcharhinus plumbeus'' (Nardo 1827), in Fishes of Australia</ref>
▲== Interactions with humans ==
▲[[Image:Carcharhinus plumbeus.jpg|thumb|left|
===Fishing restrictions===
Sandbar sharks have been disproportionately targeted by the U.S. commercial shark fisheries in recent decades due to their high fin-to-body weight ratio, and U.S. fishing regulation requiring carcasses to be landed along with shark fins. In 2008, the [[National Marine Fisheries Service]] banned all commercial landings of sandbar sharks based on a 2006 stock assessment by [[SEDAR]], and sandbar sharks were listed as vulnerable, due to overfishing. Currently, a small number of specially permitted vessels fish for sandbar sharks for the purpose of scientific research. All vessels in the research fishery are required to carry an independent researcher while targeting sandbars.<ref name="Southeast U.S." />
===Danger to people===
In spite of their large size and similar appearance to other dangerous sharks such as bull sharks,
==
Immune system genes, specifically [[Major histocompatibility complex|MHC genes]], are under study to understand the [[adaptive immune system]] in sharks such as the sandbar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartl |first=Simona |date=December 1998 |title=What sharks can tell us about the evolution of MHC genes |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-065X.1998.tb01272.x |journal=Immunological Reviews |language=en |volume=166 |issue=1 |pages=317–331 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-065X.1998.tb01272.x |pmid=9914922 |s2cid=34748360 |issn=0105-2896}}</ref> Sandbars contain MHC class I, MHC class IIα, and class IIβ genes. Shark MHC genes are known to be similar to [[tetrapod]] rather than [[fish]]. Similarities include the lack of [[cysteine]]s in class [[MHC class I|IIα1]] domains in tetrapods and carcharhinids. Also, there are a fewer number of classical [[Locus (genetics)|loci]] in sharks and tetrapods, when compared to other
== Conservation status ==
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==References==
{{Reflist}}▼
{{Commons category|Carcharhinus plumbeus}}
▲{{Reflist}}
{{Selachimorpha|Ca.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q304539}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sandbar Shark}}
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[[Category:Fish of the Dominican Republic]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1827]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Giovanni Domenico Nardo]]
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