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{{short description|American evolutionary biologist}}
{{About|Richard Lenski, the evolutionary biologist|the Lutheran commentator (his ancestor)|Richard C. H. Lenski}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Richard E. Lenski
| image = Richard Lenski with Long-Term Flasks and Incubator on May 26, 2016.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Richard Lenski with Long-Term Flasks and Incubator on May 26, 2016
| birth_dateresidence = {{Birth date and age|1956|08|13}}
| fields = [[Evolutionary biology]] [[Experimental evolution]] [[Microbiology]]▼
| birth_place =▼
| death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) -->
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} -->
| residence =
| citizenship =
| nationality =
▲| fields = [[Evolutionary biology]] [[Experimental evolution]]
| workplaces = [[Michigan State University]]<br>[[University of California, Irvine]]
| alma_mater = [[University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill]]<br>[[Oberlin College]]
| thesis_title = Effects of competition and disturbance on ground beetle populations
| thesis_url = httphttps://www.worldcat.org/title/effects-of-competition-and-disturbance-on-ground-beetle-populations/oclc/9150582&referer=brief_results
| thesis_year = 1982
| doctoral_advisor = [[Nelson Hairston]]
| academic_advisors = Bruce Levin (Postdoctoral Mentor)
| doctoral_students = [[Paul E. Turner]]<br>[[Zachary Blount]]<br>[[Michael Travisano]]
| notable_students =
| known_for = [[E. coli long-term evolution experiment]]
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = [[National Center for Science Education|NCSE]] Friend of Darwin Award {{small|(2017)}}<ref name="auto">{{Cite web | url=https://msutoday.msu.edu/news/2017/msus-richard-lenski-wins-2017-friend-of-darwin-award/ |title = MSU's Richard Lenski wins 2017 Friend of Darwin award}}</ref><br/>[[Sewall Wright Award]] {{small|(2012)}}<br/>[[MacArthur Fellowship]] {{small|(1996)}}<br/>[[Guggenheim Fellowship]] {{small|(1991)}}<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/richard-e-lenski/ |title = John Simon Guggenheim Foundation &#124; Richard E. Lenski}}</ref>
| awards = [[Sewall Wright Award]] {{small|(2012)}}<br>[[MacArthur Fellowship]] {{small|(1996)}}
| signature = <!--(filename only)-->
| signature_alt =
| website = {{URL|httphttps://myxolenski.cssmmg.msu.edu/}}
{{URL|https://telliamedrevisited.wordpress.com/}}
{{URL|https://the-ltee.org/}}
| footnotes =
| spousefootnotes = =
▲| birth_placespouse =
|[[Guggenheim Fellowship]] {{small|(1992)}}
}}
'''Richard E. Lenski''' (born August 13, 1956) is an American [[evolutionary biology|evolutionary biologist]],<ref>{{cite news | url=http://myxo.css.msu.edu/index.html | title=Richard Lenski | publisher=[[Michigan State University]] |year= 2008 | accessdate =2008-09-17}}</ref> athe MacArthur[[John "genius" fellow, aA. Hannah]] Distinguished Professor of [[Microbial ecology|Microbial Ecology]] at [[Michigan State University]],. andHe is a member of the [[National Academy of Sciences]] and a [[MacArthur Fellows Program|MacArthur Fellow]]. Lenski is best known for his still ongoing 29{{age|1988|2|24}}-year-old [[E. coli long-term evolution experiment|long-term ''E. coli'' evolution experiment,]], which has been instrumental in understanding the core processes of evolution, including [[Mutationmutation rate|mutation rates]]s,<ref>{{Cite journal|lastlast1=Tenaillon|firstfirst1=Olivier|last2=Barrick|first2=Jeffrey E.|last3=Ribeck|first3=Noah|last4=Deatherage|first4=Daniel E.|last5=Blanchard|first5=Jeffrey L.|last6=Dasgupta|first6=Aurko|last7=Wu|first7=Gabriel C.|last8=Wielgoss|first8=Sébastien|last9=Cruveiller|first9=Stéphane|date=2016-08-11|title=Tempo and mode of genome evolution in a 50,000-generation experiment|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v536/n7615/full/nature18959.html|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=536|issue=7615|pages=165–170|doi=10.1038/nature18959|issn=0028-0836|pmc=4988878|pmid=27479321|bibcode=2016Natur.536..165T}}</ref>[[Mutation rate|,]] [[clonal interference]],<ref>{{Cite journal|lastlast1=Maddamsetti|firstfirst1=Rohan|last2=Lenski|first2=Richard E.|last3=Barrick|first3=Jeffrey E.|date=2015-06-01|title=Adaptation, Clonal Interference, and Frequency-Dependent Interactions in a Long-Term Evolution Experiment with Escherichia coli|url=http://www.genetics.org/content/200/2/619|journal=Genetics|language=en|volume=200|issue=2|pages=619–631|doi=10.1534/genetics.115.176677|issn=0016-6731|pmc=4492384|pmid=25911659}}</ref>, [[Antimicrobial resistance|antibiotic resistance]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lenski|first=R. E.|date=1998-12-01|title=Bacterial evolution and the cost of antibiotic resistance|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10943373|journal=International Microbiology: The Official Journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology|volume=1|issue=4|pages=265–270|issn=1139-6709|pmid=10943373}}</ref>, the [[evolution]] of novel traits,<ref>{{Cite journal|lastlast1=Blount|firstfirst1=Zachary D.|last2=Borland|first2=Christina Z.|last3=Lenski|first3=Richard E.|date=2008-06-10|title=Historical contingency and the evolution of a key innovation in an experimental population of Escherichia coli|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/105/23/7899|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=105|issue=23|pages=7899–7906|doi=10.1073/pnas.0803151105|issn=0027-8424|pmc=2430337|pmid=18524956|bibcode=2008PNAS..105.7899B|doi-access=free}}</ref>, and [[speciation]].<ref>{{Cite journal|lastlast1=Meyer|firstfirst1=Justin R.|last2=Dobias|first2=Devin T.|last3=Medina|first3=Sarah J.|last4=Servilio|first4=Lisa|last5=Gupta|first5=Animesh|last6=Lenski|first6=Richard E.|date=2016-11-24|title=Ecological speciation of bacteriophage lambda in allopatry and sympatry|urljournal=http://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2016/11/21/science.aai8446Science|journalvolume=Science354|issue=6317|language=en|pages=aai84461301–1304|doi=10.1126/science.aai8446|issn=0036-8075|pmid=27884940|bibcode=2016Sci...354.1301M|doi-access=free}}</ref>. He is also well known for his pioneering work in studying evolution digitally using [[Self-replication|self-replicating]] organisms called [[Avida (software)|Avida]].
 
==Early life==
Richard E. Lenski is the son of the [[sociologist]] [[Gerhard Lenski]] and the poet Jean Lenski ({{née}} Cappelmann).<ref>{{cite tweet |author= Richard Lenski |user= relenski|number= 501149475541618688 |date= August 17, 2014 |title= Photo of Richard Lenski and Gerhard Lenski for the father's 90th birthday |access-date= August 18, 2014 }}</ref> He is also the great-nephew of children's author [[Lois Lenski]] and the great-grandson of [[Lutheran]] commentator [[Richard C. H. Lenski]]. He earned his BAAB from [[Oberlin College]] in 1976, and his PhD from the [[University of North Carolina]] in 1982.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Campbell|first1=Neil A.|last2=Reece|first2=Jane B.|title=Biology|url=https://archive.org/details/essentialbiology00camp_0|url-access=registration|edition=7|pages=538–539[https://archive.org/details/essentialbiology00camp_0/page/538 538]–539|isbn= 978-0-8053-7146-X8|year=2005|publisher=Pearson, Benjamin Cummings }}</ref>
 
== Scientific career ==
==Career==
After completing his doctoral degree, Lenski did postdoctoral research in the laboratory of Bruce Levin at the [[University of Massachusetts Amherst|University of Massachusetts, Amherst]], where he began his work studying microbiology. In 1985, Lenski joined the faculty in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the [[University of California, Irvine]], and he was promoted to associate professor there in 1988.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Richard Lenski {{!}} Biographical Sketch |url=https://lenski.mmg.msu.edu/BioSketch.html |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=lenski.mmg.msu.edu}}</ref> In 1991, Lenski moved his lab to Michigan State University, joining the [[National Science Foundation|NSF]] Science and Technology Center for Microbial Ecology there. Lenski did sabbaticals at [[University of Oxford|Oxford University]], working with [[Robert May, Baron May of Oxford|Robert May]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lenski |first=Richard E. |last2=May |first2=Robert M. |date=1994-08-07 |title=The Evolution of Virulence in Parasites and Pathogens: Reconciliation Between Two Competing Hypotheses |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022519384711465?via=ihub |journal=Journal of Theoretical Biology |volume=169 |issue=3 |pages=253–265 |doi=10.1006/jtbi.1994.1146 |issn=0022-5193}}</ref> and the [[University of Montpellier]], hosted by Isabelle Olivieri.
Lenski won a [[Guggenheim Fellowship]] in 1992 and a [[MacArthur Award#MacArthur Fellowship|MacArthur Fellowship]] in 1996, and in 2006 he was elected to the [[United States National Academy of Sciences]].{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}▼
 
==Research==
Lenski is a [[fellow]] at the [[American Academy of Microbiology]] and the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] and holds the office [[John A. Hannah|Hannah]] Distinguished Professor of [[microbial ecology]] at [[Michigan State University]].{{citation needed|date=December 2012}} Lenski has an [[Erdős number]] of 3, having co-authored a publication with a [[mathematician]] and a [[computational biology|computational biologist]], each of whom has an Erdős number of 2.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://telliamedrevisited.wordpress.com/2015/05/28/erdos-with-a-non-kosher-side-of-bacon|title=Erdös with a non-kosher side of Bacon|author=Richard Lenski|date=May 28, 2015}}</ref>
===''E. coli'' experiment===▼
 
On February 17, 2010, he co-founded the NSF Science and Technology Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, known as the [[BEACON Center]].{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}▼
 
▲===E. coli experiment===
{{Main|E. coli long-term evolution experiment}}
 
[[Image:Lenski's 12 long-term lines of E. coli on 25 June 2008.jpg|left|thumb|300px|The 12 evolving ''E. coli'' populations on June 25, 2008]]
The ''E. coli'' long-term evolution experiment is an ongoing study in [[experimental evolution]] led by Richard Lenski that has been tracking genetic changes in 12 initially identical populations of asexual ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' bacteria since 24 February 1988.<ref name="Source">{{cite web |first=Richard E. |last=Lenski |url=http://myxo.css.msu.edu/ecoli/strainsource.html |title=Source of founding strain |publisher=Michigan State University |work=Richard E. Lenski Homepage |year=2000 |accessdate=2008-06-18 |archive-date=2018-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180531192907/http://myxo.css.msu.edu/ecoli/strainsource.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The populations reached the milestone of 5075,000 generations in 2022.<ref>{{AsCite journal |last=Lenski |first=Richard |date=February 15, 2023 |title=Revisiting the Design of the Long-Term Evolution Experiment with Escherichia coli |2010url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00239-023-10095-3 |02journal=Journal of Molecular Evolution |altvolume=in91 February|issue=1|pages=241–253 |doi=10.1007/s00239-023-10095-3 |pmid=36790511 |bibcode=2023JMolE..91..241L |s2cid=256869639 2010}}.</ref>
 
Since the experiment's inception, Lenski and his colleagues have reported a wide array of genetic changes; some evolutionary [[adaptation]]s have occurred in all 12 populations, while others have only appeared in one or a few populations. One particularly striking adaptation was the evolution of a strain of ''E. coli'' that was able to use [[citrate]] as a carbon source in an aerobic environment.<ref name=pmid18524956>{{cite journal |pages=7899–906 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0803151105 |title=Historical contingency and the evolution of a key innovation in an experimental population of ''Escherichia coli'' |year=2008 |last1=Blount |first1=Zachary D. |last2=Borland |first2=Christina Z. |last3=Lenski |first3=Richard E. |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=105 |issue=23 |jstor=25462703 |pmid=18524956 |bibcode=2008PNAS..105.7899B |pmc=2430337|doi-access=free }}</ref> A defining characteristic of ''E. coli'' is its inability to use citrate as an energy source under oxic conditions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Blount |first1=Zachary |last2=Borland |first2=Christina |last3=Lenski |first3=Richard |date=June 10, 2008 |title=Historical contingency and the evolution of a key innovation in an experimental population of Escherichia coli |journal=PNAS |volume=105 |issue=23 |pages=7899–7906|doi=10.1073/pnas.0803151105 |pmid=18524956 |pmc=2430337 |bibcode=2008PNAS..105.7899B |doi-access=free }}</ref>
 
===Avida simulation===
Richard Lenski, has collaborated with [[Charles Ofria]], et al. at [[MichiganChris State UniversityAdami]], and others on research developedusing an [[artificial life]] computer program withthat theallows abilitydetailed toanalyses detailon the evolution of complex systems. The system usesallows valuesthe setuser to determineset the rate of random mutations, andwhile allowsnatural forselection theacts effectwithin ofa naturalvirtual selectionworld topromotes conservethose mutations that provide beneficial traits (and selects against deleterious mutations). The program was dubbed Avida and starts with an artificial petri dish where organisms reproduce and perform mathematical calculations to acquire rewards in the form of moreincreased computer time for replication. The program randomly adds mutations to copies of the artificial organisms, towhicha allowre forthen subject to natural selection. As the artificial life reproducedreproduces, different lines adaptedadapt and evolvedevolve depending on their set environments. The beneficialprogram sideaims to parallel the programevolution isof thatbiological itlife parallelsin thata ofhighly realabstracted lifeform and at rapida much faster speedsspeed.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lenski|first1=R. E.|last2=Ofria|first2=C.|last3=Pennock|first3=R. T.|last4=Adami|first4=C.|year=2003|author2-link=Charles Ofria|author3-link=Robert T. Pennock|author4-link=Chris Adami|title=The evolutionary origin of complex features|journal=Nature|volume=423|pages=139–144|url=http://myxo.css.msu.edu/papers/nature2003/Nature03_Complex.pdf|bibcode = 2003Natur.423..139L|doi=10.1038/nature01568|pmid=12736677|issue=6936|s2cid=4401833|access-date=2013-08-20|archive-date=2021-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121232710/http://myxo.css.msu.edu/papers/nature2003/Nature03_Complex.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2001-07/msu-dou071801.php |title=Digital organisms used to confirm evolutionary process |accessdate=2011-03-21 |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2003-05/nsf-ale050603.php |title=Artificial life experiments show how complex functions can evolve |accessdate=2011-03-21 |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title=Evolution of digital organisms at high mutation rates leads to survival of the flattest|author1=Richard E. Lenski |author2=Charles Ofria |author3=Claus O. Wilke |author4=Jia Lan Wang |author5=Christoph Adami |lastname-authorlist-ampstyle=yesamp | journal=Nature| date=2001-07-19| volume=412| pages=331–3|doi= 10.1038/35085569| issue=6844 | pmid=11460163|bibcode = 2001Natur.412..331W |s2cid=1482925 |url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/56230/2/412331a0_S1.pdf}}</ref>
 
=== Media= ==
In August 2013, having been inspired by a presentation by Titus Brown on the role of social media in science, Lenski began blogging at [http://telliamedrevisited.wordpress.com/ Telliamed Revisited] and [[Twitter|tweet]]ing as [https://twitter.com/RELenski @RELenski].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://telliamedrevisited.wordpress.com/2013/08/19/welcome-to-telliamed-revisited/|title=Welcome to Telliamed Revisited|author=Richard Lenski|date=August 19, 2013}}</ref>
 
{{see also|Conservapedia#Lenski dialogue}}
Lenski's research has received considerable attention, including lengthy discussion in [[Carl Zimmer]]'s book on ''E. coli'', ''Microcosm'', and in [[Richard Dawkins]]' book on the evidence for evolution, ''[[The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution|The Greatest Show on Earth]]''. Included in Dawkins' discussion was a description of [http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Lenski_affair the dialog Lenski had] in 2008 with Andrew Schlafly, creator of [[Conservapedia]], which Schlafly initiated as a reaction to reports of Lenski's description of the evolution of aerobic citrate usage in one of the long-term evolution experiment populations. These same findings were later cited by the [[Creationism|creationist]] [[Ken Ham]] in a [[Bill Nye–Ken Ham debate|debate]] over [[evolution (biology)|evolution]] with [[Bill Nye]]. Lenski strongly criticized Ham's citation of his work and the conclusions Ham drew from it.<ref name="ham_on_nye_blog">https://telliamedrevisited.wordpress.com/2014/02/05/ham-on-nye-debate-follow-up-1/, https://telliamedrevisited.wordpress.com/2014/02/06/ham-on-nye-debate-follow-up-2/, https://telliamedrevisited.wordpress.com/2014/02/07/zachary-blount-on-ham-on-nye-debate-follow-up-3/</ref>
 
In 2021, Lenski was interviewed about the [[E. coli long-term evolution experiment|long-term evolution experiment]] by [[Derek Muller#Veritasium and other YouTube channels|Derek Muller for a ''Veritasium'']] video, which has been viewed over 6 million times.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w4sLAQvEH-M |title=The Longest-Running Evolution Experiment |date=2021-06-16 |last=Veritasium |access-date=2024-08-23 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
 
== Honors ==
▲Lenski wonwas awarded a [[Guggenheim Fellowship]] in 1992[[List of Guggenheim Fellowships awarded in 1991|1991]] and a [[MacArthur Award#MacArthur Fellowship|MacArthur Fellowship]] in 1996, and in 2006 he was elected to the [[United States National Academy of Sciences]].{{citation<ref>United needed|date=DecemberStates 2012}}National Academy of Sciences member list, [http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/7066.html "Member directory"], ''Richard E. Lenski '', 2006</ref>
 
Lenski is a [[fellow]] at the [[American Academy of Microbiology]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=American Academy of Microbiology |url=https://asm.org/Academy/Academy |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=ASM.org |language=en}}</ref> and the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-23 |title=Richard E. Lenski {{!}} American Academy of Arts and Sciences |url=https://www.amacad.org/person/richard-e-lenski |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=www.amacad.org |language=en}}</ref> and he holds the title of the John A. Hannah Distinguished Professor of [[microbial ecology|Microbial Ecology]] at [[Michigan State University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Richard Lenski {{!}} Honored Faculty {{!}} Michigan State University |url=https://msu.edu/honoredfaculty/directory/lenski-richard.html |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=msu.edu}}</ref>
 
▲On February 17, 2010, he co-founded the NSF Science and Technology Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, known as the [[BEACON Center]].{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}
 
He was elected to the [[American Philosophical Society]] in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election of New Members at the 2018 Spring Meeting |url=https://www.amphilsoc.org/blog/election-new-members-2018-spring-meeting}}</ref>
 
Lenski was the recipient of the 2021 Lifetime Achievement Award from the [[Society for the Study of Evolution]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Society for the Study of Evolution |url=https://www.evolutionsociety.org/society-awards-and-prizes/lifetime-achievement-award.html |access-date=2021-07-04 |website=www.evolutionsociety.org |language=en}}</ref>
 
== Selected works ==
 
* Lenski, R. E., and M. Travisano. 1994. Dynamics of adaptation and diversification: a 10,000-generation experiment with bacterial populations. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA'' 91: 6808-6814.
* Lenski, R. E., and R. M. May. 1994. The evolution of virulence in parasites and pathogens: reconciliation between two competing hypotheses. ''Journal of Theoretical Biology'' 169: 253-265.
* Bohannan, B. J. M., and R. E. Lenski. 2000. Linking genetic change to community evolution: insights from studies of bacteria and bacteriophage. ''Ecology Letters'' 3: 362-377.
* Lenski, R. E., C. Ofria, R. T. Pennock, and C. Adami. 2003. The evolutionary origin of complex features. ''Nature'' 423: 139-144.
* Blount, Z. D., J. E. Barrick, C. J. Davidson, and R. E. Lenski. 2012. Genomic analysis of a key innovation in an experimental ''Escherichia coli'' population. ''Nature'' 489: 513-518.
* Wiser, M. J., N. Ribeck, and R. E. Lenski. 2013. Long-term dynamics of adaptation in asexual populations. ''Science'' 342: 1364-1367.
* Tenaillon, O., J. E. Barrick, N. Ribeck, D. E. Deatherage, J. L. Blanchard, A. Dasgupta, G. C. Wu, S. Wielgoss, S. Cruveiller, C. Médigue, D. Schneider, and R. E. Lenski. 2016. Tempo and mode of genome evolution in a 50,000-generation experiment. ''Nature'' 536: 165-170. [DOI: 10.1038/nature18959]
* Losos, J. B., and R. E. Lenski, eds. 2016. ''How Evolution Shapes Our Lives: Essays on Biology and Society''. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
* Blount, Z. D., R. E. Lenski, and J. B. Losos. 2018. Contingency and determinism in evolution: replaying life’s tape. ''Science'' 362: eaam5979. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aam5979]
 
== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
 
==External links==
* [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=wjPrcoUAAAAJ&hl=en List of publications at Google Scholar]
* [http://myxo.css.msu.edu/ecoli/ ''E. coli'' Long-term Experimental evolution site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727225642/http://myxo.css.msu.edu/ecoli/ |date=2017-07-27 }}
* [http://www.beacon.msu.edu/ BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070815154133/http://newsroom.msu.edu/site/indexer/2765/content.htm News release from Michigan State University]
* [http://scienceblogs.com/loom/2008/06/02/a-new-step-in-evolution/ The Loom : A New Step In Evolution]
 
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[[Category:Researchers of artificial life]]
[[Category:American microbiologists]]
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