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'''Anticosti''' is an island located in is located between the [[Jacques Cartier Strait|Jacques Cartier]] and [[Honguedo Strait|Honguedo]] Straits, in the [[Gulf of St. Lawrence]], in [[L'Île-d'Anticosti, Quebec|L'Île-d'Anticosti (Municipality)]], [[Minganie Regional County Municipality|Minganie MRC]], [[Côte-Nord]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]].
==UNESCO's World Heritage==
On September 19, 2023, Anticosti was inscribed on [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists|UNESCO]]'s World Heritage List. It is recognized for its exceptional [[fossil]] assemblage representing the first global mass extinction of animal life on Earth.<ref name="UNESCO inscription 2023">{{cite web |title=Anticosti inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/parks-canada/news/2023/09/anticosti-inscribed-on-unescos-world-heritage-list.html |website=Parks Canada |access-date=28 February 2024 |date=September 19, 2023 |quote=There are currently more than 1,440 known fossil species on Anticosti Island}}</ref>
Located within protected areas<ref name="Network of protected areas in Quebec" /> free from any industrial activity, the site is endowed with exceptionally well-preserved, abundant and diverse fossil fauna
<gallery widths="160" mode="packed" heights="120" caption="Vauréal Canyon">
File:BAnQ Saguenay P1 D299 P1-017 Chute de la rivière Vauréal, Ile d'Anticosti.jpg|Cliff wall, fall and Vauréal River<ref name="Vauréal canyon">{{cite web |title=Vauréal canyon |url=https://toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/ToposWeb/Fiche.aspx?no_seq=138840 |website=Commission de toponymie Quebec |publisher=Commission de Toponymy Quebec |access-date=29 July 2024 |language=fr |date=1984-10-04 |quote=... 3 kilometer canyon, whose walls can reach more than 90 meters in height}}</ref>
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</gallery>
The Vauréal River,
==Toponymy==
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[[File:RiviereHuileAnticosti.jpg|thumb|left|Salmon fisherman on Rivière à l'Huile]]
Anticosti Island is
It is the [[List of islands by area|90th largest island in the world]] and [[List of Canadian islands by area|20th largest island in Canada]]. Anticosti Island is separated on the north from the Côte-Nord region of Quebec (the [[Labrador Peninsula]]) by the [[Jacques Cartier Strait]], and on the south from the [[Gaspé Peninsula]] by the [[Honguedo Strait]].
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In 1974, the government of Quebec purchased the island from the forestry company Consolidated Bathurst Ltd. for $23,780,000. Anticosti was placed under management by the Ministry of Recreation, Hunting and Fishing (''ministère du Loisir de la Chasse et de la Pêche'') and in 1983 the process began to set up a working municipal structure.<ref name="IA-his"/> Today, about 60% is under management by [[Sépaq]] and since April 2001, {{convert|572|km2|abbr=on}} has been designated as a national conservation park. With its 24 rivers and streams bountiful with salmon and trout, the island is now a tourist destination for anglers and hunters, particularly from the United States and Canada, as well as for [[Paleontology|paleontologists]], bird watchers and hikers.
In 2023, the perimeter of Anticosti Island, with two rivers, was made a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]], for its abundance of fossils.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bilodeau |first1=Émilie |title=Anticosti ajoutée au patrimoine mondial de l’UNESCO |url=https://www.lapresse.ca/actualites/2023-09-19/anticosti-ajoutee-au-patrimoine-mondial-de-l-unesco.php |access-date=20 September 2023 |work=La Presse |date=19 September 2023 |language=fr-CA}}</ref> The World Heritage Site includes the entire coastline of the island (except for the region around the village of Port-Menier), and the banks of the Jupiter and Vauréal rivers. A one-kilometer buffer zone extends inland from the coasts and riverbanks.<ref
==Municipality of L'Île-d'Anticosti==
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Anticosti Island is home to the rare orchid, [[Cypripedium arietinum |Cypripedium arietinum Ait. f.]] — Cypripède tête-de-bélier. — (Ram's Head Lady's Slipper).<ref name="Cypripedium arietinum Ait. f.">{{cite web |title=Cypripedium arietinum Ait. f. |url=https://goorchids.northamericanorchidcenter.org/species/cypripedium/arietinum/ |publisher=North American Orchid Conservation Center |access-date=30 July 2024 |date=2011 |quote=...has a limited distribution across northeastern and central Canada and the U.S., from Quebec to Wisconsin.}}</ref> While populations are declining elsewhere in eastern North America, the orchid flourishes here abundantly, making Anticosti a refuge for this plant.
In 2004, the island's vascular flora was estimated at 700 species.<ref name="Rare plants to discover at Anticosti National Park">{{cite web |author1=Eric Savard |title=Rare plants to discover at Anticosti National Park |url=https://www.sepaq.com/parcs-quebec/blogue/article.dot?id=6826378d-d161-4294-ab49-c66ad82dd731 |website=The Society of Outdoor Establishments of Quebec |publisher=Sepaq |access-date=7 August 2024 |language=fr |date=30 April 2013 |quote=It is in the canyons of the Vauréal, Observation and Chicotte rivers that we encounter the most species with a precarious status in the park.}}</ref> Rare Plants of the Mingan Archipelago,<ref name="Rare Plants of the Mingan Archipelago">{{cite web |author1=Line Couillard |author2=Pierre Grondin |title=Rare Plants of the Mingan Archipelago |url=http://parkscanadahistory.com/plants/mingan-rare-plants.pdf |publisher=Parks Canada |access-date=5 August 2024 |pages=84 |date=3 January 2023 |quote=Brother Marie-Victorin, founder of the Montreal Botanical Gardens, explored the area from 1924 to 1928. He was accompanied by Brother RollandGermain. Their work made the scientific community aware of the enormous interest of this calcareous archipelago.}}</ref> Parks Canada 2023, said that nearly a tenth of Anticosti Island's flora are rare plants, most of which colonize open habitats associated with rivers ([[Cliff|cliffs]], [[Scree|taluses]] or [[pebble|pebbled]] surfaces) and [[Bog|mineral bogs]].<ref name="Master plan - Anticosti National Park" /><ref name="Network of protected areas in Quebec">{{cite web |title=Network of protected areas in Quebec |url=https://www.environnement.gouv.qc.ca/biodiversite/aires_protegees/registre/ |publisher=Environment and Climate Change Canada |access-date=13 August 2024 |language=fr |date=2024 |quote=The Register of Protected Areas in Quebec constitutes a unique and integrated reference for Quebec in terms of protected areas, both within the meaning of the Natural Heritage Conservation Act and the recommendations of the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN).}}</ref>
<gallery |mode="packed" caption="Flora on the island, overview">
File:EtangCastor.jpg|[[Taiga|Boreal forest]]
File:Pinguicula_vulgaris_002.jpg|[[Pinguicula vulgaris|Pinguicula vulgaris L.]] — Grassette vulgaire. — (Common butterwort). [[Carnivorous plant]], Mc Donald River<ref name="Sépaq Anticosti Deer hunting - 2018 season - map">{{cite web |title=Sépaq Anticosti Deer hunting - 2018 season |url=https://www.sepaq.com/resources/docs/sepaq-anticosti/cartes-chasse/san_chasse_secteur_mcdonald-carte-1.pdf |publisher=Sépaq |access-date=1 August 2024 |date=2017 |quote=McDonald's River sector: map: 540.62 km², integrates geographic information from government sources}}</ref><ref name="McDonald River - toponymy">{{cite web |title=McDonald River |url=https://toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/ToposWeb/Fiche.aspx?no_seq=367372 |website=Gouvernement of Quebec |publisher=Commission de Toponymy Quebec |access-date=9 August 2024 |language=fr |date=2001-08-22 |quote=Peter McDonald lived for over 30 years at the mouth of this river.}}</ref> bank
File:Dryas_drummondii_950707_18a.jpg|[[Dryas drummondii]] Richardson. – Dryade de Drummond. – (Drummond's mountain-avens), Trans-Anticosti Route,<ref name="Master plan - Anticosti National Park">{{cite web |author1=Jean
File:Draba incana 014.jpg|[[Draba incana]] L. — Drave blanchâtre. — (Twisted whitlow grass), [[pebble|pebbles]] and [[limestone]] rocks, shore at Baie-Sainte-Claire<ref name="Anticosti: the regional aspect of the settlement">{{cite web |author1=Louis-Edmond Hamelin |author2=Benoît Dumont |title=Anticosti: the regional aspect of the settlement |url=https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/cgq/1979-v23-n60-cgq2633/021449ar.pdf |publisher=Quebec geography notebooks |access-date=6 August 2024 |pages=16 |language=fr |quote=In addition to the sea, three main ecumene: punctual sites around the edge (Baie-du-Renard), the western end (Anse-aux-Fraises and Baie-Sainte-Claire) and, at the South West,}}</ref>
File:Orchis_rotundifolia_004.jpg|[[Galearis rotundifolia|Orchis rotundifolia]] Banks. — Orchis à feuille ronde. — (Small Round-leaved Orchid),
</gallery>
The forests of Anticosti Island are typical [[boreal forest]], with common species such as White spruce, Balsam fir, and Black spruce. It is distinguished by some minor stands of American white birch and Trembling aspen.
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==Fauna==
[[File:Anticosti cerf Virginie 950710 19.jpg|thumb|left|[[Odocoileus virginianus]]. — Cerf de Virginie, Chevreuil. — (White-tailed deer). [[Port-Menier, Quebec|Port-Menier]] (Village)]]▼
* [[Grey seal|Halichoerus grypus]]. — Phoque gris. — (Grey Seal).
▲The wildlife is characteristic of an isolated marine environment. Of the 24 mammal species, 14 of these are marine mammals that include [[grey seal]]s and [[Harbor seal|harbour seals]]. Even large [[whale]]s ply the nearby cold waters of the gulf.<ref name="IA-geo"/>
* [[Harbor seal|Phoca vitulina]]. — Phoque commun. — (Harbour Seal).
Even large [[whale]]s ply the nearby cold waters, thirteen species of cetaceans frequent the waters of the [[Estuary of St. Lawrence|estuary]] and the gulf of the [[St. Lawrence River]]<ref name="Whales Online, magazine and encyclopedia">{{cite web |title=The Species of the St. Lawrence |url=https://baleinesendirect.org/en/about/ |website=Whales Online, magazine and encyclopedia |publisher=Group for Research and Education on Marine Mammals (GREMM) |access-date=10 August 2024 |date=July 2024 |quote=The different species of seals and whales are all mammal species. © GREMM}}</ref>
Originally, there were probably only seven indigenous species of land mammals, namely the [[red fox]], [[North American river otter|river otter]], [[Peromyscus|deer mouse]], [[American marten]], [[American black bear|black bear]] and two bat species (the [[Little brown bat|little brown]] and [[northern bat]]); the marten and bear have now been [[extirpated]].<ref name="parkguide"/><ref name="IA-geo"/> [[Melanistic]] foxes have been seen on the island.<ref name="Reserve of biodiversity projected Anticosti - Conservation plan">{{cite web |title=Reserve of biodiversity projected Anticosti - Conservation plan |url=https://www.environnement.gouv.qc.ca/biodiversite/reserves-bio/anticosti/psc-anticosti-en.pdf |website=Quebec Gouvernement |pages=11 of 29 |date=August 2020 |quote=The wildlife on Anticosti Island is the result of massive introductions made by the French chocolate maker Henri Menier at the end of the 19th century.}}</ref>▼
1. [[Northern bottlenose whale|Hyperoodon ampullatus]]. — Hypéroodon boreal, Hypéroodon arctique. — (Northern Bottlenose Whale).<br>
2. [[Delphinapterus leucas]]. — Béluga, Bélouga, Baleine blanche, Dauphin blanc, Marsouin blanc. — (Beluga Whale).<br>
3. [[Sperm whale|Physeter macrocephalus]]. — Grand cachalot, Cachalot, Cachalot macrocéphale. — (Sperm whale).<br>
4. [[Atlantic white-sided dolphin|Lagenorhynchus acutus]]. — Lagénorhynque à flancs blancs, Dauphin à flancs blancs. — (Atlantic white-sided dolphin).<br>
5. [[White-beaked dolphin|Lagenorhynchus albirostris]]. — Dauphin à nez blanc, Dauphin à bec blanc, Lagénorhynque à bec blanc. — (White-beaked dolphin).<br>
6. [[Orca|Orcinus orca]]. — Orque, Épaulard. — (Killer Whale).<br>
7. [[Long-finned pilot whale|Globicephala melas]]. — Globicéphale commun, Globicéphale noir, Dauphin pilote. — (Long-Finned Pilot Whale).<br>
8. [[Phocoena phocoena|Phocoena Phocoena]]. — Marsouin commun, Cochon de mer, Dieu des mers. — (Harbour Porpoise).<br>
9. [[North Atlantic right whale|Eubalaena glacialis]]. — Baleine franche de l'Atlantique nord, Baleine noire de l'Atlantique nord, Baleine de Biscaye. — (North Atlantic Right Whale).<br>
10. [[Common minke whale|Balaenoptera acutorostrata]]. — Petit rorqual. — (Minke whale).<br>
11. [[Blue whale|Balaenoptera musculus]]. — Baleine bleue, Rorqual bleu. — (Blue whale).<br>
12. [[Humpback whale|Megaptera novaeangliae]]. — Rorqual à bosse, Baleine à bosse. — (Humpback whale).<br>
13. [[Fin whale|Balaenoptera physalus]]. — Rorqual commun. — (Fin whale).<br>
<gallery widths="200" mode="packed" heights="120" caption="Off the island, in the cold waters of the
[[Gulf of St. Lawrence#Marine mammals|Gulf of St. Lawrence]]">
File:Rorqual_070.jpg|Whale Research Expeditions whit Mingan Island Cetacean Study (MICS),<ref name="Mingan Island Cetacean Study (MICS)">{{cite web |title=Mingan Island Cetacean Study (MICS) |url=https://www.rorqual.com/english/home |access-date=11 August 2024|date=2024 |quote=The principal study areas include the Quebec North Shore in the Mingan Island / Anticosti region, the Gaspe Peninsula and St. Lawrence Estuary.}}</ref>
File:Rorqual_122.jpg|[[Humpback whale|Humpback whales]], females and cubs, Whale Research Expeditions whit Mingan Island Cetacean Study (MICS)
File:Rorqual_126.jpg|[[Humpback whale|Humpback whales]], dorsals, pectoral fins, Whale Research Expeditions whit Mingan Island Cetacean Study (MICS)
</gallery>
Originally, there were probably only seven indigenous species of land mammals, the Martes americana and Ursus americanus have now been [[extirpated]]:
*[[Red fox|Vulpes vulpes]]. — Renard roux. — (Red fox).
*[[North American river otter|Lontra canadensis]]. — Loutre de rivière. — (River otter).
*[[Eastern deer mouse|Peromyscus maniculatus]]. — Souris sylvestre, Souris du soir. — (Deer mouse).
*[[American marten|Martes americana]]. — Martre d'Amérique. —(American marten).
*[[American black bear|Ursus americanus]]. — Ours noir. — (Black Bear).
*[[Little brown bat|Myotis lucifugus]]. — Petite chauve-souris brune. — (Littlebrown bat).
*[[Eptesicus nilssonii]]. — Sérotine de Nilsson, Sérotine boréale. — (Northern bat).
▲
▲[[File:Anticosti cerf Virginie 950710 19.jpg|thumb|left|[[Odocoileus virginianus]]. — Cerf de Virginie, Chevreuil. — (White-tailed deer). [[Port-Menier, Quebec|Port-Menier]] (Village)]]
In order to make Anticosti Island a hunter's "paradise", several animal species have been introduced; starting in 1896, the island became an unprecedented biological experiment. In all, sixteen introduced species have been attempted, with six proving to be unsuccessful, namely [[bison]], [[caribou]], [[elk]], [[mink]] and [[Fisher (animal)|fisher]]. However, for ten species, it has been a beneficial introduction; six species of terrestrial mammals ([[white-tailed deer]], [[moose]], [[beaver]], [[snowshoe hare]] and [[muskrat]]), two species of frogs, and two species of non-migratory birds ([[ruffed grouse]] and the [[spruce grouse]]). Of all these species introduced, the success of white-tailed deer is particularly noteworthy. From an initial group of about 200 (introduced in 1896 and 1897), the number of white-tailed deer has grown to an estimated 160,000 animals today, representing a density of 20 deer/km<sup>2</sup>.<ref name="parkguide"/><ref name="Réserve de biodiversité projetée d’Anticosti - Conservation plan" /> Without predators, this man-made deer population has had noticeable impacts on the island ecosystem. Balsam fir trees covered about 40% of the island, prior to the introduction of the deer. The deer eat tender sprouts from the ground, and prevent fir regeneration; in turn, the firs are being replaced by white spruce.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Potvin |first1=François |last2=Beaupré |first2=Pierre |last3=Laprise |first3=Gaétan |title=The eradication of balsam fir stands by white-tailed deer on Anticosti Island, Québec: A 150-year process |journal=Écoscience |date=2003 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=487–495 |doi=10.1080/11956860.2003.11682796|s2cid=59928260 }}</ref>
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In February 2014, Premier of Quebec [[Pauline Marois]] announced that the provincial government would help finance two exploratory shale gas operations as a prelude to [[hydraulic fracturing]] on the island, with the province pledging $115-million to finance drilling for two separate joint ventures in exchange for rights to 50% of the licences and 60% of any commercial profit.<ref name="CG_2014">{{citation |series=Energy Rich |title=Quebec Utica shale gas |work=[[Canadian Geographic]] |first1=Karan |last1=Smith |first2=Michela |last2=Rosano |pages=34–40}}</ref>{{rp|37}}<ref name="Vendeville_2014">{{citation|title=Couillard rules out fracking |first=Geoffrey |last=Vendeville |location=Montreal |work=Montreal Gazette |date=16 December 2014 |access-date=2 January 2015 |url=https://montrealgazette.com/news/quebec/couillard-rules-out-fracking}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/quebec-installs-outright-moratorium-hydraulic-fracturing-433930 |title=Quebec installs outright moratorium on hydraulic fracturing |work=International Business Times |date=4 April 2012}}</ref> It was the first oil and gas deal of any size for the province. With the change in government that occurred in April 2014, the Liberals of [[Philippe Couillard]] could change that decision. [[Petrolia Inc.]], [[Corridor Resources]] and [[Maurel & Prom]] formed one joint-venture, while [[Junex Inc.]] was still seeking a private partner.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://business.financialpost.com/2014/04/08/quebec-oil-juniors-hopeful-new-liberal-government-will-honour-anticosti-deals/?__lsa=fce8-91bb|title=Quebec oil juniors hopeful new Liberal government will honour Anticosti deals|author=Nicolas Van Praet|date=8 April 2014|work=Financial Post|access-date=12 December 2015}}</ref>
On June 4, 2013, the citizen group "Non au Pétrole et au Gaz au Québec", realizing that fracking continued to be a viable method of oil extraction on Anticosti, released another petition that garnered 26,000 signatures against fracking, exploration and exploitation of oil and gas on Anticosti Island and asked for a moratorium and an environmental evaluation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ici.radio-canada.ca/emissions/le_monde_aujourdhui/2013-2014/chronique.asp?idChronique=296545|title=Pétition pour un moratoire sur Anticosti - Le monde aujourd'hui - ICI Radio-Canada Première|access-date=12 December 2015}}</ref> Geological engineer Marc Durand gave a presentation at a conference explaining that a minimum of 12,000 wells would be necessary for this exploitation and would put Quebec in debt, considering the 12 million dollar cost of one of these wells.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ledevoir.com/environnement/actualites-sur-l-environnement/379828/au-moins-12-000-puits-de-petrole-sur-anticosti|title=Au moins 12 000 puits de pétrole sur Anticosti|work=Le Devoir|date=4 June 2013 |access-date=12 December 2015}}</ref> A year later, when Pauline Marois announced an investment of 115 million dollars for Petrolia to continue the exploration, the same petition increased up to 36,000 signatures. The government started a BAPE (environmental evaluation) specific for Anticosti and the report, published on October 3, is in favour of creating a protected area on the island.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ici.radio-canada.ca/amp/1922426/ile-anticosti-rapport-bape-quebec-patrimoine-mondial-unesco | title=Le BAPE dépose un rapport pour une réserve de biodiversité sur Anticosti }}</ref><ref name="Network of protected areas in Quebec" />
==See also==
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{{reflist}}
==
* {{cite EB9 |mode=cs2 |wstitle=Anticosti |volume=2 |ref={{harvid|EB|1878}} |pages=127 }}
* {{cite EB1911 |mode=cs2 |wstitle=Anticosti |volume=2 |ref={{harvid|EB|1911}} |page=123}}
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==External links==
{{commons category|Anticosti Island}}
*[https://ostrnrcan-dostrncan.canada.ca/entities/publication/784881d6-130b-40c2-a209-50709ec51d02 A descriptive sketch of the geology, and economic minerals of Canada] Young, G. A. Geological Survey Branch (1909). Canada Department of Mines
*{{wikivoyage-inline|Anticosti}}
*[http://www.sepaq.com/san/index.dot?language_id=1 Sépaq Anticosti official website]
*[http://www.sepaq.com/pq/pan/en/ Parc national d'Anticosti official website]
{{Authority control}}
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