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'''Anticosti''' is an island located in is located between the [[Jacques Cartier Strait|Jacques Cartier]] and [[Honguedo Strait|Honguedo]] Straits, in the [[Gulf of St. Lawrence]], in [[L'Île-d'Anticosti, Quebec|L'Île-d'Anticosti (Municipality)]], [[Minganie Regional County Municipality|Minganie MRC]], [[Côte-Nord]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]].
==UNESCO's World Heritage==
On September 19, 2023, Anticosti was inscribed on [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists|UNESCO]]'s World Heritage List. It is recognized for its exceptional [[fossil]] assemblage representing the first global mass extinction of animal life on Earth.<ref name="UNESCO inscription 2023">{{cite web |title=Anticosti inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/parks-canada/news/2023/09/anticosti-inscribed-on-unescos-world-heritage-list.html |website=Parks Canada |access-date=28 February 2024 |date=September 19, 2023 |quote=There are currently more than 1,440 known fossil species on Anticosti Island}}</ref>
Located within protected areas<ref name="Network of protected areas in Quebec" /> free from any industrial activity, the site is endowed with exceptionally well-preserved, abundant and diverse fossil fauna. This Anticosti fauna represents the first mass extinction of animal life on a global scale, 447 – 437 million years ago, at the end of the [[Ordovician]] period.<ref name="UNESCO World Heritage Convention">{{cite web |title=Anticosti |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1686/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Convention |access-date=28 February 2024 |ref=1686 |date=2023 |quote=Anticosti is the best natural laboratory in the world for the study of fossils and sedimentary strata from the first mass extinction of life at the end of the Ordovician period}}</ref>
<gallery widths="160" mode="packed" heights="120" caption="Vauréal Canyon">
File:BAnQ Saguenay P1 D299 P1-017 Chute de la rivière Vauréal, Ile d'Anticosti.jpg|Cliff wall, fall and Vauréal River<ref name="Vauréal canyon">{{cite web |title=Vauréal canyon |url=https://toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/ToposWeb/Fiche.aspx?no_seq=138840 |website=Commission de toponymie Quebec |publisher=Commission de Toponymy Quebec |access-date=29 July 2024 |language=fr |date=1984-10-04 |quote=... 3 kilometer canyon, whose walls can reach more than 90 meters in height}}</ref>
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In 1974, the government of Quebec purchased the island from the forestry company Consolidated Bathurst Ltd. for $23,780,000. Anticosti was placed under management by the Ministry of Recreation, Hunting and Fishing (''ministère du Loisir de la Chasse et de la Pêche'') and in 1983 the process began to set up a working municipal structure.<ref name="IA-his"/> Today, about 60% is under management by [[Sépaq]] and since April 2001, {{convert|572|km2|abbr=on}} has been designated as a national conservation park. With its 24 rivers and streams bountiful with salmon and trout, the island is now a tourist destination for anglers and hunters, particularly from the United States and Canada, as well as for [[Paleontology|paleontologists]], bird watchers and hikers.
In 2023, the perimeter of Anticosti Island, with two rivers, was made a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]], for its abundance of fossils.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bilodeau |first1=Émilie |title=Anticosti ajoutée au patrimoine mondial de l’UNESCO |url=https://www.lapresse.ca/actualites/2023-09-19/anticosti-ajoutee-au-patrimoine-mondial-de-l-unesco.php |access-date=20 September 2023 |work=La Presse |date=19 September 2023 |language=fr-CA}}</ref> The World Heritage Site includes the entire coastline of the island (except for the region around the village of Port-Menier), and the banks of the Jupiter and Vauréal rivers. A one-kilometer buffer zone extends inland from the coasts and riverbanks.<ref
==Municipality of L'Île-d'Anticosti==
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Anticosti Island is home to the rare orchid, [[Cypripedium arietinum |Cypripedium arietinum Ait. f.]] — Cypripède tête-de-bélier. — (Ram's Head Lady's Slipper).<ref name="Cypripedium arietinum Ait. f.">{{cite web |title=Cypripedium arietinum Ait. f. |url=https://goorchids.northamericanorchidcenter.org/species/cypripedium/arietinum/ |publisher=North American Orchid Conservation Center |access-date=30 July 2024 |date=2011 |quote=...has a limited distribution across northeastern and central Canada and the U.S., from Quebec to Wisconsin.}}</ref> While populations are declining elsewhere in eastern North America, the orchid flourishes here abundantly, making Anticosti a refuge for this plant.
In 2004, the island's vascular flora was estimated at 700 species.<ref name="Rare plants to discover at Anticosti National Park">{{cite web |author1=Eric Savard |title=Rare plants to discover at Anticosti National Park |url=https://www.sepaq.com/parcs-quebec/blogue/article.dot?id=6826378d-d161-4294-ab49-c66ad82dd731 |website=The Society of Outdoor Establishments of Quebec |publisher=Sepaq |access-date=7 August 2024 |language=fr |date=30 April 2013 |quote=It is in the canyons of the Vauréal, Observation and Chicotte rivers that we encounter the most species with a precarious status in the park.}}</ref> Rare Plants of the Mingan Archipelago,<ref name="Rare Plants of the Mingan Archipelago">{{cite web |author1=Line Couillard |author2=Pierre Grondin |title=Rare Plants of the Mingan Archipelago |url=http://parkscanadahistory.com/plants/mingan-rare-plants.pdf |publisher=Parks Canada |access-date=5 August 2024 |pages=84 |date=3 January 2023 |quote=Brother Marie-Victorin, founder of the Montreal Botanical Gardens, explored the area from 1924 to 1928. He was accompanied by Brother RollandGermain. Their work made the scientific community aware of the enormous interest of this calcareous archipelago.}}</ref> Parks Canada 2023, said that nearly a tenth of Anticosti Island's flora are rare plants, most of which colonize open habitats associated with rivers ([[Cliff|cliffs]], [[Scree|taluses]] or [[pebble|pebbled]] surfaces) and [[Bog|mineral bogs]].<ref name="Master plan - Anticosti National Park" /><ref name="Network of protected areas in Quebec">{{cite web |title=Network of protected areas in Quebec |url=https://www.environnement.gouv.qc.ca/biodiversite/aires_protegees/registre/ |publisher=Environment and Climate Change Canada |access-date=13 August 2024 |language=fr |date=2024 |quote=The Register of Protected Areas in Quebec constitutes a unique and integrated reference for Quebec in terms of protected areas, both within the meaning of the Natural Heritage Conservation Act and the recommendations of the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN).}}</ref>
<gallery |mode="packed" caption="Flora on the island, overview">
File:EtangCastor.jpg|[[Taiga|Boreal forest]]
File:Pinguicula_vulgaris_002.jpg|[[Pinguicula vulgaris|Pinguicula vulgaris L.]] — Grassette vulgaire. — (Common butterwort). [[Carnivorous plant]], Mc Donald River<ref name="Sépaq Anticosti Deer hunting - 2018 season - map">{{cite web |title=Sépaq Anticosti Deer hunting - 2018 season |url=https://www.sepaq.com/resources/docs/sepaq-anticosti/cartes-chasse/san_chasse_secteur_mcdonald-carte-1.pdf |publisher=Sépaq |access-date=1 August 2024 |date=2017 |quote=McDonald's River sector: map: 540.62 km², integrates geographic information from government sources}}</ref><ref name="McDonald River - toponymy">{{cite web |title=McDonald River |url=https://toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/ToposWeb/Fiche.aspx?no_seq=367372 |website=Gouvernement of Quebec |publisher=Commission de Toponymy Quebec |access-date=9 August 2024 |language=fr |date=2001-08-22 |quote=Peter McDonald lived for over 30 years at the mouth of this river.}}</ref> bank
File:Dryas_drummondii_950707_18a.jpg|[[Dryas drummondii]] Richardson. – Dryade de Drummond. – (Drummond's mountain-avens), Trans-Anticosti Route,<ref name="Master plan - Anticosti National Park">{{cite web |author1=Jean
File:Draba incana 014.jpg|[[Draba incana]] L. — Drave blanchâtre. — (Twisted whitlow grass), [[pebble|pebbles]] and [[limestone]] rocks, shore at Baie-Sainte-Claire<ref name="Anticosti: the regional aspect of the settlement">{{cite web |author1=Louis-Edmond Hamelin |author2=Benoît Dumont |title=Anticosti: the regional aspect of the settlement |url=https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/cgq/1979-v23-n60-cgq2633/021449ar.pdf |publisher=Quebec geography notebooks |access-date=6 August 2024 |pages=16 |language=fr |quote=In addition to the sea, three main ecumene: punctual sites around the edge (Baie-du-Renard), the western end (Anse-aux-Fraises and Baie-Sainte-Claire) and, at the South West,}}</ref>
File:Orchis_rotundifolia_004.jpg|[[Galearis rotundifolia|Orchis rotundifolia]] Banks. — Orchis à feuille ronde. — (Small Round-leaved Orchid), Mc Donald River bank<ref name="Sépaq Anticosti Deer hunting - 2018 season - map" />
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In February 2014, Premier of Quebec [[Pauline Marois]] announced that the provincial government would help finance two exploratory shale gas operations as a prelude to [[hydraulic fracturing]] on the island, with the province pledging $115-million to finance drilling for two separate joint ventures in exchange for rights to 50% of the licences and 60% of any commercial profit.<ref name="CG_2014">{{citation |series=Energy Rich |title=Quebec Utica shale gas |work=[[Canadian Geographic]] |first1=Karan |last1=Smith |first2=Michela |last2=Rosano |pages=34–40}}</ref>{{rp|37}}<ref name="Vendeville_2014">{{citation|title=Couillard rules out fracking |first=Geoffrey |last=Vendeville |location=Montreal |work=Montreal Gazette |date=16 December 2014 |access-date=2 January 2015 |url=https://montrealgazette.com/news/quebec/couillard-rules-out-fracking}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/quebec-installs-outright-moratorium-hydraulic-fracturing-433930 |title=Quebec installs outright moratorium on hydraulic fracturing |work=International Business Times |date=4 April 2012}}</ref> It was the first oil and gas deal of any size for the province. With the change in government that occurred in April 2014, the Liberals of [[Philippe Couillard]] could change that decision. [[Petrolia Inc.]], [[Corridor Resources]] and [[Maurel & Prom]] formed one joint-venture, while [[Junex Inc.]] was still seeking a private partner.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://business.financialpost.com/2014/04/08/quebec-oil-juniors-hopeful-new-liberal-government-will-honour-anticosti-deals/?__lsa=fce8-91bb|title=Quebec oil juniors hopeful new Liberal government will honour Anticosti deals|author=Nicolas Van Praet|date=8 April 2014|work=Financial Post|access-date=12 December 2015}}</ref>
On June 4, 2013, the citizen group "Non au Pétrole et au Gaz au Québec", realizing that fracking continued to be a viable method of oil extraction on Anticosti, released another petition that garnered 26,000 signatures against fracking, exploration and exploitation of oil and gas on Anticosti Island and asked for a moratorium and an environmental evaluation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ici.radio-canada.ca/emissions/le_monde_aujourdhui/2013-2014/chronique.asp?idChronique=296545|title=Pétition pour un moratoire sur Anticosti - Le monde aujourd'hui - ICI Radio-Canada Première|access-date=12 December 2015}}</ref> Geological engineer Marc Durand gave a presentation at a conference explaining that a minimum of 12,000 wells would be necessary for this exploitation and would put Quebec in debt, considering the 12 million dollar cost of one of these wells.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ledevoir.com/environnement/actualites-sur-l-environnement/379828/au-moins-12-000-puits-de-petrole-sur-anticosti|title=Au moins 12 000 puits de pétrole sur Anticosti|work=Le Devoir|date=4 June 2013 |access-date=12 December 2015}}</ref> A year later, when Pauline Marois announced an investment of 115 million dollars for Petrolia to continue the exploration, the same petition increased up to 36,000 signatures. The government started a BAPE (environmental evaluation) specific for Anticosti and the report, published on October 3, is in favour of creating a protected area on the island.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ici.radio-canada.ca/amp/1922426/ile-anticosti-rapport-bape-quebec-patrimoine-mondial-unesco | title=Le BAPE dépose un rapport pour une réserve de biodiversité sur Anticosti }}</ref><ref name="Network of protected areas in Quebec" />
==See also==
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{{reflist}}
==
* {{cite EB9 |mode=cs2 |wstitle=Anticosti |volume=2 |ref={{harvid|EB|1878}} |pages=127 }}
* {{cite EB1911 |mode=cs2 |wstitle=Anticosti |volume=2 |ref={{harvid|EB|1911}} |page=123}}
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==External links==
{{commons category|Anticosti Island}}
*[https://ostrnrcan-dostrncan.canada.ca/entities/publication/784881d6-130b-40c2-a209-50709ec51d02 A descriptive sketch of the geology, and economic minerals of Canada] Young, G. A. Geological Survey Branch (1909). Canada Department of Mines
*{{wikivoyage-inline|Anticosti}}
*[http://www.sepaq.com/san/index.dot?language_id=1 Sépaq Anticosti official website]
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