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| native_name = Afrocolombianos
| native_name_lang = es
| image = Palenqueras al natural.jpg
| image = [[File: Folk Festival of Colombian local cultures -- Colombian has a lot of black population because of slavery.jpg|center|frameless|300px|Afro-Colombian Folk Festival.]]
| population = '''4,671,160''' ('''9.34%''' of the population, 2018 census)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/estadisticas-por-tema/demografia-y-poblacion/grupos-etnicos/informacion-tecnica | title=Grupos étnicos información técnica }}</ref><br/>
'''15%,<ref name="Latinobarómetrobarómetro">{{cite web |title=Informe Latinobarómetro 2018 |url= https://ibb.co/Rb7mFqX |publisher=LatinobarometroBarometro |date= |access-date=October 3, 2022}}</ref> 18.1%,<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://biblioteca.clacso.edu.ar/Colombia/cidse-univalle/20121113043151/Art2.pdf |title=Perfiles sociodemográficos de la población afrocolombiana en contextos urbano-regionales del país a comienzos del siglo XXI | publisher= Centro de Investigaciones y Documentación Socioeconómica |year=2001 |page=13 |quote=Recientemente fue publicado en el diario El Tiempo [Domingo, 26 de Agosto: 1, 4, 5], un resumen periodístico del documento “Plan Nacional de Desarrollo de la Población Afrocolombiana”, el cual fue elaborado en el Departamento Nacional de Planeación (DNP) por un grupo de consultores de organizaciones afrocolombianas, con una primera versión hacia 1999 y luego en forma definitiva en agosto del 2001; si bien debe advertirse que esta publicación no salió en forma oficial por el DNP y que los funcionarios de esta entidad manifiestan informalmente que no son datos oficiales porque no se respaldan en una fuente estadística confiable. En este documento se hacen estimaciones del orden del 26% del total de la población en el país como afrocolombiana (cercanos a los 11.2 millones), frente al 18.1% de nuestras estimaciones (7.8 millones, ver Cuadro 1), y claro, con valores para diferentes ciudades del país, bien por encima de los valores que aparecen en el Cuadro 1A, lo cual significaría que si esos estimativos son ciertos en algunos casos como la ciudad de Cali por lo menos un 50% de ella sería afrocolombiana (en ese documento se estima 1,1 millón de personas). Esto difiere de los hallazgos empíricos con muestras estadísticamente representativas de las tres encuestas de hogares allí realizadas con una metodología equivalente como ya se explicó antes (un 25% en la primera encuesta de junio de 1998, el 32% en septiembre de 1999 y un 26.5% en la de diciembre del 2000, ver Cuadro 1 A). Aunque es posible que nuestros estimativos sean conservadores, por lo menos cuentan con algún nivel de confiabilidad a través de un instrumento científico; en cambio, otros como los que acabamos de mencionar presentan el efecto contrario, ya que sobreestiman la población afrocolombiana.}}</ref> 19.4%,<ref>[https://www.lasillavacia.com/la-silla-vacia/detector-de-mentiras/detector-la-cifra-de-afros-en-colombia-de-francia-m%C3%A1rquez-es-debatible Detector: La cifra de afros en Colombia de Francia Márquez es debatible]</ref> 21%,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://digitk.areandina.edu.co/bitstream/handle/areandina/1457/Geograf%C3%ADa%20humana%20de%20Colombia.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=Geografia Humana de Colombia |publisher=Universidad del Área Andina |page=20}}</ref> 22%,<ref name="Schwartzman, 2008">{{cite web |title=Étnia, condiciones de vida y discriminación |author=Schwartzman, Simon |year=2008 |url=http://www.schwartzman.org.br/simon/coesion_etnia.pdf|access-date=3 April 2017}}</ref> 25%,<ref name="Lizcano">{{cite journal|last=Lizcano Fernández|first=Francisco|url=http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf|title=Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI|trans-title=Ethnic Composition of Three Cultural Areas of the Americas at Beginning of the XXI Century|language=es|journal=Convergencia|year=2005|volume=38|issue=May–August|pages=185–232|issn=1405-1435|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920172933/http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf|archive-date=September 20, 2008|postscript=: see table on page 218}}</ref> or 26%<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.mineducacion.gov.co/1621/article-87286.html |title=Cátedra de Estudios Afrocolombianos | publisher=Ministry of National Education |year=2001 |quote=Los afrodescendientes representan aproximadamente 26% de la población total del país, alrededor de 10 y medio millones de personas, es decir, la cuarta parte de los colombianos.}}</ref> of Colombians''' (external sources)
Detector: La cifra de afros en Colombia de Francia Márquez es debatible]</ref> 21%,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://digitk.areandina.edu.co/bitstream/handle/areandina/1457/Geograf%C3%ADa%20humana%20de%20Colombia.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=Geografia Humana de Colombia |publisher=Universidad del Área Andina |page=20}}</ref> 22%,<ref name="Schwartzman, 2008">{{cite web |title=Étnia, condiciones de vida y discriminación |author=Schwartzman, Simon |year=2008 |url=http://www.schwartzman.org.br/simon/coesion_etnia.pdf|access-date=3 April 2017}}</ref> 25%,<ref name="Lizcano">{{cite journal|last=Lizcano Fernández|first=Francisco|url=http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf|title=Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI|trans-title=Ethnic Composition of Three Cultural Areas of the Americas at Beginning of the XXI Century|language=es|journal=Convergencia|year=2005|volume=38|issue=May–August|pages=185–232|issn=1405-1435|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920172933/http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf|archive-date=September 20, 2008|postscript=: see table on page 218}}</ref> or 26%<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.mineducacion.gov.co/1621/article-87286.html |title=Cátedra de Estudios Afrocolombianos | publisher=Ministry of National Education |year=2001 |quote=Los afrodescendientes representan aproximadamente 26% de la población total del país, alrededor de 10 y medio millones de personas, es decir, la cuarta parte de los colombianos.}}</ref> of Colombians''' (external sources)
| regions = [[Pacific/Chocó Natural Region, Colombia|Pacific Region]], [[Caribbean Region]], [[Interandean Valles]] and urban areas across the country
| languages = [[Colombian Spanish]], [[Caribbean Spanish]], [[English language|English]], [[San Andrés–Providencia Creole]], [[Palenquero]]
| religions = Predominantly [[Catholic Church|Catholic]], [[Protestantism]], [[Islam]], [[Buddhism]], [[Traditional African religions|African religions]]
| related = [[Raizal]], [[Afro–LatinAfrican Americansdiaspora]], [[Afro-Caribbean people|Afro-Caribbeans]] and [[List of ethnic groups of Africa|African people]]
}}
'''Afro-Colombians''' or '''African-Colombians''' ({{lang-es|'''afrocolombianos'''|links=no}}) are [[Colombians]] of full or partial [[sub-Saharan Africa]]n descent ([[mulatto]]es, [[pardo]]s and [[zambo]]s).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Afro-Colombians|url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/afro-colombians/|access-date=2021-09-08|website=Minority Rights Group|date=19 June 2015 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
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[[File:African Slave Trade.png|thumb|Map of the [[Atlantic slave trade|Trans-Atlantic slave trade]]. Cartagena was the largest slave port in Colombia.]]
 
Africans were [[Slavery|enslaved]] in the early [[16th century]] in Colombia. They were from various places across the continent, including:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://clopediaafrocolombiana.bligoo.com.co/media/users/8/439187/files/59436/ORIGEN_EN_AFRICA_DE_ALGUNOS_APELLIDOS.pdf|title=African Origins of AfroColombian Lastnames|website=Clopedia Afrocolombiana|access-date=22 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611154153/http://clopediaafrocolombiana.bligoo.com.co/media/users/8/439187/files/59436/ORIGEN_EN_AFRICA_DE_ALGUNOS_APELLIDOS.pdf|archive-date=11 June 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> modern-day [[DemocraticCongo Republic]], of[[DR the Congo|Congo]], [[Angola]], [[Nigeria]], [[Cameroon]], [[Gambia]], [[Liberia]], [[Guinea]], [[Ghana]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Guinea-Bissau]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Senegal]], [[Mali]] and parts of [[MaliTogo]], [[Benin]], [[Namibia]] and [[Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afrocolombiany.org/african-origins-of-afrocolombians.html|title=African Origins of AfroColombians|website=AfroColombia NY|access-date=2016-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408130339/http://www.afrocolombiany.org/african-origins-of-afrocolombians.html|archive-date=8 April 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> They were forcibly taken to Colombia to replace the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous]] population, which was rapidly decreasing due to colonialismextermination genocide campaigns, disease and genocideforced labor.
 
[[File:Manuel María Paz (watercolor 9042, 1853 CE).png|thumb|"A Gold-Washing Technique, Province of Barbacoas" by [[Manuel María Paz]] (1853).]]
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In the 1970s, there was a major influx of Afro-Colombians into urban areas in search of greater economic and social opportunities for their children. This led to an increase in the number of urban poor in the marginal areas of big cities like [[Cali, Colombia|Cali]], [[Medellín]], and [[Bogotá]]. Most Afro-Colombians are currently living in urban areas. Only around 25%, or 1.2 million people, are based in rural areas, compared to 75%, or 3.7 million people, in urban zones. The [[Colombian Constitution of 1991|1991 Colombian Constitution]] gave them the right to collective ownership of traditional Pacific coastal lands and special cultural development protections. Critics argue that this important legal instrument is not enough to address their social and developmental needs completely.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who is Indigenous? Who is Afro-Colombian? Who Decides?|url=https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/who-indigenous-who-afro-colombian-who-decides|access-date=2020-09-15|website=www.culturalsurvival.org|language=en}}</ref>
 
Afro-Colombians are concentrated on the northwest Caribbean coast and the Pacific coast in such departments as [[Chocó Department|Chocó]], whose capital, [[Quibdó]], is 95.3% Afro-Colombian as opposed to just 2.3% [[mestizo]] or white. Similar numbers are found in the port cities of [[Buenaventura, Valle del Cauca|Buenaventura]] and [[Tumaco]] where over 80% of the population is Afro-Colombian.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dane.gov.co/files/censo2005/PERFIL_PDF_CG2005/27001T7T000.PDF|title=Perfil: Censo General 2005|trans-title=Profile: General Census 2005|language=es|work=Colombian National Administrative Department of Statistics|date=14 September 2010|access-date=9 October 2016}}</ref> Considerable numbers are also in [[Cali]], [[Cartagena, Colombia|Cartagena]] and [[Barranquilla]]. Colombia is considered to have the fourth largest Black/African-descent population in the [[Hispanic |Hispanic World]], and the fourth largest in the [[Western Hemisphere|western hemisphere]], following [[United States]], [[Brazil]] and [[Haiti]].{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}
 
It has been estimated that only 4.4 million Afro-Colombians actively recognize their black ancestry, while many other African Colombians do not as a result of inter-racial relations with white and indigenous Colombians.<ref name=Afrocol01>{{cite news|first=Hernando|last=Salazar|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/latin_america/newsid_6691000/6691309.stm|title=¿Colombia hacia la integración racial?|trans-title=Is Colombia moving toward racial integration?|language=es|publisher=BBC.com.uk|date=25 May 2007|access-date=9 October 2016}}</ref> Afro-Colombians often encounter a noticeable degree of racial discrimination and prejudice, possibly as a socio-cultural leftover from colonial times. They have been historically absent from high-level government positions and many of their long-established settlements around the Pacific coast remain underdeveloped.<ref name=Afrocol01/>
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African Colombians have played a role in contributing to the development of certain aspects of Colombian culture. For example, several of Colombia's musical genres, such as ''[[Cumbia]] ''and ''[[Vallenato]]'', have African origins or influences. Some African Colombians have also been successful in sports, such as Olympic weightlifter [[Óscar Figueroa (weightlifter)|Óscar Figueroa]] and footballer, Patrocinio Bonilla, also known as "Patrón" (believed to have been murdered on August 11, 2020).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Medina Uribe|first=Pabloe|date=2016-08-16|title=Óscar Figueroa and the Precarious World of an Afro-Colombian Gold Medal Winner|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/afro-colombian-gold-medalist/|access-date=2020-10-17|website=Okay Africa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Prishad |display-authors=et al|first=Vijay|date=2020-08-20|title=The tragic assassination of Colombia's sports hero Patrón, lover of football and his Afro-Colombian community|url=https://mronline.org/2020/08/20/the-tragic-assassination-of-colombias-sports-hero-patron-lover-of-football-and-his-afro-colombian-community/|access-date=2020-10-17|website=Monthly Review Online}}</ref>
=== Raizales===
{{main|Raizal}}
The Raizal ethnic group is an [[Afro-Caribbean]] group living in Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia, and Santa Catalina, speaking the [[San Andrés-Providencia Creole]].
 
=== Top Afro-Colombian Urban Populations ===
Source: DANE<ref name="DANE">{{Cite web
|url=https://www.dane.gov.co/files/censo2018/proyecciones-de-poblacion/Nacional/anex-DCD-Proypoblacion-PerteneniaEtnicoRacialmun.xlsx
|title= Proyección Población Pertenencia Étnico Racial
|publisher= DANE
|language=es
|access-date=22 April 2024}}</ref>
{{Static row numbers}}
{{sticky header}}{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header-multi static-row-numbers" style="text-align:right;"
|+Colombian cities by Afro population
|- class="static-row-header" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;"
! City !! Department !! Year !! Afro-Colombians !! Raizal !! Palenquero !! City's population !! % Afro
|-
|''Cali''
|Valle del Cauca
|2024
|334,182
|388
|253
|2,283,846
|15%
|-
|''Buenaventura''
|Valle del Cauca
|2024
|280,882
|62
|47
|324,130
|87%
|-
|''Cartagena de Indias''
|Bolívar
|2024
|220,367
|576
|1,699
|1,059,626
|21%
|-
|''San Andrés de Tumaco''
|Nariño
|2024
|214,206
|74
|48
|267,010
|80%
|-
|''Quibdó''
|Chocó
|2024
|132,121
|60
|24
|144,610
|91%
|-
|''Turbo''
|Antioquia
|2024
|88,027
|14
|3
|134,517
|65%
|-
|''Bogotá, D.C.''
|Bogotá, D.C.
|2024
|73,960
|1,193
|245
|7,929,539
|1%
|-
|''Barranquilla''
|Atlántico
|2024
|69,161
|332
|845
|1,334,509
|5%
|-
|''Medellín''
|Antioquia
|2024
|66,054
|351
|70
|2,616,335
|3%
|-
|''Riosucio''
|Chocó
|2024
|53,205
|5
|23
|63,383
|84%
|-
|''San Onofre''
|Sucre
|2024
|50,915
|26
|4
|57,051
|89%
|-
|''Jamundí''
|Valle del Cauca
|2024
|50,681
|26
|5
|181,478
|28%
|-
|''Apartadó''
|Antioquia
|2024
|49,207
|38
|10
|131,422
|37%
|-
|''María La Baja''
|Bolívar
|2024
|47,481
|3
|3
|50,897
|93%
|}
 
== Cultural contribution ==
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==== Cumbia ====
The ''cumbia'' is another typical Colombian musical genre that emerged from the African slaves in Colombia. In this case, ''cumbia'' is a mixture of rhythms from Afro-Colombians and indigenous native Colombiansto bring about a different style. Unlike the Bambuco, cumbia certainly originated in the northern part of Colombia, and its instrumentation is the key evidence of its origin, as well as its dances.This dance has become the most influential in Latin America. <ref>{{Citation|last= GARSDGarsd|first=JASMINEJasmine |title=Cumbia: The Musical Backbone Of Latin America|website=NPRnpr.org |url= https://www.npr.org/sections/altlatino/2013/09/30/227834004/cumbia-the-musical-backbone-of-latin-america|year=2015}}</ref> Particular to cumbia, a typical Spanish dress was adapted to available native resources. In the present day, it is culturally significant enough to know about cumbia, and it is a concern to preserve it. The main festival that celebrates cumbia nowadays is the Festival de la Cumbia in [[El Banco, Magdalena]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Davila|first=Deisy|title=Carnaval, Cumbia and Queens: Representations of Blackness|volume=28|pages=127–171|publisher=Emerald (MCB UP )|isbn=9780762311866|doi=10.1016/s0163-2396(04)28014-0|series=Studies in Symbolic Interaction|year=2005}}</ref> In order to preserve this folkloric rhythm, this genre is celebrated yearly in the Colombian Caribbean region.
 
==== Champeta ====
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Researchers have found that the adult Afro-Colombian population is less likely to be described as being in good health compared to the rest of the population. They are also more likely to report that they are sick and are dealing with chronic issues. This population is also less likely to obtain treatment if they are sick. Nevertheless, when they do look for medical treatment, they tend to receive it in the same numbers as non-Afro-Colombians. These results are not just explained by disadvantages in socioeconomic status, health insurances, or educational level, but by the discrimination that Afro-Colombians experience in their daily lives. Even when health insurance is given for free, Afro-Colombians are far less likely to be enrolled and this can be explained by structural and internalized discrimination.<ref>Dedios, María C. "Poor Health Outcomes amongst Afro-Colombians Are Driven by Discrimination as Well as Economic Disadvantage." LSE Latin America and the Caribbean, 1 Nov. 2017, https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2017/10/31/poor-health-outcomes-amongst-afro-colombians-are-driven-by-discrimination-as-well-as-economic-disadvantage/.</ref>
 
==Raizales==
{{main|Raizal}}
The Raizal ethnic group is an [[Afro-Caribbean]] group living in Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia, and Santa Catalina, speaking the [[San Andrés-Providencia Creole]].
 
==Notable Afro-Colombians==
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Alejo Durán]] vallenato music composer, singer and accordionist.
* [[Alexander Mejía]]
* [[Angelo Balanta]]
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* [[Diego Valoyes]]
* [[Eddie Salcedo]]
* [[Eddie Salcedo]]
* [[Edna Liliana Valencia]] journalist
* [[Hugo Rodallega]]
* [[Francia Márquez]], [[Vice President of Colombia]]
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*[[Piedad Córdoba]], politician
*[[ChocQuibTown]], Afro-Colombian hip-hop group
*[[Linda Caicedo]], footballer
*[[Juan Cuadrado]], footballer
*[[Cristián Zapata]], footballer
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*[[Valeria Ayos]], Miss Universe Colombia 2021 winner
*[[Paula Marcela Moreno Zapata]], politician
*[[Luis Díaz (footballer, born 1997)|Luis Díaz]], footballer
* [[Adrián Ramos]]
*[[Antumi Toasijé]], historian and activist
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* [[Brayan Angulo (footballer, born 1989)|Brayan Angulo]]
* [[Brayan Moreno (footballer, born 1999)|Brayan Moreno]]
* [[Carlos Cuesta (footballer)|Carlos Cuesta]]
* [[Diego Chará]]
* [[Laura Victoria Valencia Rentería]] writer
* [[Emerson Rodriguez (footballer)|Emerson Rodriguez]]
* [[Luis Sinisterra]]
* [[Victor Ibarbo]]
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* [[Yesus Cabrera]]
* [[Mauricio Cuero]]
* [[Wilmar Jordán]]
{{Div col end}}
 
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*Documentary 150 years after abolition [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SyfPWfbA_Mo ''Libertad En Colombia (Liberty In Colombia)'']
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/latin_america/newsid_7415000/7415897.stm Colombia contra el racismo]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110927214946/http://www.benedict.edu/exec_admin/intnl_programs/other_files/bc-intnl_programs-law_70_of_colombia-english.pdf "Law 70: English Translation of Ley 70"]
 
{{Colombian people}}
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Colombians"