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A '''driver's license''', '''driving licence''', or '''driving permit''' is a legal authorization, or the official document confirming such an authorization, for a specific individual to operate one or more types of motorized vehicles—such as [[motorcycles]], [[cars]], [[trucks]], or [[buses]]—on a public road. Such licenses are often plastic and the [[ISO/IEC 7810#ID-1|size of a credit card]].
In most international agreements, the wording "driving permit" is used, for instance in the [[Vienna Convention on Road Traffic]]. In [[Australian English]], [[Canadian English]], [[New Zealand English]], and [[American English]], the terms "'''driver license'''" or "'''driver's license'''" are used,<ref>Western Australia and South Australia cards have '''driver's licence''', while cards from New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, Tasmania, Australian Capital Territory, Northern Territory and New Zealand have '''driver licence'''.</ref> while in [[British English]] and in many [[former British colonies]] the term is "'''driving licence'''".
The laws relating to the licensing of drivers vary between jurisdictions. In some jurisdictions, a permit is issued after the recipient has passed a driving test, while in others a person acquires their permit or a learner's permit before beginning to drive. Different categories of permit often exist for different types of motor vehicles, particularly large trucks and passenger vehicles. The difficulty of the driving test varies considerably between jurisdictions, as do factors such as age and the required level of competence and practice.
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* Contracting parties may refuse to recognize the validity of driving permits for persons under eighteen or, for categories C, D, CE and DE, under twenty-one;
* an international driving permit shall only be issued by the contracting party in whose territory the holder has their normal residence and that issued the domestic driving permit or that recognized the driving permit issued by another contracting party; it shall not be valid for use in that territory.
In 2018, [[ISO/IEC JTC 1|ISO/IEC]] standard 18013 was published which established guidelines for the design format and data content of an ISO-compliant driving licence (IDL). The design approach is to establish a secure domestic driving permit (DDP) and accompanying booklet for international use, instead of the international driving permit (IDP) paper document.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ISO/IEC 18013-1:2018|website=ISO |url=https://www.iso.org/cms/render/live/en/sites/isoorg/contents/data/standard/06/37/63798.html|access-date=26 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://staging.tttfp.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/ISO_IEC_FDIS_18013-1E-2nd-Edition-12Jan18.pdf |title=Draft: Information Technology — Personal Identification — ISO Compliant Driving Licence — Part 1: Physical Characteristics and Basic Data Set |date=12 January 2018 |via=tttfp.org |access-date=26 January 2021 |archive-date=25 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625062844/https://staging.tttfp.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/ISO_IEC_FDIS_18013-1E-2nd-Edition-12Jan18.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The main ideology is a minimum acceptable set of requirements with regards to content and layout of the data elements, with sufficient freedom afforded to the issuing authorities of driving licences to meet domestic needs. The ISO standard specifies requirements for a card that is aligned with the UN Conventions on Road Traffic.<ref name="aamvastandard">{{cite web |url=https://www.aamva.org/getmedia/99ac7057-0f4d-4461-b0a2-3a5532e1b35c/AAMVA-2020-DLID-Card-Design-Standard.pdf |title=AAMVA DL/ID Card Design Standard |publisher=American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators |date=2020 |access-date=12 August 2024 |archive-url= |archive-date= |url-status=}}</ref> This standard however, it should be noted, has no official mandate or recognition from the WP.1 of UNECE as a replacement for the current IDP standards as described in the 1949 and 1968 Conventions.
The specifications of the layout of the booklet is defined in Annex G of ISO/IEC 18013-1:2018. There are two options; a booklet with some personalisation or a booklet with no personalisation. The booklet shall be marginally larger than an ID-1 size card, with an insert pocket for storage of the card, and for convenient carrying of the booklet. The front cover should include the logo of the UN or the issuing country and the words "Translation of Driving Licence" and "Traduction du Permis de Conduire ".
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In Canada, Mexico, and the United States, driving permits are issued by the provinces or states, respectively, (or either country's territories), and do not look the same nationwide. They are also used as a ''de facto'' or government-issued identification document for the holder.
The [[American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators]] provides a standard for the design of driving permits and identification cards issued by AAMVA member jurisdictions, which include all 50 US states, the District of Columbia, and Canadian territories and provinces. The newest card design standard released is the 2020 AAMVA DL/ID Card Design Standard (CDS).<ref name="AAMVA">{{Cite web|title=AAMVA
Most government issuers of driving permits also provide a government-issued identification card with similar attributes to those residents within their jurisdictions who do not have or maintain a valid driving permit, making it easier for them to do things such as open a bank account and perform any other activities that require official identification. Identification cards serve as government-issued photo ID but do not enable a person to operate a motor vehicle, a fact typically noted on the ID via the phrase 'Not a driver's licence' or similar wording. This type of photo ID is referred to as a Photo Card in some jurisdictions (for example, the Ontario Photo Card).
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====Egypt====
Egyptian citizens are entitled to a driver's licence once they have reached the age of 18. To obtain their licences, applicants must pass a driving test as well as several computer test. To pass, all a person had to do was drive six metres forward and then reverse six metres. The test was updated to make it more difficult; now the applicant has to get 8 out of 10 answers correct in a computer test,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving Standards Around the World {{!}} Gulf Oil International |url=https://www.gulfoilltd.com/news/driving-standards-around-world |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=www.gulfoilltd.com}}</ref> then pass a forward and reverse S-track test in addition to an assessment of parking skills.<ref>{{
====Ghana====
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The minimum driving age in South Africa is 17, when drivers may drive with an adult who holds a valid driving licence, after passing a learner's theory test. At 18, a driving licence can be obtained after passing the road test. Small motorcycles may be driven from the age of 16. To obtain a permit, applicants must pass a written or computer-based test to obtain a learner's licence, and then pass a road test to obtain the driving license. Categories for permits include CODE B (normal vehicles), CODE C1 (LDV), CODE EC (heavy trucks), CODE A (motorcycle).
The learners licence theory test will contain three sets of questions with multiple answer options; test-takers will have to select the correct answer. Some Driving Licence Test Centres use computers for the test, whereas others require test-takers to complete the test using a test paper and pen.<ref>{{
====Tanzania====
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====Zimbabwe====
Zimbabwean drivers licences are issued by the Vehicle Inspection Department (VID) which is an arm of the government under the Ministry of Transport & Infrastructural Development.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.transcom.gov.zw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=64&Itemid=742 |title=Vehicle Inspectorate Department (VID) |location=Zimbabwe |year=2015 |access-date=24 March 2019}}{{dead link|date=August 2024}}</ref> Drivers can be licensed for class 4 vehicles at the age of sixteen and eighteen for class 2 vehicles. Public transport vehicles are in class 1 and the minimum age is twenty five. A theory based learners licence which has 25 questions is the first step. The questions for this test include diagrams, road rules and road signs and has to be answered in under eight minutes. After passing the test, the candidate gets a provisional learners license which enables the candidate to drive under supervision from a driving instructor or anyone with a full driving licence.
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====India====
{{Main|Driving license in India}}
The minimum driving age in India is 16 to drive any kind of gearless motorcycle like scooters and mopeds
Unlike certain countries which issue driving licenses based on the engine capacity of vehicles, transmission is the only criteria for issuing licenses in India. Every state and union territory have People applying for a driving license for the first time, or adding a class of vehicle in their existing license have to apply for a learner's license (LL) first, which is valid for six months. This legally certifies LL holders as valid drivers as long as they drive only for training and have a licensed driver accompanying them. Driving a vehicle on public roads without a licensed driver or a trainer is a offence which attracts fines.
After the training, people apply for a permanent driving license test at their nearest RTOs. This can be done anytime before the expiry of the LL. A person is given a total of three attempts in these six months, and if one fails the third attempt, they have to go through the application of a new license all over again.
In India, people aged 50 or more, have to undergo strict medical tests in order to obtain a permit that has limited validity and requires renewal every five years. A Commercial Driving License is valid for 3 years and then requires to be renewed.
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====Malaysia====
{{Main|Driving licence in Malaysia}}
The minimum age for obtaining a driving licence varies between 16 and 21, although there is a concern about teenage driving safety.<ref>{{cite news|last=Haron|first=Sharif|date=4 February 2012|title=Concern over teenage driving safety|newspaper=New Straits Times|url=http://www.nst.com.my/opinion/columnist/concern-over-teenage-driving-safety-1.41737|url-status=dead|access-date=22 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204152140/http://www.nst.com.my/opinion/columnist/concern-over-teenage-driving-safety-1.41737|archive-date=4 February 2012}}</ref>
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====South Korea====
{{Main|Driving license in South Korea}}
In South Korea, one must hold a driving license called "운전면허증" or an international driving permit. The international driving permit is valid for 1 year starting from the date of entry. If one is going to stay in South Korea longer than a year, it is necessary to change the international permit to a local permit by visiting the driver's license testing center.
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====Vietnam====
Vietnam has a minimum age of 16 for [[moped]]s under {{Convert|50|cc|cuin|abbr=on}} and 18 for motorcycles producing more than {{Convert|50|cc|cuin|abbr=on}}. Minimum age for holding a driving permit is 18 for cars and small truck, 21 for commercial vehicles.<ref>{{
Drivers are legally obliged to carry a valid driving licence whilst driving and this must be produced if required to do so by a police officer.
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[[File:Водительское удостоверение РФ (образца 2014 года). Стороны А и Б..jpg|thumb|Driving license, 2014]]
Russia was one of the first countries to create a driving licence.<ref name=":0">{{
Russia employs a system of driver's licences very similar to the EU standard. Since 2014, there are 14 main categories that require a driving licence: '''A''', '''A1''', '''B''', '''B1''', '''C''', '''C1''', '''D''', '''D1''', '''BE''', '''CE''', '''C1E''', '''DE''', '''D1E''', '''M'''<ref>Mopeds, a variant name of European '''AM''' category</ref> and two additional categories: '''Tm''' ([[tram]]) and '''Tb''' ([[trolleybus]]).
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====Canada====
{{Main|Driver's licences in Canada}}
The age to obtain a Driver's Licence/''permis de conduire'' in Canada varies by province, as do the necessary procedures. The minimum age for obtaining a permit to drive unaccompanied in most provinces is 16.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Commercial Vehicle Safety Alliance |date=2015 |title=Canadian dreiver's licence reference guide |url=https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/sites/fmcsa.dot.gov/files/docs/Canadian%20Driver's%20Licence%20Reference%20Guide%20Revised%202015.pdf |access-date=April 28, 2024 |website=FMCSA}}</ref> Many driving permits and ID cards display small digits next to each data field. This is required by the [[American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators]]' design standard and has been adopted by many Canadian provinces and territories. The AAMVA standard generally follows part 1 and part 2 of ISO/IEC 18013-1 (ISO compliant driving license). The ISO standard in turn specifies requirements for a card that is aligned with the UN Conventions on Road Traffic, namely the [[Geneva Convention on Road Traffic]] and the [[Vienna Convention on Road Traffic]].<ref name="aamvastandard" />
====Costa Rica====
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{{Main|Driver's licenses in Trinidad and Tobago}}
In Trinidad and Tobago, a Learner's Permit can be obtained from age 17. Driver's Permits are issued by the Licensing Authority, which is governed by the Ministry of Works and Transport. In order to legally operate any motor vehicle in Trinidad and Tobago, whether it is on or off public-owned-roads, the operator of the motor vehicle must be in possession of a valid Driver's Permit on their person and is legally endorsed for that class of vehicle. Contravening this provision could warrant a fine of up to {{currency|1500|TTD}} and imprisonment.<ref>{{
====United States====
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[[File:Restricted license age requirements by US State.svg|thumb|Age requirements to receive a restricted driving permit by US state{{legend|#4daf4a|14 years and 3 months}}{{legend|#ffff33|15 years}}{{legend|#984ea3|15 years and 6 months}}{{legend|#377eb8|16 years}}{{legend|#a65628|16 years and 3-4 months}}{{legend|#ff7f00|16 years and 6 months}}{{legend|#e41a1c|17 years}}]]
The eligible age to first obtain a driver's license varies substantially from state to state, from 14 years, three months, in South Dakota to 17 in New Jersey. In a majority of states, one can obtain a license that allows driving without adult supervision by age 16, after passing the requisite tests. Since the driver's license is a commonplace document that carries much of the necessary information needed for identification, it has become the primary [[identity documents in the United States|method of identification in the United States]].<ref>{{cite web|work=US Immigration Support: Your Guide to US Visas, Green Cards, and Citizenship|title=US Drivers License Application|url=https://www.usimmigrationsupport.org/drivers-license-application.html|access-date=1 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705003954/https://www.usimmigrationsupport.org/drivers-license-application.html|archive-date=5 July 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Many driving permits and ID cards display small digits next to each data field. This is required by the [[American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators]]' design standard and has been adopted by many US states. The AAMVA standard generally follows part 1 and part 2 of ISO/IEC 18013-1 (ISO compliant driving license). The ISO standard in turn specifies requirements for a card that is aligned with the UN Conventions on Road Traffic, namely the [[Geneva Convention on Road Traffic]] and the [[Vienna Convention on Road Traffic]].<ref name="aamvastandard" />
In the United States, a holder of a driver's license is typically legally allowed to operate a motor vehicle up to 26,000 pounds if no hazardous materials and no more than 16 persons (driver included) are in the vehicle. Most jurisdictions that grant driver's licenses only permit the holder to operate a roadworthy vehicle consisting of four or more wheels. If not, one must get a Grade M license which only allows for one to operate a vehicle with no more than three wheels, such as a tricycle. To operate a two-wheel motorized vehicle with a sustainable speed greater than {{Convert|30|mph|abbr=on}} requires an endorsement on the license, typically after successful completion of a theory (written) and practical test.
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Many countries have established a ''driver's license exchange arrangement'' after reviews of the foreign jurisdiction's licensing processes. Where standards in the other jurisdiction are comparable in areas such as medical standards, minimum driving age, and knowledge and road testing, an exchange of the foreign jurisdiction's license may occur.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://ogov.newswire.ca/ontario/GPOE/2006/02/22/c0061.html?lmatch=&lang=_e.html |access-date=4 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822173508/http://ogov.newswire.ca/ontario/GPOE/2006/02/22/c0061.html?lmatch=&lang=_e.html |archive-date=22 August 2010|title=Agreement Promotes Safety And Convenience For New Residents}}</ref> This may also be called Driver's License Reciprocity.<ref name="info.sos.state.tx.us">{{cite web |url=http://info.sos.state.tx.us/pls/pub/readtac$ext.TacPage?sl=R&app=9&p_dir=&p_rloc=&p_tloc=&p_ploc=&pg=1&p_tac=&ti=37&pt=1&ch=15&rl=91 |title=Texas Administrative Code |publisher=Info.sos.state.tx.us |access-date=4 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213161001/http://info.sos.state.tx.us/pls/pub/readtac$ext.TacPage?sl=R&app=9&p_dir=&p_rloc=&p_tloc=&p_ploc=&pg=1&p_tac=&ti=37&pt=1&ch=15&rl=91 |archive-date=13 February 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
===Issues when moving permanently from one
Most issuing authorities require holders of foreign permits taking up residence in their jurisdiction to obtain a local driving permit within a limited time, typically 6 months or 1 year. In most cases, the driver must follow the full local procedure for obtaining a permit, but some jurisdictions have mutual recognition agreements and will exchange the foreign permit for a local one without the need to undertake an additional driving test.
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[[Texas]] does not require drivers from Canada, France, Germany, or Taiwan to take the written and practical tests, but drivers must agree to a vision test.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.txdps.state.tx.us/DriverLicense/movingtotexas.html |title=Texas Department of Public Safety |publisher=xdps.state.tx.us |access-date=27 September 2015 }}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
[[Washington (state)|Washington state]] has a reciprocal license exchange, allowing holders of valid licenses from any other US state, [[British Columbia]], Germany, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan to exchange their license for a Washington State license without taking any written or road tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dol.wa.gov/driverslicense/moving.html |title=WA State Licensing: Moving? Get WA license |publisher=Dol.wa.gov |access-date=4 February 2012}}</ref>
[[Virginia]] has a reciprocal agreement with Canada, France, and Germany. The knowledge and skills tests may be waived if the driver meets residency and other requirements.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dmv.virginia.gov/webdoc/pdf/dmv141.pdf |title=Department of Motor Vehicles Virginia|publisher=dmv.virginia.gov |access-date=27 September 2015}}</ref>
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